@article{abid2021domestic,
title={Domestic retrofit assessment of the heat pump system considering the impact of heat supply temperature and operating mode of control---A case study},
author={Abid, Muhammad and Hewitt, Neil and Huang, Ming-Jun and Wilson, Christopher and Cotter, Donal},
journal={Sustainability},
volume={13},
number={19},
pages={10857},
year={2021},
publisher={MDPI},
url={https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/19/10857},
urldate={2023-05-19},
doi={10.3390/su131910857},
annote={Quote: "The ASHP type needs special attention due to inverse relationship of building heat demand and heat production in winter. ... Therefore, the proper sizing and experimental results become more critical ..."},
}

@article{abraham2023aerogels,
title={Highly transparent silanized cellulose aerogels for boosting energy efficiency of glazing in buildings},
author={Eldho Abraham and Vladyslav Cherpak and Bohdan Senyuk and Jan Bart ten Hove and Taewoo Lee and Qingkun Liu and Ivan I. Smalyukh},
journal={Nature Energy},
doi={10.1038/s41560-023-01226-7},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-023-01226-7},
urldate={2023-03-16},
year={2023},
month={03},
day={16},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
abstract={To maintain comfortable indoor conditions, buildings consume ~40\% of the energy generated globally. In terms of passively isolating building interiors from cold or hot outdoors, windows and skylights are the least-efficient parts of the building envelope because achieving simultaneously high transparency and thermal insulation of glazing remains a challenge. Here we describe highly transparent aerogels fabricated from cellulose, an Earth-abundant biopolymer, by utilizing approaches such as colloidal self assembly and procedures compatible with roll-to-roll processing. The aerogels have visible-range light transmission of 97--99\% (better than glass), haze of ~1\% and thermal conductivity lower than that of still air. These lightweight materials can be used as panes inside multi-pane insulating glass units and to retrofit existing windows. We demonstrate how aerogels boost energy efficiency and may enable advanced technical solutions for insulating glass units, skylights, daylighting and facade glazing, potentially increasing the role of glazing in building envelopes.},
}
@report{acke2023solar,
title={Solar Heat Report - How Solar PV empowers households to turn down fossil gas and save on energy bills},
institution={SolarPower Europe},
author={Dries Acke and Michael Schmela and Jonathan Gorremans and Christophe Lits and Jan Osenberg and Michael Clausner},
year={2023},
month={03},
ISBN={9789464669022},
url={https://api.solarpowereurope.org/uploads/0523_SPE_Solar_Heating_report_09_mr_98b11ef7ab.pdf},
urldate={2023-03-12},
abstract={This report examines the residential sector, and focuses on three European markets where fossil gas plays a dominant role in home heating: Germany, Spain, and Italy. Specifically, the report assesses the role of solar PV in combination with electricity-based heating solutions in empowering households to reduce gas use, while saving on electricity and heating bills. The report finds that medium-sized residential solar PV owners have enjoyed substantial savings on their energy bills in 2022 (savings up to 64\%), especially in combination with a heat pump (savings up to 84\%). These households will continue to benefit from their investment in the coming years in all scenarios, even as gas prices stabilise at lower levels compared to 2022 (even at pre-crisis price levels of 20 EUR/MWh). ... The report finds that solar PV is a key component for making gas-free homes affordable to all Europeans. Solar PV and heat pump load profiles match surprisingly well throughout the year, especially in combination with a water buffer tank. This combination reduces households' energy bills, while also benefiting the energy system as a whole; it transfers electricity demand into hours of high renewable energy production. Solar PV substantially improves the business case for heat pump systems, with savings more than tripling compared to a heat pump alone. Looking at the German example, together, the heat pump + solar PV dream team reduces energy bills by around 62\% compared to a fossil gas residential heating system.},
annote={Quote: "Solar PV generates the electricity required by the heat pump, tackling both households' energy bills, and the decarbonisation of their power and heat needs. Crucially, the installation of a buffer storage tank alongside a heat pump is key for the effective combination of solar PV and heat pumps, and to truly leverage the economic potential of these technologies. In the study, we assumed average buffer storage sizes of 400 (Italy \& Spain) to 800 litres (Germany). In this way, the warm water can be stored and utilised later, maximising the self-consumption of the house." Quote: "[] solar PV + heat pumps will only work effectively together if there is a specific overlap between electric heat demand and solar PV production. First, for solar PV and heat pump loads to correlate beyond a 10\% range, the usage of a buffer storage tank is fundamental."},
}
@article{agutu2022electrification,
title={Accounting for finance in electrification models for sub-Saharan Africa},
author={Churchill Agutu and Florian Egli and Nathaniel J. Williams and Tobias S. Schmidt and Bjarne Steffen},
doi={10.1038/s41560-022-01041-6},
url={https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41560-022-01041-6},
urldate={2023-09-27},
year={2022},
month={06},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
volume={7},
number={7},
pages={631--641},
journal={Nature Energy},
}
@inproceedings{akeyo2018improving,
title={Improving the capacity factor and stability of multi-MW grid connected PV systems with results from a 1MW/2MWh battery demonstrator},
author={Akeyo, Oluwaseun and Rallabandi, Vandana and Jewell, Nicholas and Ionel, Dan M},
DOI={10.1109/ECCE.2018.8558253},
url={https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8558253/},
urldate={2025-05-16},
ISBN={978-1-4799-7312-5},
booktitle={2018 {IEEE} Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition {(ECCE)}},
pages={2504--2509},
year={2018},
month={09},
day={27},
keywords={PV, battery, MPPT, grid connected inverter, dc-dc converter, charge controller, energy storage},
abstract={Conventional PV systems integrated with a battery connect the array and the energy storage unit to a dc-link through individual dc-dc converters for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and battery charge control. This paper proposes a new system configuration, which connects the PV array and battery unit to the dc-link of the system inverter via a single dc-dc converter capable of simultaneously operating as a charge controller and MPPT device. This dc-dc converter is controlled such that it charges/discharges the battery with the amount of power required to maintain the PV array at its MPPT reference voltage. The proposed system ensures that the PV array operates at its MPP for all irradiance conditions, therefore increasing the PV system capacity factor as well as ensuring MPPT stability for all irradiance conditions. Also, this configuration may also be adopted for PV power smoothing, where the curtailed power may be used to smooth the PV inverter output without sacrificing battery state of charge (SOC). The behavior of the proposed system is studied and simulated in PSCADT M /EMTDCT M . The computations are compared with experimental data retrieved from the LG&E and KU E.W. Brown universal solar facility, which houses a 10MW(ac) PV farm and a 1MW/2MWh battery energy storage system (BESS). The results show that for the examples considered, and allowing curtailment adapted to the current power ratings of the system, an increase in the capacity factor of up to 20\% is possible.},
}
%organization={{IEEE}},
@article{akram2024coaxial,
title={Experimental investigation and numerical modeling of an innovative horizontal coaxial ground heat exchanger {(HCGHE)} for geothermal heat pump applications},
author={Akram, Md Washim and Chen, Qian and Nortz, Gregory and Nortz, Patrick},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359431124021604},
urldate={2024-10-10},
DOI={10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124492},
journal={Applied Thermal Engineering},
volume={257},
ISSN={1359-4311},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2024},
month={12},
day={15},
pages={124492},
annote={The unwanted countercurrent heat-exchanger effect seems to be small.},
}
@article{alakuijala2018brotli,
title={Brotli: A General-Purpose Data Compressor},
author={Alakuijala, Jyrki and Farruggia, Andrea and Ferragina, Paolo and Kliuchnikov, Eugene and Obryk, Robert and Szabadka, Zoltan and Vandevenne, Lode},
publisher={Association for Computing Machinery},
address={New York, NY, USA},
volume={37},
number={1},
issn={1046-8188},
url={https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3231935},
urldate={2024-03-01},
doi={10.1145/3231935},
abstract={Brotli is an open source general-purpose data compressor introduced by Google in late 2013 and now adopted in most known browsers and Web servers. It is publicly available on GitHub and its data format was submitted as RFC 7932 in July 2016. Brotli is based on the Lempel-Ziv compression scheme and planned as a generic replacement of Gzip and ZLib. The main goal in its design was to compress data on the Internet, which meant optimizing the resources used at decoding time, while achieving maximal compression density.This article is intended to provide the first thorough, systematic description of the Brotli format as well as a detailed computational and experimental analysis of the main algorithmic blocks underlying the current encoder implementation, together with a comparison against compressors of different families constituting the state-of-the-art either in practice or in theory. This treatment will allow us to raise a set of new algorithmic and software engineering problems that deserve further attention from the scientific community.},
journal={ACM Trans. Inf. Syst.},
year={2018},
month={12},
keywords={Data compression, Lempel-Ziv parsing, NP-completeness, Treaps, experiments, shortest paths},
}
% numpages = {30},
% issue_date = {January 2019},
% articleno = {4},
@article{alexander2020pet,
title={The global environmental paw print of pet food},
author={Alexander, Peter and Berri, Aiden and Moran, Dominic and Reay, David and Rounsevell, Mark D.A.},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959378020307366},
urldate={2024-12-18},
DOI={10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102153},
journal={Global Environmental Change},
volume={65},
ISSN={0959-3780},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
pages={102153},
year={2020},
month={11},
annote={Quote: "Global pet food associated with 56--151 Mt CO2 eq, 1.1--2.9\% of agricultural total. Global pet food associated with 41--58 Mha agricultural land-use, 0.8--1.2\% of total. Global pet food associated with 5--11 $km^3$ freshwater use, 0.2--0.4\% all agriculture."},
}
@techreport{allwood2019absolute,
title={Absolute Zero},
author={Allwood, Julian and Azevedo, Jose and Clare, Adam and Cleaver, Christopher and Cullen, Jonathan and Dunant, Cyrille and Fellin, Teppo and Hawkins, William and Horrocks, Ian and Horton, Philippa and Ibell, Tim and Lin, Jianguo and Low, Hamish and Lupton, Rick and Murray, James and Salamanti, Mohammad and Serrenho, Andr{\'e} Cabrera and Ward, Michael and Zhou, Wenbin},
doi={10.17863/CAM.46075},
url={https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/299414},
urldate={2024-12-09},
howpublished={\url{https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/75916920-51f6-4f9c-ade5-52cbf55d5e73/download}},
institution={University of Cambridge},
publisher={Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository},
year={2019},
month={11},
day={29},
language={en},
annote={See https://ukfires.org/ },
}
%copyright = {All Rights Reserved},
@article{allwood2026CCS,
title={Too late for CCS and hydrogen},
author={Allwood, Julian M.},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s44286-025-00344-1},
urldate={2026-02-25},
howpublished={\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s44286-025-00344-1.pdf}},
DOI={10.1038/s44286-025-00344-1},
number={1},
journal={Nature Chemical Engineering},
volume={3},
ISSN={2948-1198},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
year={2026},
month={01},
day={27},
pages={26--33},
abstract={Fifty years after carbon capture and storage (CCS) was commercialized, global capacity has reached just 0.09\% of global emissions; even if installation rates immediately expand 10-fold, this will make no quantitatively important contribution to climate mitigation by 2050. Deployment of emission-free electricity generation is also constrained, so there will be no quantitatively important supply of hydrogen or negative-emission technologies by 2050 either, and climate policy must turn to other more achievable options. The bulk materials must be produced without process emissions, powered solely by emission-free electricity, within a constrained global electricity budget. Primary production of steel and paper can be fully electrified, although the electrical intensity of green hydrogen will constrain new steel processes. However, steel, aluminum, glass, plastic and potentially cement can all be recycled without emissions and with high efficiency. This reality should direct research toward improving the quality of recycled production, making better use of less material, and should be central to any advice given by academics to the policy community.},
}
@article{altermatt2023replacing,
author={Altermatt, Pietro and Clausen, Jens and Brendel, Heiko and Breyer, Christian and Gerhards, Christoph and Kemfert, Claudia and Weber, Urban and Wright, Matthew},
year={2023},
month={03},
pages={1 - 8},
title={Replacing gas boilers with heat pumps is the fastest way to cut German gas consumption},
volume={4},
journal={Communications Earth \& Environment},
doi={10.1038/s43247-023-00715-7},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00715-7},
urldate={2023-03-07},
}
@book{ambrose2023JUSTHEAT,
title={Looking back to move forwards: A social and cultural history of home heating (JUSTHEAT)},
author={Ambrose, Aimee and Davies, Kathy and Shaw, Becky and Shahzad, Sally and Jiglau, George and Vornicu, Andreea and Sinea, Anca and Lobont, Denise and Palm, Jenny and von Platten, Jenny and Krishna, Ram and Pelsmakers, Sofie and Kilpelainen, Sarah and Castano-Rosa, Raul and Aho, Hena},
url={https://ukerc.ac.uk/news/how-were-past-heating-transitions-experienced/},
DOI={10.7190/cresr.2023.8293971428},
howpublished={\url{https://www.shu.ac.uk/-/media/home/research/cresr/reports/l/looking-back-history-home-heating-justheat.pdf}},
institution={Sheffield Hallam University},
year={2023},
month={12},
day={20},
annote={Quote: "Can we design heating technology that people don't just accept but that they love, as many love their log burner or miss the coal fire? Remember that access to past heating transitions has not been even — some communities are relatively new to GCH [Gas Central Heating] and will need more convincing to change again."},
}
% url={https://www.shu.ac.uk/centre-regional-economic-social-research/publications/looking-back-to-move-forwards-justheat},
@article{ambrose2026histories,
title={Cold and expensive v hot, cheap and eco-friendly: the contrasting histories of home heating in the UK and Sweden},
author={Ambrose, Aimee and Palm, Jenny},
url={https://theconversation.com/cold-and-expensive-v-hot-cheap-and-eco-friendly-the-contrasting-histories-of-home-heating-in-the-uk-and-sweden-275417},
urldate={2026-02-17},
doi={10.64628/ab.hj3ekwtmg},
publisher={{The Conversation}},
editor={Keaveny, Paul and Herd, Mike},
year={2026},
month={02},
day={16},
abstract={The new year in Sweden began with some record-breaking cold temperatures. Temperatures in the village of Kvikkjokk in the northern Swedish part of Lapland dropped to -43.6{\degree}C, the lowest recorded since records began in 1887. Yet for the majority of Swedish households, heating is not an issue. Those living in the multi-household apartment blocks that characterise Sweden's towns and cities enjoy average temperatures of 22{\degree}C inside their homes, thanks to communal heating systems that keep room temperatures high and costs low. For many households, heating is charged at a flat rate and included in the rent they pay. In the UK, meanwhile, home temperatures average just 16.6 degrees, the lowest in all of Europe. At least 6 million UK households fear the onset of cold weather because they are living in fuel poverty --- unable to afford to heat their home to a safe and comfortable level.},
annote={[**CS1] [**UF] [**UA] Quote: "By the mid-1990s, every Swedish home was rated by the EU as having comprehensive insulation and double glazing as a minimum. The equivalent figure in the UK in 2025 was only around 50\%." Quote: "A sizable majority (74\%) of UK homes are still heated by gas boilers --- which emit around twice as much CO2 each year as some electric-powered heat pumps." Quote: "Both countries are entering a new phase where electrification via heat pumps may test the resilience of national grids and the fairness of pricing structures. Despite greater precarity in the UK, an established tolerance of lower indoor temperatures may mean that, as electricity prices are lowered by increased renewable energy production, UK households can achieve warmer homes using heat pumps than they have been able using gas. ... Conversely, Sweden's cultural expectation of uniformly high indoor temperatures may challenge its future energy sufficiency targets and climate goals ..." Quote: "Britain has tended to rely on individual responsibility and market-led solutions when it comes to home heating. The UK Warm Homes Plan, launched in January 2026, makes clear that heat pumps are the government's (and many scientists') favoured route to decarbonising domestic heating, with the exception of district heating schemes in a relatively small number of areas. But this requires incentivising households to move to heat pumps while removing short-term financial pain from this move. Ultimately, our research suggests that many UK households now understand that change needs to come."},
}
@article{amponsah2014greenhouse,
title={Greenhouse gas emissions from renewable energy sources: A review of lifecycle considerations},
author={Nana Yaw Amponsah and Mads Troldborg and Bethany Kington and Inge Aalders and Rupert Lloyd Hough},
journal={Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
volume={39},
pages={461-475},
year={2014},
issn={1364-0321},
doi={10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.087},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114005395},
urldate={2023-01-11},
keywords={Life cycle assessment, Greenhouse gases, Electricity generation, Heat generation, Renewable energy},
abstract={Electricity and heat generation are key contributors to global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). In this paper, specific attention is paid to renewable energy technologies (RETs) for electricity and heat generation and reviews current understanding and estimates of life cycle GHG emissions from a range of renewable electricity and heat generation technologies. Comprehensive literature reviews for each RET were carried out. The 79 studies reviewed involved the life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable electricity and heat generation based on onshore and offshore winds, hydropower, marine technologies (wave power and tidal energy), geothermal, photovoltaic (PV), solar thermal, biomass, waste, and heat pumps. The study demonstrates the variability of existing LCA studies (results) in tracking GHG emissions for electricity and heat generation from RETs. This review has shown that the lowest GHG emissions were associated with offshore wind technologies (mean life cycle GHG emissions could be 5.3--13gCO2eq/kWh). Results compared with GHG estimates by fossil fuel heat and electricity indicated that life cycle GHG emissions are comparatively higher in conventional sources as compared to renewable sources with the exception of nuclear-based power electricity generation. In this present study, considering renewable energy sources, waste treatment and dedicated biomass technologies (DBTs) were found to potentially have high GHG emissions based on the feedstock, selected boundary and the inputs required for their production. The study identifies additional impacts associated with renewable electricity and heat technologies, points out the effectiveness of life cycle analysis (LCA) as a tool for assessing environmental impacts of renewable energy sources and concludes with opportunities for improvement in the future.},
}
@www{andersen2017danfoss,
title={Danfoss},
author={Victor Andersen},
url={https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Danfoss},
urldate={2023-10-30},
year={2017},
month={01},
language={da},
annote={A brief history of Danfoss. Via Google Translate: "... in 1943 experiments with radiator thermostats began. In 1952, the production and sale of radiator thermostats began, which are still among the company's best-selling products."},
}
@book{anderson2003sailing,
title={The physics of sailing explained},
author={Bryon D. Anderson},
year={2003},
ISBN={0-7136-6886-5},
keywords={design and construction, physics, sailing, sailboats, ships},
}
@report{anderson2019Uvalue,
title={Conventions for U-Value calculations [for consultation]},
institution={BRE},
author={Brian Anderson and Ludmilla Kosmina},
url={https://www.bregroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/BR443-October-2019_consult.pdf},
urldate={2023-08-14},
year={2019},
month={10},
number={BR 443},
annote={Quote: "The U-value of a solid wooden door and frame may be taken as 3.0 W/m^2K."},
}
@article{andersson2022measuring,
title={Measuring the direct and indirect effects of low-carbon lifestyles using consumption data},
journal={Journal of Cleaner Production},
pages={135739},
year={2022},
issn={0959-6526},
doi={10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135739},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652622053136},
author={David Andersson and Jonas N{\"a}ss{\'e}n},
keywords={Greenhouse gas emissions, Low-carbon lifestyles, Financial transaction data, Rebound effects, Spillover effects},
abstract={This study investigates the net effect of four low-carbon lifestyle options that could potentially be adopted by many individuals and households to achieve substantial cuts in greenhouse gas emissions: not owning a car, not flying, not living in a detached house, and having a vegan diet. We evaluated the direct and indirect effects of these options on the carbon footprints of a sample of 715 individuals. Their emissions were calculated using a carbon calculator app that estimates the footprint associated with their consumption, based on financial transaction data from their bank(s) in combination with a lifestyle survey and data from official databases. This data also provides the basis for a detailed analysis of how differences in spending and greenhouse gas emissions in one consumption domain can rebound and/or spillover into other domains. Our results show that these four lifestyle options are associated with substantial net emission reductions, ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 tonnes of CO2eq/cap/yr each. The results also suggest that, contrary to the theory of economic rebound effects, the indirect effects of these practices are related to further emission reductions in other consumption domains, except for people who do not fly, for whom we saw a very limited rebound effect. The sample has on average relatively strong pro-environmental personal norms, which limits the generalizability of the results and calls for further research.},
}
@article{andrews-speed2016institutional,
title={Applying institutional theory to the low-carbon energy transition},
author={Philip Andrews-Speed},
journal={Energy Research and Social Science},
volume={13},
year={2016},
doi={10.1016/j.erss.2015.12.011},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629615300918?via%3Dihub},
urldate={2023-03-29},
ISSN={22146296},
abstract={The low-carbon energy transition is a form of socio-technical transition and, as such, it involves profound changes in the institutions that govern society. Despite the acknowledged importance of institutions in shaping the pace and nature of transition, a relatively small proportion of the academic literature on the topic applies institutional theory to the analysis of this transition in a systematic and detailed manner, and these accounts draw mainly on organizational and sociological institutionalism. This paper aims to demonstrate the benefits of applying a wider set of institutional theories to the study of the low-carbon energy transition. It draws principally, but not solely, on rational choice and historical institutionalism with selective reference being made to key concepts within social and organizational institutionalism as well as discursive institutionalism. The paper demonstrates the high degree of parallelism that exists between the literatures on socio-technical regimes and institutions, and also shows how the systematic application of institutionalism can provide a deeper understanding of socio-technical transitions. It concludes by outlining the main elements of a research agenda relating to the low-carbon energy transition.},
}
@misc{angus1992ebeneezer,
title={Ebeneezer Goode},
author={Colin Angus and Richard West},
year={1992},
month={08},
day={24},
url={https://www.discogs.com/master/21432-The-Shamen-Ebeneezer-Goode},
urldate={2025-12-04},
publisher={One Little Indian},
number={78TP12},
annote={ISRC:USSM10022297 ISRC:GBBTF9200005 ISRC:GBBTF9200020 ISRC:USSM12401085 ISRC:GBBTF9200004},
}
%number={EAS 5001},
@www{anon2013hard,
title={Heat pumps for hard to treat homes (blog)},
institution={STIEBEL ELTRON},
url={https://www.stiebel-eltron.co.uk/en/service/Services-for-partners-and-installers/Email-Newsletter/Email-newsletter-articles/Heat_pumps_for_hard_to_treat_homes.html},
urldate={2013-01-30},
year={2013},
month={04},
annote={Quote: "... many UK properties - and particularly older homes - have been branded as 'hard to treat' because they don't fit the profile of the market for which existing heat pumps had been designed," and "Firstly we have a comparatively large number of old houses ... Secondly, we have a temperate maritime climate which means that we operate our heating differently than northern continentals (in short we turn it on and off and they leave it continuously on in winter because it is too cold to turn it off). ... in the UK [] most homes have single phase electrical supply, unlike most of the rest of Europe, which has three phase."},
}
@unpubished{aparicio-terres2024entrainment,
title={Assessing the relationship between neural entrainment and altered states of consciousness induced by electronic music (PREPRINT)},
author={Aparicio-Terr{\'e}s, Raquel and L{\'o}pez-Mochales, Samantha and D{\'i}az-Andreu, Margarita and Escera, Carles},
url={https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.16.575849v1},
urldate={2024-02-20},
howpublished={\url{https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.16.575849v1.full.pdf}},
DOI={10.1101/2024.01.16.575849},
publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory},
year={2024},
month={01},
annote={PREPRINT: NOT PEER REVIEWED},
}
@article{aparicio-terres2025entrainment,
title={The strength of neural entrainment to electronic music correlates with proxies of altered states of consciousness},
author={Aparicio-Terr{\'e}s, Raquel and L{\'o}pez-Mochales, Samantha and D{\'i}az-Andreu, Margarita and Escera, Carles},
ISSN={1662-5161},
url={https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2025.1574836/full},
urldate={2025-11-18},
DOI={10.3389/fnhum.2025.1574836},
journal={Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
volume={19},
publisher={Frontiers Media {SA}},
year={2025},
month={04},
day={09},
abstract={In electronic music events, the driving four-on-the-floor music appears pivotal for inducing altered states of consciousness (ASCs). While various physiological mechanisms link repetitive auditory stimuli to ASCs, entrainment---a brainwave synchronization through periodic external stimuli---has garnered primary focus. However, there are no studies systematically exploring the relationship between entrainment and ASCs. In the present study, we depart from the finding that entrainment to auditory stimuli peaks for stimulation rates around 2 Hz compared to others. Nineteen participants listened to six one-minute electronic music excerpts at different tempos (1.65~Hz, 2.25~Hz, and 2.85~Hz). For each excerpt, they performed cognitive tasks and reported phenomenological experiences related to ASCs through questionnaires. Brain activity was recorded with electroencephalography to assess whether a modulation in entrainment by the beat of electronic music affected objective and subjective proxies of ASCs. Our results revealed a tempo-driven modulation of entrainment at the group level, with entrainment being higher for stimulation rates at 1.65 Hz compared to 2.85~Hz. Similarly, music at 1.65~Hz aroused more feelings of unity compared to music at 2.85~Hz. However, at the individual level, no significant relationship was found between entrainment magnitude and phenomenological experience. Instead, a positive relationship was observed between entrainment and participants' reaction time. The results suggest that brainwave entrainment modulate processes relevant to rhythm-induced ASCs. While we cannot determine whether participants entered an ASC due to design constraints, the observed relationship between entrainment and reaction time at the individual level supports its functional significance.},
annote={[**UA]},
}
@www{appleRSS,
title={Apple Podcasts for Creators: Podcast {RSS} feed requirements},
author={{Apple Inc}},
publisher={{Apple Inc}},
url={https://podcasters.apple.com/support/823-podcast-requirements},
urldate={2024-09-20},
abstract={Apple requires podcasts meet technical requirements and content guidelines to provide a great experience for listeners and make it easier for them to find their new favorite podcasts.},
}
@article{arachchiappuhamilage2026PCS,
title={Localized thermal control for global impact: A meta-analytical review of thermal comfort and energy performance of personal comfort systems},
author={Arachchi Appuhamilage, P.D.T. and Rijal, H.B. and Shahzad, S.},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261925017817},
urldate={2025-11-23},
DOI={10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.127051},
journal={Applied Energy},
ISSN={0306-2619},
volume={403},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2026},
month={01},
day={15},
pages={127051},
abstract={Personal Comfort Systems (PCS) offer individualized thermal control that enhances occupant comfort, while reducing energy consumption in buildings. By enabling localized environmental adjustments without affecting other people, PCS present a promising strategy for energy-efficient building operation. Despite growing evidence of their benefits, a comprehensive synthesis of PCS performance, particularly regarding thermal comfort and energy outcomes, remains limited, hindering broader implementation. This meta-analysis evaluates 64 peer-reviewed studies to quantify the effectiveness of PCS. Findings indicate that PCS improve thermal sensation and overall comfort by an average of one scale unit. They also shift comfort temperature thresholds by 2.2{\degree}C, lower in heating and higher in cooling modes, allowing for expanded Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) setpoint ranges and associated energy savings. PCS demonstrate stronger corrective effects on perceived ambient temperature under both high and low thermal conditions compared to those within the comfort zone, with an average corrective energy power of 42.6 W/{\degree}C. Among heat transfer methods, conduction and hybrid approaches outperform others in both heating and cooling, while convection is found particularly effective in cooling scenarios. The study develops the Coefficient of Comfort Temperature Shift (CCTS), a metric for evaluating the performance of PCS in modifying comfort temperature thresholds. This metric supports HVAC setpoint optimization and offers practical pathways for energy savings. Overall, the findings position PCS as a viable solution for enhancing occupant comfort and reducing energy demand through individualized thermal control. By enabling precise microclimate adjustments, PCS contribute to sustainable building practices and occupant well-being, supporting global efforts toward energy-efficient built environments.},
annote={[**CS1] [**UF] [**UA]},
}
@www{ASHRAE2023std55,
title={Standard 55-2023 - Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy ({ANSI} Approved)},
author={{ASHRAE} and {ANSI}},
institution={{ASHRAE}, {ANSI}},
year={2023},
url={https://www.techstreet.com/standards/ashrae-55-2023?product_id=2577096},
urldate={2024-02-19},
number={86897},
}
@article{aslan2018electricity,
title={Electricity intensity of internet data transmission: Untangling the estimates},
author={Aslan, Joshua and Mayers, Kieren and Koomey, Jonathan G and France, Chris},
url={https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jiec.12630},
urldate={2025-12-27},
howpublished={\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jiec.12630}},
doi={10.1111/jiec.12630},
journal={Journal of Industrial Ecology},
volume={22},
number={4},
pages={785--798},
year={2018},
month={08},
day={01},
publisher={Wiley Online Library},
abstract={In order to understand the electricity use of Internet services, it is important to have accurate estimates for the average electricity intensity of transmitting data through the Internet (measured as kilowatt-hours per gigabyte [kWh/GB]). This study identifies representative estimates for the average electricity intensity of fixed-line Internet transmission networks over time and suggests criteria for making accurate estimates in the future. Differences in system boundary, assumptions used, and year to which the data apply significantly affect such estimates. Surprisingly, methodology used is not a major source of error, as has been suggested in the past. This article derives criteria to identify accurate estimates over time and provides a new estimate of 0.06 kWh/GB for 2015. By retroactively applying our criteria to existing studies, we were able to determine that the electricity intensity of data transmission (core and fixed-line access networks) has decreased by half approximately every 2 years since 2000 (for developed countries), a rate of change comparable to that found in the efficiency of computing more generally.},
annote={2015 estimate of 60Wh/GB for Internet traffic, and decreasing.},
}
@article{au2022vaccine,
title={Effectiveness of heterologous and homologous covid-19 vaccine regimens: living systematic review with network meta-analysis},
author={Au, Wing Ying and Cheung, Peter Pak-Hang},
url={https://www.bmj.com/content/377/bmj-2022-069989},
urldate={2025-04-08},
DOI={10.1136/bmj-2022-069989},
ISSN={1756-1833},
journal={BMJ},
publisher={BMJ},
year={2022},
month={05},
day={31},
pages={e069989},
annote={Quote: "An mRNA booster is recommended to supplement any primary vaccine course. Heterologous and homologous three dose regimens work comparably well in preventing covid-19 infections, even against different variants. The effectiveness of three dose vaccine regimens against covid-19 related death remains uncertain."},
}
@article{aunedi2023integration,
title={System-driven design and integration of low-carbon domestic heating technologies},
author={Marko Aunedi and Andreas V. Olympios and Antonio M. Pantaleo and Christos N. Markides and Goran Strbac},
doi={10.1016/j.rser.2023.113695},
url={https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2023.113695},
urldate={2023-10-10},
year={2023},
month={11},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
volume={187},
pages={113695},
journal={Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
annote={Quote: "Modelling results suggest that a cost-efficient solution for zero-carbon heating consists of a portfolio of low-carbon heating technologies including EHPs, EBs, HBs and TES..." ... "The bulk of heat (83--97\%) is delivered through EHPs..."},
}
@article{bagarella2016modulating,
title={Sizing strategy of on-off and modulating heat pump systems based on annual energy analysis},
author={Bagarella, G. and Lazzarin, R. and Noro, M.},
volume={65},
ISSN={0140-7007},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140700716000475},
urldate={2024-07-17},
DOI={10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.02.015},
journal={International Journal of Refrigeration},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2016},
month={05},
pages={183--193},
annote={Quote: "One of the main conclusions of this study is that, when comparing a modulating heat pump with an on-off heat pump system, the respective SPFs values are not the only elements to be considered. Other variables are significant, such as the heat pump capacities for a given peak load or the volume of the thermal storage. Finally, cycling losses cannot be neglected when evaluating heat pump annual performance. When an on-off system is sized to face a high fraction of the building peak load, cycling losses might exceed 12% of the whole electric consumption of the system, particularly if the volume of the thermal storage is small."},
}
@article{bakkaloglu2022methane,
title={Methane emissions along biomethane and biogas supply chains are underestimated},
journal={One Earth},
volume={5},
number={6},
pages={724-736},
year={2022},
issn={2590-3322},
doi={10.1016/j.oneear.2022.05.012},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590332222002676},
urldate={2023-01-18},
author={Semra Bakkaloglu and Jasmin Cooper and Adam Hawkes},
keywords={methane emissions, biogas, biomethane, supply chain emissions, global warming, climate change, biogas sustainability, renewables, energy transition, decarbonization strategy},
abstract={Although natural gas generates lower CO2 emissions, gas extraction, processing, and distribution all release methane, which has a greater global warming potential than CO2. Biomethane and biogas that use organic wastes as a feedstock have emerged as alternatives to natural gas, with lower carbon and methane emissions. However, the extent to which methane is still emitted at various stages along biogas and biomethane supply chains remains unclear. Here, we adopt a Monte Carlo approach to systematically synthesize the distribution of methane emissions at each key biomethane and biogas supply chain stage using data collected from the existing literature. We show that the top 5\% of emitters are responsible for 62\% of emissions. Methane emissions could be more than two times of greater than previously estimated, with the digestate handling stage responsible for the majority of methane released. To ensure the climate benefits of biomethane and biogas production, effective methane-mitigation strategies must be designed and deployed at each supply chain stage.},
}
@article{bakker2024demand,
author={Bakker, Wessel and Lampropoulos, Ioannis},
title={The Cost Reduction Potential of Demand Response in Balancing Markets from a System Perspective},
journal={Energies},
volume={17},
year={2024},
number={12},
url={https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/12/2817},
urldate={2024-06-11},
ISSN={1996-1073},
abstract={Demand response (DR) can potentially provide a cost-efficient alternative for balancing the electricity grid by replacing fossil-fuelled power plants for the provision of flexible capacity. This paper aims to quantify the cost reduction potential of DR from a system perspective. Historical data of balancing markets are studied using regression and average bid price analysis to quantify the effect of the participation of DR resources on the price of flexible capacity for the provision of balancing reserves by focusing on two case studies in Great Britain and the Netherlands. It is estimated that DR bids are, on average, 35\% lower than the market average. The regression analysis concluded that 1\% higher participation of DR in balancing markets leads, on average, to a 2.7\% lower prices for flexible capacity. The results verify the hypothesis that flexible DR capacity is offered at a lower price on balancing markets compared to conventional generation resources, resulting in lower costs for grid operators to balance the grid, thus reducing societal costs for electricity provision and overall emissions through the integration of low-carbon balancing resources.},
DOI={10.3390/en17122817},
}
% ARTICLE-NUMBER = {2817},
@article{baldwin2016past,
title={Past-focused environmental comparisons promote proenvironmental outcomes for conservatives},
author={Baldwin, Matthew and Lammers, Joris},
url={https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1610834113},
urldate={2025-03-20},
DOI={10.1073/pnas.1610834113},
journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
number={52},
volume={113},
ISSN={1091-6490},
publisher={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
year={2016},
month={12},
day={12},
pages={14953--14957},
}
@article{baniassadi2024older,
title={Home Ambient Temperature and Self-reported Attention in Community-Dwelling Older Adults},
author={Baniassadi, Amir and Yu, Wanting and Travison, Thomas and Day, Ryan and Lipsitz, Lewis and Manor, Brad},
ISSN={1758-535X},
url={https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/gerona/glae286/791574},
urldate={2025-01-14},
DOI={10.1093/gerona/glae286},
journal={The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences},
publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)},
year={2024},
month={12},
day={03},
annote={Quote: "We observed a U-shaped relationship between home ambient temperature at the time of assessment and the odds ratio (OR) of reporting difficulty keeping attention such that the OR was lowest between 20--24~{\degree}C and doubled when moving away from this range by 4~{\degree}C in either direction."},
}
@www{banks2026fifth,
title={(Deep) Fabric Fifth - an overdue update...},
author={Nigel Banks},
url={https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/deep-fabric-fifth-overdue-update-nigel-banks-9irze/},
urldate={2026-01-10},
year={2026},
month={01},
day={07},
annote={[**UF] Quote: "1 = Get off oil and gas ... 1 + 2 = And Get Smart ... 1 + 2 + 3 = And do the basics ... 4 = Then, Solar and Storage ... 5 = Then, (Deep) Fabric Fifth"},
}
@www{baraniuk2024HeatGeek,
title={The rise of Heat Geek --- a startup hell-bent on bringing heat pumps to the Brits},
author={Chris Baraniuk},
url={https://thenextweb.com/news/heat-geek-startup-heat-pumps-brits},
urldate={2025-01-11},
year={2024},
month={05},
day={31},
abstract={One man's quest to warm his home led to a new career in decarbonising houses across the UK},
annote={Quote: "Among those impressed by his understanding of heating system technology is Damon Hart-Davis, a PhD candidate at the University of Surrey. He recently wrote a research paper on something occasionally discussed by Chapman in some of his videos --- briefly, that turning off the heating in one room in a house can, in some scenarios, be less efficient overall than if you just heat every room. "I thought, 'Oh, this can't be right, I shall prove him wrong'," recalls Hart-Davis. But the modelling instead validated Heat Geek's analysis, given certain conditions. "That is really surprising," says Hart-Davis."},
}
@inproceedings{barbaresi2021trafilatura,
title={{Trafilatura: A Web Scraping Library and Command-Line Tool for Text Discovery and Extraction}},
author={"Barbaresi, Adrien"},
booktitle={"Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations"},
pages={"122--131"},
publisher={"Association for Computational Linguistics"},
url={https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-demo.15},
urldate={2024-03-16},
year={2021},
}
@www{bard2018most,
year={2018},
title={Getting the most out of your PhD},
author={Andrew Bard},
url={https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1J7OVpRbqWOGBKBumW785fHLiuo2PQP44/},
urldate={2022-12-19},
annote={PowerPoint slideshow with memes. Author note: "... for people just starting their PhDs on an interdisciplinary biology programme."},
}
@report{barnes2023assessment,
title={Domestic heat pumps: A rapid assessment of an emerging UK market},
author={Barnes, Jake and Silvonen, Taru and Taylor, Michael},
year={2023},
month={06},
url={https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371958040_Domestic_heat_pumps_A_rapid_assessment_of_an_emerging_UK_market},
urldate={2023-07-04},
howpublished={\url{https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jake-Barnes/publication/371958040_Domestic_heat_pumps_A_rapid_assessment_of_an_emerging_UK_market/links/649eb78e95bbbe0c6e04dd7f/Domestic-heat-pumps-A-rapid-assessment-of-an-emerging-UK-market.pdf}},
doi={10.5281/zenodo.8099472},
}
@article{barrett2022demand,
title={Energy demand reduction options for meeting national zero-emission targets in the United Kingdom},
author={Barrett, John and Pye, Steve and Betts-Davies, Sam and Broad, Oliver and Price, James and Eyre, Nick and Anable, Jillian and Brand, Christian and Bennett, George and Carr-Whitworth, Rachel and Garvey, Alice and Giesekam, Jannik and Marsden, Greg and Norman, Jonathan and Oreszczyn, Tadj and Ruyssevelt, Paul and Scott, Kate},
journal={Nature Energy},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-022-01057-y},
urldate={2023-01-17},
doi={10.1038/s41560-022-01057-y},
issn={2058-7546},
volume={7},
pages={726--735},
year={2022},
month={08},
abstract={In recent years, global studies have attempted to understand the contribution that energy demand reduction could make to climate mitigation efforts. Here we develop a bottom-up, whole-system framework that comprehensively estimates the potential for energy demand reduction at a country level. Replicable for other countries, our framework is applied to the case of the United Kingdom where we find that reductions in energy demand of 52\% by 2050 compared with 2020 levels are possible without compromising on citizens' quality of life. This translates to annual energy demands of 40~GJ per person, compared with the current Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development average of 116~GJ and the global average of 55~GJ. Our findings show that energy demand reduction can reduce reliance on high-risk carbon dioxide removal technologies, has moderate investment requirements and allows space for ratcheting up climate ambition. We conclude that national climate policy should increasingly develop and integrate energy demand reduction measures.},
annote={UKTM/TIMES and NHM (National Household Model). Quote: "[For] ... the United Kingdom, it is possible to halve energy demand by 2050 without negatively affecting citizens' quality of life. This results in a per capita energy use in the United Kingdom in 2050 of around 40~GJ compared with a present global average of 55~GJ per capita."},
}
@article{bastian2022passive,
author={Zeno Bastian and J{\"u}rgen Schnieders and William Conner and Berthold Kaufmann and Laszlo Lepp and Zack Norwood and Andrew Simmonds and Ingo Theoboldt},
doi={10.1007/s12053-021-10008-7},
issn={15706478},
issue={1},
journal={Energy Efficiency},
title={Retrofit with Passive House components},
volume={15},
year={2022},
url={https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12053-021-10008-7},
urldate={2023-01-06},
abstract={The Passive House is a performance-based efficiency standard for new buildings. The factors that lead to very low heating and cooling demands include compact shape, favourable orientation and size of windows, good insulation, optimised thermal bridges, high-performance glazing, insulated window frames, airtightness, mechanical ventilation with heat or energy recovery, cool colours and solar control. Many of these components can also be used in retrofits of existing buildings, although Passive House levels of energy efficiency are often hard to achieve in renovation. EnerPHit is a voluntary standard for high-efficiency retrofits that is based on the use of typical Passive House components. It pursues economic efficiency and simultaneously addresses thermal comfort, indoor air quality, climate protection and hygrothermal performance. This paper is the first fully comprehensive publication of the foundations upon which the EnerPHit criteria were developed. Furthermore, we present five EnerPHit example buildings, including energy consumption data, costs and solutions for the challenges that arose in the practical implementation: a multifamily residence in Frankfurt, Germany, two row houses in Hereford, the UK and New York, USA, a school in Innsbruck, Austria, and a high-rise in Gothenburg, Sweden. Where measured performance data are available, they confirm very low energy consumptions of the refurbishments. The corresponding investments can be profitable.},
annote={Wolfgang Feist said 2023-01-06 that over 80\% savings persisted https://hessen.social/@WolfgangFeist/109643809927444810 Mastodon discussion.},
}
@report{BEAMA2024controls,
title={Controls Guide For Air-water Heat Pump Systems},
institution={{Heat Pump Association} and {BEAMA}},
url={https://www.beama.org.uk/resourceLibrary/controls-guide-for-air-water-heat-pump-systems.html},
urldate={2025-01-17},
howpublished={\url{https://www.beama.org.uk/static/5b64a720-9a94-4ab2-93ff8bdebb8a501d/Controls-Guide-for-Air-Water-Heat-Pump-Systems.pdf}},
year={2024},
month={10},
abstract={Building Regulations Approved Document L was updated in 2021 to incorporate text from previous Domestic Building Services Guide. However, the requirements for heat pump controls could be clearer, particularly with regards to the requirements where TRVs are installed. This guide is part of an evolution for system guidance, intended to assist domestic heat pump installers with considerations for controls strategies in various applications in a way that ensures compliance with Building Regulations Approved Document L. It provides a general approach which could be taken for new and existing hydronic heat pump only systems (note: bi-valent and hybrid systems are not included in scope). Additional considerations may be required for underfloor heating systems or non-radiator solutions. This document is not intended as a heat pump design guide. Generic exemplar schematics are provided for guidance purposes only. For each application, the system designer or installer must consider the requirements of all relevant Regulations, refer to heat pump manufacturers and system component manufactures instructions, and consider the specific building constraints and any preferences of the homeowner.},
annote={[**CS1]},
}
@article{beason2020temporal,
title={Temporal Pass Plots: An intuitive method for visualising activity patterns of bats and other vocalising animals},
author={Beason, Richard D. and Riesch, R{\"u}diger and Koricheva, Julia},
volume={113},
ISSN={1470-160X},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X20301394},
urldate={2024-06-09},
DOI={10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106202},
journal={Ecological Indicators},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2020},
month={06},
pages={106202},
}
@techreport{becker2023AWHP,
title={Modeling Assessment of Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pumps Coupled with Cooling Thermal Storage},
author={Becker, Stephen and Hoeschele, Marc and German, Alea},
institution={Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, US Department of Energy},
url={https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1984584},
urldate={2025-01-10},
DOI={10.2172/1984584},
howpublished={\url{https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1984584}},
year={2023},
month={05},
number={DOE/GO-102023-5871},
address={Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-0062, US},
abstract={This study explored the performance and operating cost viability of air-to-water heat pumps (AWHPs) coupled with thermal energy storage (TES) in efficient new residential construction.},
annote={Uses EnergyPlus version 9.6. The AWHP system was modeled using the AWHP objects HeatPump:PlantLoop:EIR:Cooling and HeatPump:PlantLoop:EIR:Heating. Quote: "The part load modeling is a critical piece in trying to accurately represent the variable-speed performance of the AWHP system. This remains the biggest challenge working within the EnergyPlus framework for this system type."},
}
@report{BEIS2016BEES,
author={UK BEIS},
title={Building Energy Efficiency Survey (BEES)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/building-energy-efficiency-survey-bees},
urldate={2022-01-19},
year={2016},
abstract={The Building Energy Efficiency Survey (BEES) 2014--15 sets out to improve and update the evidence of how energy is used, and to provide an assessment of the abatement opportunities for all non-domestic premises across England and Wales.},
annote={Quote: "The total [non-domestic] stock consumed 161,060 GWh/year of total energy (of which electrical energy consumption comprised 53 per cent and non-electrical consumption 47 per cent). The five largest sectors in terms of energy consumption accounted for 71 per cent of total non-domestic energy consumption: these were offices, retail, industrial, health and hospitality. The most common end uses were space heating (66,940 GWh/year), internal lighting (21,260 GWh/year), ... There was 63,160 GWh/year (or 14,750 ktCO2e/year) total energy efficiency abatement potential, representing a 39 per cent reduction from current energy consumption. Over a third of the total abatement potential (22,080 GWh/year) came from measures with a private investment payback of three years or less [worth GBP1.3bn/year]." From the overarching report: "Tenants will often restrict investment returns on energy efficiency measures based on their lease renewal cycles."},
}
@report{BEIS2020greenhouse,
title={2018 UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Final figures},
author={Christopher Waite},
institution={UK BEIS},
url={https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/862887/2018_Final_greenhouse_gas_emissions_statistical_release.pdf},
urldate={2023-01-03},
year={2020},
month={02},
annote={Quote: "In 2018, 28\% of net greenhouse gas emissions in the UK were estimated to be from the transport sector, 23\% from energy supply, 18\% from business, 15\% from the residential sector and 10\% from agriculture," and "The main source of emissions from [the residential] sector is the use of natural gas for heating and cooking."},
}
@report{BEIS2021EUFS,
title={Energy Follow-Up Survey: Heating patterns and occupancy},
author={{UK BEIS}},
institution={UK BEIS},
url={https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1018727/efus-heating-patterns-occupancy.pdf},
urldate={2022-12-05},
year={2021},
annote={Quote: "... 92\% of households reported using a central heating system (including communal heating and air source heat pumps) to heat the majority of their home in winter ... Of households with central heating systems, almost half (46\%) used a timer control; 87\% had a main thermostat to control the temperature; and 79\% had TRVs on all or most of their radiators. ... The mean length for the 2017/18 heating season was 5.7 months ... Some 6\% of homes were heated all year round ... households maintained similar heating patterns and heating hours all week with median daily hours of main heating during a typical weekday of 7.5 hours and 8 hours during a weekend day..."},
}
@report{BEIS2022building,
title={Building for 2050: Low cost, low carbon homes},
author={{UK BEIS}},
institution={UK BEIS},
number={2022/031},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/building-for-2050},
urldate={2023-01-04},
year={2022},
month={11},
abstract={Building for 2050 offers a snapshot of the UK's construction industry and its ability to deliver low carbon homes now. It identifies how best to minimise cost, improve energy efficiency, reduce carbon emissions, increase consumer demand, and accelerate industry delivery of low carbon housing. While the focus is new build housing in England and Wales, the key findings broadly apply to all new build housing throughout the UK. Building for 2050 is unique research. In a detailed analysis of case study projects, it identifies the barriers and opportunities to their delivery at scale and examines the impact this could have on energy demand and carbon emissions. It provides rounded analysis of the whole process from inception to occupancy - developing, designing, constructing, and living in low cost, low carbon homes. This holistic evaluation incorporates the views of multiple stakeholders and draws upon case study homes, the wider construction industry, and the energy services sector. A wide-ranging consumer survey and a general industry survey further contributed to the findings. If all homes constructed in future are built to a low carbon standard, there should be no need to retrofit these homes before the UK Government's net zero 2050 deadline.},
annote={Quote: "Most existing homes will need energy efficiency upgrades (in some cases significant works) and all homes will need low carbon heating in line with the Net Zero Carbon commitment."},
}
@article{beizaee2015zonal,
title={Measuring the potential of zonal space heating controls to reduce energy use in {UK} homes: The case of un-furbished 1930s dwellings},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
volume={92},
pages={29-44},
year={2015},
issn={0378-7788},
doi={10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.01.040},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037877881500047X},
urldate={2023-05-10},
author={Arash Beizaee and David Allinson and Kevin J. Lomas and Ehab Foda and Dennis L. Loveday},
keywords={Space heating, Zonal control, Programmable TRV, Smart heating, UK homes, Synthetic occupancy, Measurement},
abstract={A matched pair of 1930s semi-detached houses, in original condition and un-refurbished in terms of energy efficiency, were employed to measure the energy savings that might result from the use of zonal space heating control (ZC). The houses were adjoined and had the same synthetic, yet realistic, occupancy schedule, the same new central heating system, and were exposed to the same weather conditions. In one house the space heating was controlled conventionally (CC) according to minimum requirements in UK Building Regulation Part L1B for existing dwellings, whereas in the other house ZC was used to heat the rooms only when they were 'occupied'. Over an 8-week winter test period, the house with ZC used 11.8\% less gas despite 2.4 percentage points drop in average daily boiler efficiency. Although zonal control reduced the mean indoor air temperature of the whole house by 0.6{\degree}C, it did not reduce the average air temperature in rooms during the hours of active 'occupancy'. Normalisation and extrapolation of the results shows that, compared to CC, ZC could reduce annual gas demand for space heating by 12\% in most regions of the UK, and that ZC would be a more effective energy efficiency measure in homes in the cooler, more northerly regions of the UK.},
}
@www{bell2023mess,
title={A hot mess - the difficulties of decarbonising home heating},
author={Adam Bell},
url={https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse/article/hot-mess-difficulties-decarbonising-home-heating},
urldate={2023-03-28},
year={2023},
month={03},
annote={Quote: "... The manufacturers despaired of persuading the British public to give up their need to control their heating devices, until they came up with an ingenious solution. The Heat Boost button. This was a big red button installed on the inside of the property that, when pressed, switched a red light on and made a fan start whirring for at least 20 minutes. It didn't actually do anything to the heating system, but it created the impression that the consumer was in control." Quote: "The Netherlands, which is the only country in Europe to have a more extensive gas network than us, has recently mandated that all new heating appliances installed from 2026 must be at least hybrids; that is, a small heat pump plus a boiler. The heat pump handles 60-70 per cent of the heat needed, while the boiler handles the coldest days for which you would otherwise need a very large heat pump with a commensurately large electricity connection. These devices are currently excluded from the [UK] government's Boiler Upgrade Scheme."},
}
@article{bennett2021hybrids,
title={Domestic heating with compact combination hybrids (gas boiler and heat pump): A simple {English} stock model of different heating system scenarios},
author={Bennett, George and Watson, Stephen and Wilson, Grant and Oreszczyn, Tadj},
url={https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/01436244211040449},
urldate={2024-07-18},
DOI={10.1177/01436244211040449},
journal={Building Services Engineering Research and Technology},
ISSN={1477-0849},
publisher={SAGE Publications},
year={2021},
month={08},
volume={43},
number={2},
pages={143--159},
}
@article{benoit2004water,
title={Residential Water Heater Temperature: 49 or 60 Degrees Celsius?},
author={Beno{\^i}t L{\'e}vesque and Michel Lavoie and Jean Joly},
doi={10.1155/2004/109051},
issn={1180-2332},
journal={Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases},
pages={11-12},
volume={15},
year={2004},
url={https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2094925/},
urldate={2023-01-30},
annote={Quote: "In our opinion, it is important to reduce both the risk of scalds and the risk of legionellosis associated with domestic water supplies. ... all new water heaters must be preset at 60{\degree}C and equipped with antiscald devices to deliver water at 49{\degree}C to the entire household."},
}
@article{bentsen2019bioeconomy,
title={Sustainability governance of the Danish bioeconomy --- the case of bioenergy and biomaterials from agriculture},
author={Bentsen, Niclas Scott and Larsen, S{\o}ren and Stupak, Inge},
volume={9},
ISSN={2192-0567},
url={https://energsustainsoc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13705-019-0222-3},
urldate={2023-12-06},
DOI={10.1186/s13705-019-0222-3},
number={1},
journal={Energy, Sustainability and Society},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
year={2019},
month={11},
}
@report{bernard2024tariff,
title={Decarbonizing Heat: The Impact of Heat Pumps and a Time-of-Use Heat Pump Tariff on Energy Demand},
author={Louise Bernard and Andy Hackett and Robert Metcalfe and Andrew R. Schein},
institution={{Centre for Net Zero}},
year={2024},
month={09},
day={30},
url={https://www.centrefornetzero.org/papers/decarbonising-heat-the-impact-of-heat-pumps-and-a-time-of-use-heat-pump-tariff-on-energy-demand},
urldate={2024-10-03},
howpublished={\url{https://cdn.sanity.io/files/lrxd4jqj/production/85b1357ec84918b3b6e42b694f60b067c3f683fb.pdf}},
abstract={Heat pumps have been proposed as the leading technology in the electrification of domestic heat and therefore could play a crucial part in the transition to low-carbon energy systems. However, there is very little causal evidence of the impact of heat pumps on energy demand and the impact of marginal prices to help optimize energy demand with heat pumps. We leverage a staggered roll-out of heat pumps from Octopus Energy Group to show that: (1) heat pumps have a large impact on energy demand, on average causing a 90\% reduction in home gas use and a 61\% increase in home electricity use - overall, households reduced total energy demand by 40\% and carbon dioxide emissions by 36\%; (2) a time-of-use tariff designed for heat pumps can provide large demand flexibility benefits, halving electricity consumption during the evening peak to help balance the grid, and that load shifting is possible on the coldest days and from all building types in our sample; (3) the marginal value of public funds of the current UK heat pump subsidy is {\pound}1.24 (for every {\pound}1 spent by the Government). Overall, we find that heat pumps can meaningfully decarbonize heat and subsidies to encourage heat pumps can be welfare-enhancing.},
annote={[**UF]},
}
@report{berry2023flexibility,
title={Automating heat pump flexibility: results from a pilot},
author={Oli Berry and Davinia Kiley and Katy King and Andy Marsden and Andy Regan and Max Woollard and Maria Jacob and Ryan Jenkinson and Daniel Lopez Garcia and Lucy Yu and Andrew Schein and Phil Steele},
institution={{Nesta}, {Centre for Net Zero}, {Octopus}},
year={2023},
month={09},
url={https://www.centrefornetzero.org/work/automating-heat-pump-flexibility-results-from-a-pilot/},
urldate={2023-09-18},
howpublished={\url{https://www.centrefornetzero.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Automating-heat-pump-flexibility_-results-from-a-pilot-final.pdf}},
ISBN={978-1-916699-04-5},
annote={Participants' self-reported comfort ranges differed drastically in some cases, with a maximum range of 10{\degree}C and a minimum range of 2{\degree}C. Quote: "... traditional TRVs --- as well as smart TRVs set in the way we asked participants to set them --- may have reduced our ability to pre-heat homes as much as we aimed to." Quote: "We noted that a lot of participants kept doors to adjoining rooms closed during events. This prevented airflow and may have amplified the effect of different thermal properties of the building fabric throughout their home, as warmer areas performed better and cooler areas did not benefit from warm airflow. Homes with greater variation in their fabric energy efficiency would increase the potential effect." Quote: "HeatFlex events consisted of two different windows, each usually lasting two hours. Pre-heating window: we changed the customer's smart thermostat setpoint to the maximum acceptable temperature. Flexibility window: we changed the customer's smart thermostat to the minimum acceptable temperature." Quote: "This could potentially be developed further into a personalised intervention whereby participants can provide the extent of discomfort they are happy with given a certain expected financial return (similar to risk ratings on financial investments)."},
annote={[**UF]},
}
@report{BEUC2022green,
title={The Consumer Costs of Decarbonised Heat},
author={{Element Energy}},
institution={BEUC},
url={https://www.beuc.eu/press-releases/goodbye-gas-heat-pumps-will-be-cheapest-green-heating-option-consumers},
urldate={2023-02-28},
year={2022},
month={02},
howpublished={\url{https://www.beuc.eu/publications/beuc-x-2021-111_consumer_cost_of_heat_decarbonisation_-_report.pdf}},
abstract={This study analyses the cost to consumers of low carbon heating options in the year 2040 in four European countries: Spain, Italy, Czechia, and Poland. We have investigated four archetypal homes in each country and present detailed results for two of these archetypes, typical older (pre-1970) single-family homes and more modern (post-1970) flats in multi-family homes. Detailed results are available in the companion reports prepared for each country as part of this project. We have examined four low carbon heating options within these archetypes: heat pumps, hybrid heat pumps, green hydrogen boilers, and low carbon district heat networks. 2040 electricity costs are predicted for each country using the Element Energy Integrated System Dispatch Model (ISDM), which predicts electricity system operation on an hourly basis, and utilises all available sources of power system flexibility in an integrated manner to determine the optimised operation of the power system when high levels of variable renewables are connected. We assume the electricity grid in each country has significantly decarbonised by 2040 in line with 2050 net zero targets. Green hydrogen costs are estimated using Element Energy's green hydrogen costing tool. This includes country-specific renewable generation profiles and projections for the 2040 cost of hydrogen production technologies, as well as estimated costs for the distribution of hydrogen through the converted gas network.},
annote={Quote: "Heat pumps provide the most cost-effective route to decarbonisation of home heating across the countries and dwelling archetypes analysed." Quote: "Hybrid heat pumps are more affordable than hydrogen boilers. The heat pump component is assumed here to meet 80\% of the total heat demand, and the hydrogen boiler component is assumed to meet the remaining 20\%..." Quote: "The technologies considered here have different efficiencies of producing heat from their fuel, heat pumps can operate at 280\% efficiency, whereas hydrogen boilers are 85\% efficient. Since hydrogen is produced from electricity via electrolysis, using hydrogen boilers to produce heat typically uses 4.5 time as much electricity as producing the heat with a heat pump."},
}
@report{BH2024SLRLAEP,
title={South London Subregional Local Area Energy Plan},
author={Vasiliki Kourgiozou and Andrew Commin and James Tindale and James Dickinson and Alasdair Young and Soma Mohammadi and Mohammed Elmezoghi and Cornelia Fjelkestam},
publisher={Buro Happold},
url={https://www.london.gov.uk/programmes-strategies/better-infrastructure/infrastructure-coordination/planning-service/local-area-energy-planning-london?ac-230032=230029},
urldate={2025-01-08},
howpublished={\url{https://www.london.gov.uk/media/107527/download}},
year={2024},
month={12},
day={18},
number={060112 P05},
abstract={The Greater London Authority (GLA) is working in partnership with stakeholders on subregional local area energy planning (LAEP) across London. This programme aims to take a whole system, place-based approach to energy planning, assembling data and evidence to define optimised pathways and delivery plans for decarbonisation across London. The purpose of an LAEP is to identify the range of activities required to get to net zero and translate high level targets into on- the-ground action, and begins with the subregional data, evidence and analysis provided here. This report covers the 'South' subregion which includes 8 boroughs: Kingston, Merton, Sutton, Croydon, Lambeth, Southwark, Lewisham and Greenwich. It concludes Phase 1 of the programme, covering stages 1-4 of the Energy Systems Catapult's definition of Local Area Energy Planning. The report focuses on a data driven approach, using the Mayor's 'Accelerated Green' decarbonisation pathway, to identify the actions that are required to enable a just transition to net-zero carbon emissions, the co-ordination required and the impacts on and evolution needed in London's energy systems at various scales. A particular focus is on integrating heat networks and the zoning policy into local area energy plans and to identify opportunities for multi-borough and cross- sectoral working to accelerate progress and make best use of resources.},
annote={Quote: "Around 75\% of homes are heated by gas boilers, with around 10\% using communal heating or heat networks. Around 7\% use electric heaters and only 3\% using heat pumps. The proportion using heat networks or communal heating is around 5 times higher than the UK average." Home heating systems detailed by type, eg approximately 300 with heat pumps cf approximately 60k with boilers in Kingston borough out of 68k.},
}
@article{bhadra2026bedrooms,
title={The effects of bed cooling on sleep quality and sleep thermal comfort in overheated bedrooms},
author={Bhadra, Jaydeep and Beizaee, Arash and Hartescu, Iuliana and Lomas, Kevin},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132326000193},
urldate={2026-01-13},
DOI={10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114213},
journal={Building and Environment},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
volume={291},
ISSN={0360-1323},
year={2026},
month={03},
day={01},
pages={114213},
keywords={overheated bedrooms, personal comfort, bed cooling system, thermal comfort, sleep quality},
abstract={Elevated night-time temperatures in bedrooms on hot summer nights impairs sleep quality and sleep thermal comfort. Passive and low energy night-time cooling strategies can enhance individuals' comfort without relying on air conditioning. This study evaluates the impact of a low-energy, water-based cooling mattress topper on sleep thermal comfort and quality in healthy adults sleeping in overheated UK bedrooms. Seventeen participants took part in repeated-measures controlled-bedroom experiments consisting of three stages: (1) baseline sleep in their own bedrooms under normal summer conditions, (2) sleep on a standard bedding system in a bedroom controlled at 30{\degree}C, and (3) sleep in the same overheated bedroom with the cooling mattress topper. Objective sleep metrics were recorded using wrist actigraphy, while subjective thermal comfort and sleep quality were assessed using validated questionnaires. The cooling mattress topper was found to significantly improve sleep thermal comfort metrics (p < 0.05) with large effect sizes (r = 0.71 to 0.93). Substantial improvements in perceived sleep quality and a reduction in time spent awake were also reported. Actigraphy data showed that use of bed cooling restored total sleep time to baseline levels and reduced Sleep Onset Latency by ten minutes compared to using standard bedding. The findings suggest that targeted bed cooling is an effective, low-energy solution for mitigating sleep disruption in overheated bedrooms, and for mitigating the effects of increasing summertime temperatures in UK homes. There is an urgent need for sleep-specific overheating standards for UK homes.},
annote={[**CS1] Quote: "Sleep is regulated by a complex interplay between environmental, physiological and psychological factors, with thermal conditions playing a central role." Quote: "Controlled experiments often identify an optimal range of 16--19{\degree}C for promoting rapid sleep onset and stable sleep architecture, particularly in temperate regions."},
}
@www{bibmeCitationGenerator,
title={BibTeX generic citation style Citation Generator},
url={https://www.bibme.org/bibtex},
urldate={2022-12-04},
}
@www{bibtexComFormat,
title={A complete guide to the BibTeX format},
url={https://www.bibtex.com/g/bibtex-format/},
urldate={2022-11-30},
}
@www{bibtexEU,
title={Reference management with BibTeX: A short guide},
url={https://bibtex.eu/},
urldate={2022-12-01},
}
@article{black2022autistic,
title={Considerations of the built environment for autistic individuals: A review of the literature},
author={Black, Melissa Heather and McGarry, Sarah and Churchill, Lynn and D'Arcy, Emily and Dalgleish, Julia and Nash, Isabelle and Jones, Alisala and Tse, Tin Yan and Gibson, Jane and B{\"o}lte, Sven and Girdler, Sonya},
volume={26},
ISSN={1461-7005},
url={https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/13623613221102753},
urldate={2024-07-14},
DOI={10.1177/13623613221102753},
number={8},
journal={Autism},
publisher={SAGE Publications},
year={2022},
month={06},
pages={1904--1915},
}
@article{blasi2022english,
title={Over-reliance on English hinders cognitive science},
author={Dami{\'a}n E. Blasi and Joseph Henrich and Evangelia Adamou and David Kemmerer and Asifa Majid},
journal={Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
doi={10.1016/j.tics.2022.09.015},
year={2022},
month={10},
url={https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/fulltext/S1364-6613(22)00236-4},
urldate={2023-01-08},
issn={1364-6613},
annote={Quote: "Taken at face value, these findings suggest, ceteris paribus, English shapes individuals into being relatively less sex-biased, more prone to horizontal social systems (because of the limited role of gender and politeness in grammar), and more inclined to discount the future (due to the marking of future tense)."},
}
@article{boait2011performance,
title={Performance and control of domestic ground-source heat pumps in retrofit installations},
author={Boait, Peter John and Fan, D and Stafford, A},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
volume={43},
number={8},
pages={1968--1976},
year={2011},
publisher={Elsevier},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037877881100154X},
urldate={2023-05-22},
doi={10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.04.003},
abstract={Heat pumps are an essential technology for decarbonisation of domestic heating in the UK. This paper reports on the performance in use of a group of ground-source heat pumps, and in common with other UK studies finds that the seasonal performance is not as good as that reported in trials from continental Europe and that the system controls are unsatisfactory. Control improvements are investigated via a model of the dwelling and heat pump as a combined system, from which the thermal time constant of the building is identified as a critical factor that needs to be considered in retrofit projects incorporating heat pumps. The validity of the conventional practice (and advice from installers to users) of allowing heat pumps to run continuously is tested and bounded. Techniques for improving control are outlined and reasons for the poorer performance in the UK examined with the conclusion that heat pumps need to be better matched in capacity and control to the size and thermal characteristics of UK dwellings. Implementation of these findings by heat pump manufacturers and installers could promote a more rapid transition to renewable heat both in the UK and internationally wherever similar housing stocks and climates exist.},
annote={Critiques UK heat pump installation practice. Discusses setbacks. Quote: "The analysis in Section 4 indicates that although operating a heat pump continuously is a reasonable default recommendation, it will often result in missed opportunities for improved comfort and/or energy savings. A control system should therefore be able to calculate when a setback is likely to be efficient given the trend of external ambient temperatures at the time, and then apply it depending on occupancy..." Quote: "... ny attempt to achieve a rapid rise in temperature in a high-tau home will be penalised with a poor CoP ..." Quote: "While the heat pump operation is primarily controlled by specifying a pre-set target radiator return temperature as a function of external temperature, there is also a facility for allowing a room thermostat setting to influence heat output." Quote: "control systems were generally too complicated for the householders to understand"},
}

@article{boegli2022thermostatic,
title={Smart thermostatic valves based heat generator control to cut heating bills},
author={Boegli, Max and Stauffer, Yves and Koch, Nelson and Gorecki, Tomasz and Langou, Renaud and Hutter, Andreas},
url={https://proceedings.open.tudelft.nl/clima2022/article/view/413},
keywords={heat generator, control, smart thermostatic valves, radiator, mixing valve, data-driven heat controller},
urldate={2023-03-31},
doi={10.34641/clima.2022.413},
journal={CLIMA 2022 conference},
year={2022},
month={05},
abstract={The following work aims at demonstrating how a smart thermostatic (radiator) valve network can be used to reduce heating costs by controlling the heat generator (heat-pump, gas boiler, ...) in a more efficient way. Currently, a large proportion of heat generators is controlled by the means of a heating curve, or a similar rule-based logic that mostly rely on outdoor temperature or single point indoor temperature measurements. These simple control laws are in general commissioned to minimize the number of complaints of "cold users". This results in high forward temperatures, that are energetically non-optimal as they create increased losses in the piping network and also have a negative impact on the heat generator efficiency. In the proposed data driven approach, a controller was developed to ensure that the radiators receive fluid with the lowest temperature possible, while satisfying the heating needs. To achieve this goal, smart thermostatic valves are used to monitor the radiator activity. The monitored information is used by a real-time algorithm to adapt the hot water temperature to continuously ensure user comfort. The solution was deployed in a multi-apartment building located in Neuch{\^a}tel (Switzerland). The solution has been running with success during the 2020-2021 heating season. The results point out that an average saving of 15\% is obtained with respect to the baseline (i.e. heating curve) controller under similar conditions, without any degradation of comfort (under heating in particular). The system will now be deployed on 6 houses in Denmark and remain active at least until 2023.},
annote={TRV and heat pump, smart thermostatic valves (STV). Quote: "The STV data driven central heating controller was successfully deployed in a real test site. The comparison to the baseline (heating curve) controller shows energy reduction in the order of 15\% with no significative impact on comfort."},
}
@www{boelen2024cool,
title={RSS is cool! Some RSS feed readers are not (yet)...},
author={Michael Boelen},
url={https://linux-audit.com/rss-is-cool-but-some-rss-feed-readers-are-not-yet/},
urldate={2024-10-12},
year={2024},
month={04},
day={14},
abstract={This blog had a RSS feed since its inception about 10 years ago. It was (and is) an easy way for readers to quickly discover released and updated articles. Although a lot has changed in 10 years, including a migration from WordPress to Hugo, the RSS feed is still available. Recently, as part of the migration, we looked again at all individual layers that makes this blog possible. From the web server configuration, up to the final HTML output, everything got a review.},
}
@www{boilerguide2022central,
title={Central Heating System: Everything You Need to Know},
author={Hannah Maza},
url={https://www.boilerguide.co.uk/articles/central-heating-systems},
urldate={2023-01-04},
year={2022},
month={10},
annote={Quote: "86\% of houses in the UK have a wet central heating system that uses gas fuel," and "It's a fair assumption that you probably have a wet central heating system as 89\% of homes in England have it," and Warm air systems, also known as dry systems, can still be found in some older homes. They peaked in the 1960s-70s, but have since been replaced by wet systems."},
}
@article{booth2018net,
doi={10.1088/1748-9326/aaac88},
url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaac88},
year={2018},
month={02},
publisher={IOP Publishing},
volume={13},
number={3},
pages={035001},
author={Mary S Booth},
title={Not carbon neutral: Assessing the net emissions impact of residues burned for bioenergy},
journal={Environmental Research Letters},
abstract={Climate mitigation requires emissions to peak then decline within two decades, but many mitigation models include 100 EJ or more of bioenergy, ignoring emissions from biomass oxidation. Treatment of bioenergy as 'low carbon' or carbon neutral often assumes fuels are agricultural or forestry residues that will decompose and emit CO2 if not burned for energy. However, for 'low carbon' assumptions about residues to be reasonable, two conditions must be met: biomass must genuinely be material left over from some other process; and cumulative net emissions, the additional CO2 emitted by burning biomass compared to its alternative fate, must be low or negligible in a timeframe meaningful for climate mitigation. This study assesses biomass use and net emissions from the US bioenergy and wood pellet manufacturing sectors. It defines the ratio of cumulative net emissions to combustion, manufacturing and transport emissions as the net emissions impact (NEI), and evaluates the NEI at year 10 and beyond for a variety of scenarios. The analysis indicates the US industrial bioenergy sector mostly burns black liquor and has an NEI of 20\% at year 10, while the NEI for plants burning forest residues ranges from 41\%--95\%. Wood pellets have a NEI of 55\%--79\% at year 10, with net CO2 emissions of 14--20 tonnes for every tonne of pellets; by year 40, the NEI is 26\%--54\%. Net emissions may be ten times higher at year 40 if whole trees are harvested for feedstock. Projected global pellet use would generate around 1\% of world bioenergy with cumulative net emissions of 2 Gt of CO2 by 2050. Using the NEI to weight biogenic CO2 for inclusion in carbon trading programs and to qualify bioenergy for renewable energy subsidies would reduce emissions more effectively than the current assumption of carbon neutrality.},
}
@www{bostock2014visualizing,
title={Visualizing Algorithms},
author={Mike Bostock},
url={https://bost.ocks.org/mike/algorithms/},
urldate={2024-10-20},
year={2014},
month={06},
day={26},
abstract={Algorithms are a fascinating use case for visualization. To visualize an algorithm, we don't merely fit data to a chart; there is no primary dataset. Instead there are logical rules that describe behavior. This may be why algorithm visualizations are so unusual, as designers experiment with novel forms to better communicate. This is reason enough to study them. But algorithms are also a reminder that visualization is more than a tool for finding patterns in data. Visualization leverages the human visual system to augment human intellect: we can use it to better understand these important abstract processes, and perhaps other things, too.},
annote={See "Using Vision to Think". Also interactivity as a tool to help a human explore eg consequences of adjusting heat-pump parameters.},
}
@article{bouckaert2021net,
title={Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector},
author={Bouckaert, St{\'e}phanie and Pales, Araceli Fernandez and McGlade, Christophe and Remme, Uwe and Wanner, Brent and Varro, Laszlo and D'Ambrosio, Davide and Spencer, Thomas},
institution={International Energy Agency},
year={2021},
url={https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/063ae08a-7114-4b58-a34e-39db2112d0a2/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector.pdf},
urldate={2022-12-30},
annote={Quote: "Floor area in the buildings sector worldwide is expected to increase 75\% between 2020 and 2050, of which 80\% is in emerging market and developing economies," and "Space heating demand drops by two-thirds between 2020 and 2050, driven by improvement in energy efficiency and behavioural changes such as the adjustment of temperature set points," and "Retrofit rates increase from less than 1\% per year today to about 2.5\% per year by 2030 in advanced economies....." and "Space heating is transformed in the NZE, with homes heated by natural gas falling from nearly 30\% of the total today to less than 0.5\% in 2050, while homes using electricity for heating rise from nearly 20\% of the total today to 35\% in 2030 and about 55\% in 2050 []. High efficiency electric heat pumps become the primary technology choice for space heating in the NZE..."},
}
@www{bowers2022efficiency,
title={Energy efficiency of housing in England and Wales: 2022},
institution={UK Office for National Statistics},
url={https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/energyefficiencyofhousinginenglandandwales/2022},
urldate={2022-12-28},
year={2022},
month={10},
author={Nikola Bowers and Craig Smith and Tony Wilkins},
}
@article{braungardt2023banning,
title={Banning boilers: An analysis of existing regulations to phase out fossil fuel heating in the EU},
journal={Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
volume={183},
pages={113442},
year={2023},
issn={1364-0321},
doi={10.1016/j.rser.2023.113442},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136403212300299X},
urldate={2023-06-19},
author={Sibylle Braungardt and Benedikt Tezak and Jan Rosenow and Veit B{\"u}rger},
keywords={Renewable energies, Buildings sector, Energy policy, Phase-out regulations, Renewable heating, European union},
abstract={In view of the current geopolitical situation, the EU and its Member States are accelerating efforts to reduce their dependency on fossil fuel imports, while simultaneously tackling the climate crisis. With heating in buildings accounting for a large share of the energy consumption in the EU, policies to phase-out fossil fuels for heating and to switch to renewables are key elements. In the context of the proposed actions to phase-out fossil fuels at EU level, this article provides a systematic analysis of current and planned phase-out regulations for fossil fuel boilers in the EU Member States. The paper quantifies the share of energy consumption for heating that is addressed by such regulations and finds that the current regulations only address about 10\% of the total fossil energy consumption for heating in the EU. The share increases to almost 30\% when considering the planned regulations, reflecting the fact that large energy consumers such as Germany and the Netherlands have announced such regulations. The analysis shows that several Member States with high energy consumption for heating have neither implemented nor announced plans to introduce phase-out regulations for fossil fuel heating. The study concludes that immediate policy action is needed both at EU and at Member State levels. At EU level, the proposed introduction of an end-date for stand-alone fossil fuel boilers needs to be substantiated and implemented into the legislative framework. At the national level, phase-out regulations for fossil fuel boilers need to be expanded both in quantity and scope.},
}
@article{bressler2021mortality,
title={The mortality cost of carbon},
author={Bressler, R. Daniel},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24487-w},
urldate={2024-11-01},
ISSN={2041-1723},
volume={12},
DOI={10.1038/s41467-021-24487-w},
number={1},
journal={Nature Communications},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
year={2021},
month={07},
day={29},
abstract={Many studies project that climate change can cause a significant number of excess deaths. Yet, in integrated assessment models (IAMs) that determine the social cost of carbon (SCC) and prescribe optimal climate policy, human mortality impacts are limited and not updated to the latest scientific understanding. This study extends the DICE-2016 IAM to explicitly include temperature-related mortality impacts by estimating a climate-mortality damage function. We introduce a metric, the mortality cost of carbon (MCC), that estimates the number of deaths caused by the emissions of one additional metric ton of CO2. In the baseline emissions scenario, the 2020 MCC is 2.26 * 10-4 [low to high estimate -1.71 * 10-4 to 6.78 * 10-4] excess deaths per metric ton of 2020 emissions. This implies that adding 4,434 metric tons of carbon dioxide in 2020---equivalent to the lifetime emissions of 3.5 average Americans---causes one excess death globally in expectation between 2020--2100. Incorporating mortality costs increases the 2020 SCC from $37 to $258 [-$69 to $545] per metric ton in the baseline emissions scenario. Optimal climate policy changes from gradual emissions reductions starting in 2050 to full decarbonization by 2050 when mortality is considered.},
annote={4ktCO2 emissions causes approx 1 excess death 2020--2100.},
}
@www{brinn2023accessibility,
title={A framework for improving the accessibility of research papers on arXiv.org},
author={Shamsi Brinn and Christopher Cameron and David Fielding and Charles Frankston and Alison Fromme and Peter Huang and Mark Nazzaro and Stephanie Orphan and Steinn Sigurdsson and Ryan Tay and Miranda Yang and Qianyu Zhou},
url={https://info.arxiv.org/about/accessibility_research_report.html#accessibility-research-report},
urldate={2023-03-21},
year={2023},
abstract={The research content hosted by arXiv is not fully accessible to everyone due to disabilities and other barriers. This matters because a significant proportion of people have reading and visual disabilities, it is important to our community that arXiv is as open as possible, and if science is to advance, we need wide and diverse participation. In addition, we have mandates to become accessible, and accessible content benefits everyone. In this paper, we will describe the accessibility problems with research, review current mitigations (and explain why they aren't sufficient), and share the results of our user research with scientists and accessibility experts. Finally, we will present arXiv's proposed next step towards more open science: offering HTML alongside existing PDF and TeX formats.},
}
@article{britton2021exploring,
author={Jess Britton and Angela Mae Minas and Ana Catarina Marques and Zoya Pourmirza},
title={Exploring the potential of heat as a service in decarbonization: Evidence needs and research gaps},
journal={Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy},
volume={16},
number={11-12},
pages={999-1015},
year={2021},
publisher={Taylor & Francis},
doi={10.1080/15567249.2021.1873460},
url={https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2021.1873460},
}
@article{brown2023methanol,
title={Ultra-long-duration energy storage anywhere: Methanol with carbon cycling},
author={Brown, Tom and Hampp, Johannes},
volume={7},
ISSN={2542-4351},
url={https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(23)00407-5},
DOI={10.1016/j.joule.2023.10.001},
number={11},
journal={Joule},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2023},
month={11},
day={15},
pages={2414--2420},
}
@article{bruce-konuah2018role,
title={The role of thermostatic radiator valves for the control of space heating in {UK} social-rented households},
author={Bruce-Konuah, Adorkor and Jones, Rory V and Fuertes, Alba and Messi, Leonardo and Giretti, Alberto},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
volume={173},
pages={206--220},
year={2018},
publisher={Elsevier},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778818307035},
urldate={2023-05-16},
doi={10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.05.023},
annote={Quote: "... about 70\% of the housing stock do not have the full set of heating controls specified in the building regulations. The report suggests that of all homes with a boiler (approx. 20.6 million homes), 38\% do not have a whole house thermostat and 45\% do not have TRVs. A dwelling with no thermostat will result in excessive room temperatures and no TRVs means that there is no zonal temperature control. Unnervingly, 4\% of all homes with a boiler do not have any controls at all."},
}
@article{brudermueller2023cycling,
title={Large-scale monitoring of residential heat pump cycling using smart meter data},
author={Brudermueller, Tobias and Kreft, Markus and Fleisch, Elgar and Staake, Thorsten},
DOI={10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121734},
ISSN={0306-2619},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030626192301098X},
urldate={2025-06-23},
howpublished={\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030626192301098X/pdfft}},
journal={Applied Energy},
volume={350},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2023},
month={11},
day={15},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
pages={121734},
abstract={Heat pumps play an essential role in decarbonizing the building sector, but their electricity consumption can vary significantly across buildings. This variability is closely related to their cycling behavior (i.e., the frequency of on-off transitions), which is also an indicator for improper sizing and non-optimal settings and can affect a heat pump's lifetime. Up to now it has been unclear which cycling behaviors are typical and atypical for heat pump operation in the field and importantly, there is a lack of methods to identify heat pumps that cycle atypically. Therefore, in this study we develop a method to monitor heat pumps with energy measurements delivered by common smart electricity meters, which also cover heat pumps without network connectivity. We show how smart meter data with 15-minute resolution can be used to extract key indicators about heat pump cycling and outline how atypical behavior can be detected after controlling for outdoor temperature. Our method is robust across different building characteristics and varying times of observation, does not require contextual information, and can be implemented with existing smart meter data, making it suitable for real-world applications. Analyzing 503 heat pumps in Swiss households over a period of 21 months, we further describe behavioral differences with respect to building and heat pump characteristics and study the relationship between heat pumps' cycling behavior, energy efficiency, and appropriate sizing. Our results show that outliers in cycling behavior are more than twice as common for air-source heat pumps than for ground-source heat pumps.},
annote={[**CS1] Quote: "Therefore, a few studies have investigated the relationship between heating cycles and energy consumption and found a strong correlation between short cycles and energy losses. The study [...] puts these losses at 5\%--30\%, while [...] reports 12\%. The reason for the cycling losses is that during the start-up phase of HPs, the delivered heating power is reduced until a steady state is reached. This time interval depends on the characteristics of an HP. For example, in the study of [...], the HP reaches 90\% of the steady-state value after 3 min, which the authors consider relatively short. The same study concludes that a minimum time of 15 min between two consecutive cycles should be ensured. The work of [...] comes to a similar conclusion with a minimum run time of 20 min per cycle." Quote: "... a 12\% drop in performance is observed when a fixed speed HP is used compared to a variable speed HP." Quote: "... the installation of a buffer tank can also increase the length of a single cycle and decrease the number of cycles." Uses average outside temperature below 12{\degree}C as indicating a heating day per Swiss standards, but 20{\degree}C as HDD base temperature.},
}
@article{brudermueller2025efficiency,
title={Estimation of energy efficiency of heat pumps in residential buildings using real operation data},
author={Brudermueller, Tobias and Potthoff, Ugne and Fleisch, Elgar and Wortmann, Felix and Staake, Thorsten},
ISSN={2041-1723},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-58014-y},
urldate={2025-06-23},
howpublished={\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-58014-y.pdf}},
DOI={10.1038/s41467-025-58014-y},
journal={Nature Communications},
number={1},
volume={16},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
year={2025},
month={03},
day={22},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
abstract={As heat pumps become more prevalent in residential buildings, effective performance monitoring is essential. Design flaws, incorrect settings, and faults can escalate energy consumption and costs, leading to discrepancies in user expectations and hindering the widespread adoption of this technology crucial for the heating transition. However, field studies using large data sets to offer insights into real-world performance and methods for identifying low-performing systems in practical, scalable applications are lacking. In the lar- gest field study to date, we analyze sensor data from 1023 heat pumps across Central Europe monitored over two years. Based on existing approaches for controlled laboratory conditions, we derive methods to evaluate and classify real-world performance using operational data. Applying these methods, we find that 17\% of air-source and 2\% of ground-source heat pumps do not meet existing efficiency standards. Additionally, around 10\% of systems are over-sized, while approximately 1\% are undersized. This underscores the need for standardized post-installation performance evaluation procedures and digital tools to provide actionable feedback for users and installers to enhance operational efficiency and guide future installations.},
annote={[**CS1] [**UA] Quote: "... several studies model the COP as a quadratic or linear function. They either use the outdoor-to-supply temperature difference as a single independent variable or consider outdoor and supply temperatures separately as two independent variables. Note that we use outdoor temperature ... The COP model that performs best on our data set is a simple linear function ..." with Tout and Tsupply in separate terms. Quote: "For this reason, we investigate the effects of lowering the heating curve by shifting it parallel by 1{\degree}C ... On average, the SCOP increases by 0.11, and the household energy consumption decreases by 2.61\%." Quote: "Instead of opting for excessively high settings to preempt heating comfort issues, installations should incorporate a testing phase. During this phase, settings should be gradually increased from the lowest point until comfort is achieved, balancing it with energy efficiency. Digital monitoring tools that offer feedback on configuration outcomes and demonstrate potential operating cost savings can greatly empower users through education."},
}
@dataset{brudermueller2025optimisation,
title={HEAPO -- An Open Dataset for Heat Pump Optimization with Smart Electricity Meter Data and On-Site Inspection Protocols},
author={Brudermueller, Tobias and Fleisch, Elgar and Vay{\'a}, Marina Gonz{\'a}lez and Staake, Thorsten},
doi={10.48550/ARXIV.2503.16993},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.16993},
urldate={20250623},
howpublished={\url{https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.16993}},
keywords={Computers and Society (cs.CY), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences},
publisher={arXiv},
year={2025},
month={03},
day={21},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
abstract={Heat pumps are essential for decarbonizing residential heating but consume substantial electrical energy, impacting operational costs and grid demand. Many systems run inefficiently due to planning flaws, operational faults, or misconfigurations. While optimizing performance requires skilled professionals, labor shortages hinder large-scale interventions. However, digital tools and improved data availability create new service opportunities for energy efficiency, predictive maintenance, and demand-side management. To support research and practical solutions, we present an open-source dataset of electricity consumption from 1,408 households with heat pumps and smart electricity meters in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland, recorded at 15-minute and daily resolutions between 2018-11-03 and 2024-03-21. The dataset includes household metadata, weather data from 8 stations, and ground truth data from 410 field visit protocols collected by energy consultants during system optimizations. Additionally, the dataset includes a Python-based data loader to facilitate seamless data processing and exploration.},
annote={[**CS1] PREPRINT and data paper, data at https://zenodo.org/records/15056919},
}
@report{BSI2019TRV,
title={Thermostatic radiator valves --- Requirements and test methods},
author={{British Standard Institution}},
institution={British Standard Institution},
number={BS EN 215:2019},
year={2019},
url={https://knowledge.bsigroup.com/products/thermostatic-radiator-valves-requirements-and-test-methods/standard},
urldate={2023-05-09},
howpublished={\url{https://webstore.ansi.org/preview-pages/BSI/preview_30377676.pdf}},
abstract={BS EN 215 discusses thermostatic radiator valves. BS EN 215 specifies definitions, requirements and test methods for thermostatic radiator valves referred to hereafter as thermostatic valves. BS EN 215 applies to two-port thermostatic valves with or without pre-setting facility and thermostatic integrated valves with or without the pre-setting facility for fitting to radiators in wet central heating installations up to a water temperature of 120 {\degree}C and a nominal pressure of PN 10. BS EN 215 further specifies the dimensions, the materials, and the connection details of four series of straight and angle pattern thermostatic radiator valves of nominal pressure [no more than] PN 10. BS EN 215 can be used as a reference in a CEN/CENELEC Certification Mark System on thermostatic radiator valves.},
}
@report{BSI2023PAS2030,
title={Installation of energy efficiency measures in existing dwellings. Specification},
author={{British Standard Institution}},
institution={British Standard Institution},
number={PAS 2030:2023},
year={2023},
month={09},
day={30},
url={https://knowledge.bsigroup.com/products/installation-of-energy-efficiency-measures-in-existing-dwellings-specification?version=standard},
urldate={2024-01-04},
abstract={PAS 2030 specifies requirements for installing energy efficiency measures in existing homes.},
}
@report{BSI2023PAS2035,
title={Retrofitting dwellings for improved energy efficiency. Specification and guidance},
author={{British Standard Institution}},
institution={British Standard Institution},
number={PAS 2035:2023},
year={2023},
month={09},
day={30},
url={https://knowledge.bsigroup.com/products/retrofitting-dwellings-for-improved-energy-efficiency-specification-and-guidance-2?version=standard},
urldate={2024-01-04},
howpublished={\url{https://www.bsigroup.com/siteassets/pdf/en/insights-and-media/insights/brochures/pas_2035_2023.pdf}},
abstract={PAS 2035:2023 offers comprehensive guidance for energy retrofitting in existing homes, ensuring efficiency, sustainability, and improved performance.},
}
@report{BSI2024performance,
title={BS EN 17888-1:2024 - Thermal performance of buildings. In situ testing of building test structures. Data collection for aggregate heat loss test},
author={Richard Fitton},
institution={British Standard Institution},
number={BS EN 17888-1:2024},
ISBN={978 0 539 17643 8},
year={2024},
month={05},
day={30},
url={https://salford-repository.worktribe.com/output/2847073},
urldate={2024-06-16},
howpublished={\url{https://knowledge.bsigroup.com/products/thermal-performance-of-buildings-in-situ-testing-of-building-test-structures-data-collection-for-aggregate-heat-loss-test?version=standard}},
}
@article{buhr2010mammalian,
title={Temperature as a Universal Resetting Cue for Mammalian Circadian Oscillators},
author={Buhr, Ethan D. and Yoo, Seung-Hee and Takahashi, Joseph S.},
url={https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1195262},
urldate={2025-12-27},
DOI={10.1126/science.1195262},
number={6002},
journal={Science},
volume={330},
ISSN={1095-9203},
publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science {(AAAS)}},
year={2010},
month={10},
day={15},
pages={379--385},
abstract={Environmental temperature cycles are a universal entraining cue for all circadian systems at the organismal level with the exception of homeothermic vertebrates. We report here that resistance to temperature entrainment is a property of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) network and is not a cell-autonomous property of mammalian clocks. This differential sensitivity to temperature allows the SCN to drive circadian rhythms in body temperature, which can then act as a universal cue for the entrainment of cell-autonomous oscillators throughout the body. Pharmacological experiments show that network interactions in the SCN are required for temperature resistance and that the heat shock pathway is integral to temperature resetting and temperature compensation in mammalian cells. These results suggest that the evolutionarily ancient temperature resetting response can be used in homeothermic animals to enhance internal circadian synchronization.},
annote={[**CS1]},
}
@article{buratti2015thermal,
title={Thermal comfort evaluation within non-residential environments: Development of Artificial Neural Network by using the adaptive approach data},
author={Buratti, C and Vergoni, M and Palladino, Domenico},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610215023887},
urldate={2024-02-19},
howpublished={\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610215023887/pdf}},
DOI={10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.656},
journal={Energy Procedia},
volume={78},
pages={2875--2880},
year={2015},
month={11},
publisher={Elsevier},
}
@article{burchell2014working,
title={Working together to save energy? Report of the Smart Communities project},
author={Burchell, Kevin and Rettie, Ruth and Roberts, Tom},
url={http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/28626/1/Smart%20Communities%20report%20FINAL%20low%20res.pdf},
urldate={2023-04-18},
year={2014},
month={06},
publisher={Behaviour and Practice Research Group, Kingston University},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (by-nc-nd) 2.0 UK: England and Wales},
}

@report{burger2022smart,
title={The time is now: smart charging of electric vehicles},
author={Jaap Burger and Julia Hildermeier and Andreas Jahn and Jan Rosenow},
year={2022},
month={04},
url={https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/time-is-now-smart-charging-electric-vehicles/},
urldate={2023-01-14},
institution={Regulatory Assistance Project},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International},
annote={See also hildermeier2023smart. V2H, V2G, EV smart charging, dynamic tariff, customer risk-reward trade-off. Quote: "This report1 provides a unique, comprehensive overview of 139 residential smart charging tariffs and services already available in Europe, and makes recommendations to ensure the benefits of smart charging extend to all EV users at all locations. Making smart charging the default drives down costs for all electricity system users, not just the EV drivers directly benefiting from smart charging. By contrast, the costs of unmanaged charging would be carried by all."},
}
@article{burunat2024musical,
title={Breaking (musical) boundaries by investigating brain dynamics of event segmentation during real-life music-listening},
author={Burunat, Iballa and Levitin, Daniel J. and Toiviainen, Petri},
url={https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2319459121},
urldate={2024-08-28},
DOI={10.1073/pnas.2319459121},
volume={121},
ISSN={1091-6490},
number={36},
journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
publisher={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
year={2024},
month={08},
day={26},
annote={Quote: "... brain activity changes during boundary transitions with discernible modulations based on musicianship." From the supporting information: "Three musical pieces were used in the experiment: (a) Stream of Consciousness by Dream Theater; (b) Adios Nonino by Astor Piazzolla; and (c) Rite of Spring (comprising the first three episodes from Part I: Introduction, Augurs of Spring, and Ritual of Abduction) by Igor Stravinsky. These are a progressive rock/metal piece, an Argentinian New Tango, and an iconic 20th century classical work, respectively, thus covering distinct musical genres and styles."},
}
@report{cam2024electricity,
title={Electricity Mid-Year Update: July 2024},
author={Eren {\c{C}}am and Carlos David Y{\'a}{\~n}ez de Le{\'o}n and Matthew Davis and Shrey Mehta},
institution={{International Energy Agency}},
year={2024},
month={06},
url={https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-mid-year-update-july-2024},
urldate={2024-09-24},
howpublished={\url{https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/234d0d22-6f5b-4dc4-9f08-2485f0c5ec24/ElectricityMid-YearUpdate_July2024.pdf}},
annote={Quote: "With an increasing share of low-emissions sources, emission intensity of the world's power generation is set to decrease by an annual average rate of 4\% from 460 g CO2/kWh in 2023 to 425 g CO2/kWh in 2025. The European Union is expected to see the highest rate of decline in emissions intensity, with an average annual reduction of 13\%, from 205 g CO2/kWh in 2023 to 155 g CO2/kWh in 2025. China is also expected to see a strong decline (6\% on average), from 595 g CO2/kWh in 2023 to 525 g CO2/kWh in 2025." Quote: "Data centres' global electricity use is currently limited but growing, with local bottlenecks already emerging. Electricity consumption of data centres (excluding cryptocurrencies) is estimated to account for about 1-1.3\% of global electricity demand in 2022 and it could see this share rise to a range between 1.5-3\% by 2026, according to recent IEA projections. By contrast, electric vehicles, despite their rapid growth, consumed a smaller 0.5\% of the world's electricity in 2022, but their consumption is forecast to range from less than 1.5\% to around 2\% by 2026. By comparison, primary aluminium production, a very electricity-intensive process, currently consumes around 4% of the world's electricity."},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
}
@www{cantorHeatpumps,
title={Heat Pump Information},
author={John Cantor},
url={https://heatpumps.co.uk/},
urldate={2023-01-28},
annote={From https://heatpumps.co.uk/cop-estimator/ "defrosts can reduce the COP by up to 10\% at worst times. These being below around 5{\degree}C."},
}
@article{carr2023vertical,
title={Thermal model in digital twin of vertical {PV} system helps to explain unexpected yield gains},
author={Anna J. Carr and Ji Liu and Ashish Binani and Kay Cesar and Bas B. Van Aken},
doi={10.1051/epjpv/2023027},
url={https://www.epj-pv.org/articles/epjpv/full_html/2023/01/pv230038/pv230038.html},
urldate={2023-11-11},
year=2023,
month=11,
day=06,
publisher={{EDP} Sciences},
volume={14},
pages={32},
journal={{EPJ} Photovoltaics},
}
@www{CBE2020comfort,
title={{CBE} Thermal Comfort Tool},
author={{CBE}},
institution={{CBE}},
year={2020},
url={https://comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu/},
urldate={2024-02-19},
annote={As at 2024-02-19 (version 2.5.4) the footer requests "Please cite us if you use this software: Tartarini, F., Schiavon, S., Cheung, T., Hoyt, T., 2020. CBE Thermal Comfort Tool : online tool for thermal comfort calculations and visualizations. SoftwareX 12, 100563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2020.100563"},
}
@report{CCC2015district,
title={Research on district heating and local approaches to heat decarbonisation},
author={{Element Energy}},
url={https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/element-energy-for-ccc-research-on-district-heating-and-local-approaches-to-heat-decarbonisation/},
urldate={2023-02-28},
year={2015},
month={11},
howpublished={\url{https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Element-Energy-for-CCC-Research-on-district-heating-and-local-approaches-to-heat-decarbonisation.pdf}},
annote={Quote: "... 81 TWh [of district heating across all buildings] could be deployed by 2050 (18\% of total heat demand)." Quote: "Our bottom-up modelling has found that the deployment of district heating is likely to be significantly greater in the non-domestic sector than in the domestic sector."},
}
@techreport{CCC2019technical,
title={{Net Zero} Technical report},
author={Chris Stark and Mike Thompson},
institution={UK Committee on Climate Change},
year={2019},
month={05},
day={02},
url={https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/net-zero-technical-report/},
urldate={2023-02-03},
howpublished={\url{https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Net-Zero-Technical-report-CCC.pdf}},
annote={Quote: "Near-full decarbonisation of heat for buildings is one of the biggest challenges in reducing emissions from the energy system to net zero by 2050." (Chapter 3) Core scenario: "In residential buildings, the parts of the stock which are generally easier and/or less costly to decarbonise include new homes, homes off the gas grid, homes suitable for district heating, and homes on the gas grid with relatively low barriers (i.e. with no space or heritage constraints). These homes are decarbonised in our Core scenario using a mixture of energy efficiency and low-carbon heating measures. This reduces direct emissions by 66 MtCO2e, leaving around 20 MtCO2e in 2050." Further Ambition: "additionally deploys low-carbon heating and energy efficiency measures for homes which are considered more costly and/or difficult to decarbonise. This includes homes on the gas grid with space constraints, and homes with heritage value (listed buildings and buildings in conservation areas). This scenario also includes the conversion of residual gas demands to hydrogen and biomethane injection into the gas grid. Altogether, this delivers 83 MtCO2e of abatement in total, leaving residual emissions of up to 4 MtCO2e in 2050." Figure 3.1 shows residential direct CO2 emissions at 13\% of Uk total on 2017 and "Direct emissions in buildings result primarily from the use of fossil fuels for heating." ... "Buildings off the gas grid [13.9\% of GB homes] have previously been identified as a low-regrets opportunity for deploying low-carbon heat, and heat pumps in particular." ... "Where buildings are subject to space constraints, this can restrict the range of low-carbon heating technologies that can be installed and/or increase the costs associated with the installation of those technologies. Heat pumps and electric heating for instance require hot water storage to service hot water demand. Some homes may not have rooms or cupboard space big enough to accommodate a traditional hot water tank." ... "In terms of low-carbon heat, alongside the 5m homes in our Core scenario connected to low-carbon heat networks, our Core scenario includes use of heat pumps in 17 million homes ..." "Alongside 5 million homes connected to low-carbon heat networks, our Further Ambition scenario includes around 19 million heat pumps in homes" ... which "... has up to around 4 MtCO2e of emissions unabated in 2050 ... associated with leaving around 10\% of the residential housing stock which is most costly to decarbonise, using fossil fuel heating." ... "In particular for buildings, the retrofit of the 29 million existing homes across the UK must be treated as a national infrastructure priority."},
}
@report{CCC2020buildings,
title={The Sixth Carbon Budget: Buildings},
author={{UK Climate Change Committee}},
institution={UK Climate Change Committee},
year={2020},
url={https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Sector-summary-Buildings.pdf},
urldate={2023-02-13},
annote={Quote: "Hot water temperature: For the majority of our scenarios we assume a constant 60{\degree}C hot water temperature in existing homes. In our Widespread Engagement scenario, we assume a 50{\degree}C water temperature in homes with heat pumps, with allowance for a daily legionella cycle of one-hour duration." Table M3.1 claims most domestic boilers / heat sources have 15Y lifetime (inluding gas boiler and ASHP), but GSHP 20Y. Quote: "Northern Ireland sees a faster decarbonisation pathway as a result of the higher proportion of homes off the gas grid." Quote: "Changes in the UK's climate will impact on the energy demand of buildings between now and 2050. ... We assume that increasing winter temperatures result in reduced demand for heating. Based on the average from an ensemble of UK regional climate projections, we assume that increases in average winter temperatures to 2030 result in a 6.6\% reduction in heat demand. ... We assume that increasing summer temperatures result in additional demand for cooling. We allow for an additional energy demand of 5TWh annually by 2050." Quote: "Given boiler lifetimes of around 15 years, we have looked at phasing out the installation of fossil fuel boilers, in advance of 2035. We adopt a central date of 2033 for gas boilers across buildings, with public buildings moving faster..." Quote: "2028: No dwellings can be sold unless they meet the minimum [EPC C] standard." Quote: "Energy efficiency and behavioural measures in our Balanced Pathway deliver a 12\% reduction in heat demand to 2050 (compared to a 22\% reduction in our Tailwinds scenario)." Quote: "Recently published evidence from BEIS suggests that the labour costs for installing an air source heat pump are roughly double those for a conventional gas boiler, with the costs being around three times higher for a ground source heat pump." Quote: "... electrification is of primary strategic importance for Net Zero..." },
}
@report{CCC2020residential,
title={Development of trajectories for residential heat decarbonisation to inform the Sixth Carbon Budget},
author={{Element Energy}},
url={https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/development-of-trajectories-for-residential-heat-decarbonisation-to-inform-the-sixth-carbon-budget-element-energy/},
urldate={2023-03-13},
year={2020},
month={12},
howpublished={\url{https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Full-Report-Development-of-trajectories-for-residential-heat-decarbonisation-to-inform-the-Sixth-Carbon-Budget-Element-Energy.pdf}},
annote={(Updated and full report published April 2021.) From key recommendations: "The scenarios include a low-carbon heating system for every home. The Balanced Pathway includes low-carbon district heat for 5.5m existing homes, heat pumps for 21m existing homes (including 5m in a hybrid configuration, with some using hydrogen as a back-up) and direct electric heating for around 2m existing homes. There remains a high level of optionality around the exact mix of heating systems deployed to abate emissions from homes, although all scenarios point to the importance of delivering significant increases in heat pump deployment over the 2020s, deploying heat networks in areas where they are suitable, and progressing hydrogen trials." Quote: "Homes with a peak heat demand exceeding 150 W/m^2 are assumed unsuitable for heat pumps."},
}
@report{CCC2020sixth,
title={The Sixth Carbon Budget},
author={{UK Climate Change Committee}},
institution={UK Climate Change Committee},
url={https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/The-Sixth-Carbon-Budget-The-UKs-path-to-Net-Zero.pdf},
urldate={2023-02-28},
year={2020},
annote={Quote p115: "By 2030 37\% of public and commercial heat demand is met by low-carbon sources. Of this low-carbon heat demand 65\% is met by heat pumps, 32\% district heating and 3\% biomass. By 2050 all heat demand is met by low-carbon sources of which 52\% is heat pumps, 42\% is district heat, 5\% is hydrogen boilers and around 1\% is new direct electric heating."},
}
@report{CCC202210snapshot,
title={Progress Snapshot October 2022},
author={{UK Climate Change Committee}},
institution={UK Climate Change Committee},
url={https://www.theccc.org.uk/uk-action-on-climate-change/progress-snapshot/},
urldate={2023-02-07},
year={2022},
month={10},
abstract={This is a summary of the CCC's June assessment of the Government's progress in reducing emissions in line with the UK's climate targets.},
annote={Quote: "Current plans are unlikely to put us on track for Net Zero by 2050," and "Significant risks remain in most sectors, particularly buildings, industry, aviation & shipping," and "A rapid acceleration in heat pump installation in homes and businesses is needed," and "Installation rates for building insulation have plummeted over the last decade, and are far below the level they need to be."},
}
@report{CCC2023pathway,
title={CCC Insights: Determining a pathway to Net Zero},
institution={UK Climate Change Committee},
author={Sasha Abraham and Rose Armitage and Tom Dooks and Ruth Lyons and Louis Worthington and Chris Stark and Mike Thompson and David Joffe and Viv Scott and Richard Millar and Susie Wright},
year={2023},
month={01},
url={https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/CCC-Insights-Briefing-Determining-a-pathway-to-Net-Zero.pdf},
urldate={2023-02-06},
}
@report{CCC2025progress,
title={Progress in reducing emissions: 2025 report to Parliament},
institution={UK Climate Change Committee},
author={Emma Pinchbeck and James Richardson and Emily Nurse and Eoin Devane and Luke Maxfield},
year={2025},
month={06},
url={https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/progress-in-reducing-emissions-2025-report-to-parliament/},
urldate={2025-08-10},
howpublished={\url{https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Progress-in-reducing-emissions-2025-report-to-Parliament.pdf}},
annote={[**CS1] [**UF] Quote: "Last year, we made making electricity cheaper our first recommendation. When people and businesses switch to electric technologies, they are paying more than the actual cost of supplying the extra electricity they demand, because of policy decisions taken many years ago. Removing policy costs from electricity would ensure the underlying cost-savings of switching to efficient electric technologies are captured by households and businesses, encouraging take-up. The Government has made no clear progress on removing policy costs since the election. Making electricity cheaper remains our first recommendation." (R2025-046) Quote: "Policy costs are levied on the unit price of electricity at 20 times the rate of gas. Removing electricity policy costs would reduce annual electricity bills by {\pound}190 for the typical household with a gas boiler, and {\pound}490 for a typical household with a heat pump." Quote: "The emissions reduction in 2024 was driven by the electricity supply and industry sector ..." but "This was partially offset by an increase in emissions from flying. As a result of this increase, aviation now contributes a greater share of total UK emissions than the entire electricity supply sector." Quote: "Priority actions ... Make electricity cheaper. ... Implement regulations to ensure that new homes are not connected to the gas grid. Currently, 71\% of new homes include fossil fuel boilers ... Introduce a comprehensive programme to decarbonise public sector buildings." Quote: "Emissions in 2024 are provisionally estimated to be 413.7 MtCO2 e, which is 50.4\% below 1990 levels." Quote: "There has been some positive progress on residential buildings decarbonisation, but there is still significant uncertainty on how the emissions reductions required for the 2030 NDC and Sixth Carbon Budget will be met. Most near-term policies have credible plans or some risks, however, in the 2030s policy scoring is dominated by insufficient plans and significant risks. ... Heat pump installations in existing homes increased to 73,000 per year in 2024 but are still below the trajectory needed to meet required emissions reductions. 23,000 heat pumps were installed under the Boiler Upgrade Scheme (BU03), an increase of 83\% on 2023. A similar number of heat pump installations were funded through the Energy Company Obligation." Quote: "R2025-046 Make electricity cheaper by removing levies and other policy costs from electricity bills to help incentivise consumers to switch to lower-carbon electric options across sectors including transport and buildings." Quote: "R2025-059 Confirm that there will be no role for hydrogen in home heating." R2025-060 Put in place requirements on housing developers ensuring no new properties completed from 2026 are connected to the gas grid. ..." Quote: "R2025-061 Reinstate regulations so that beyond 2035 all heating systems installed are low-carbon." Quote: "R2025-063 Provide long-term funding for energy efficiency improvement to social housing and targeted support to ensure that poorly insulated homes are not a barrier to uptake of low-carbon heating systems for low-income households."},
}
@report{CCC2025seventh,
title={The Seventh Carbon Budget},
author={Emma Pinchbeck and James Richardson and Emily Nurse and Eoin Devan},
institution={UK Climate Change Committee},
url={https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/the-seventh-carbon-budget/},
urldate={2025-02-26},
howpublished={\url{https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/The-Seventh-Carbon-Budget.pdf}},
year={2025},
month={02},
day={26},
annote={[**CS1] [**UF] Quote: "For the Seventh Carbon Budget, the most important contingencies we have identified are accelerated roll-out of EVs and heat pumps, including scrappage schemes." Also see https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c70ekknr2rwo "Half of homes need heat pump by 2040, government told". Quote: "Heat pumps: by 2040, our Balanced Pathway sees around half of homes in the UK heated using a heat pump, compared to around 1\% in 2023. This requires the annual rate of heat pump installations in existing residential properties to rise from 60,000 in 2023 to nearly 450,000 by 2030 and around 1.5 million by 2035, a rate of increase in line with that seen in other European countries such as Ireland and the Netherlands. But installation rates do not exceed natural replacement cycles; heating systems are only replaced at the end of their life. All new and replacement heating systems become low carbon after 2035 to ensure a fully decarbonised housing stock by 2050." Quote: "UK homes are predominantly designed around gas heating and will need a one-off improvement to be suitable for heat pumps in many cases." Quote: "Removing barriers. People need to be able to install heat pumps and EV charge points in their homes and businesses. Industries require timely grid connections to allow them to move to electrified production processes. Grid infrastructure is essential to enable everyone to make use of domestically produced low-carbon electricity, reduce energy bills, and improve our energy security. Key processes and rules, including in planning, consenting, and regulatory funding, need to enable rapid deployment of low-carbon technologies." Quote: "Household low-carbon choices contribute to one-third of emissions reduction in 2040. From an emissions perspective, the most impactful decisions most households will make are purchasing an electric car and a heat pump. Choices such as meat and dairy consumption and flying make smaller, but important contributions." Quote: "The Seventh Carbon Budget period will be a key phase of the transition: the electricity supply sector will be largely decarbonised; progress in surface transport will be moving at pace and will need to continue towards completion; and buildings decarbonisation will be ramping up. During this period (from 2038 to 2042) ... The residential buildings sector will be undergoing a period of rapid transition, going from below 50\% decarbonisation at the beginning of the period to nearly 80\% at the end. The last gas boiler will have already been installed, with the vast majority of new and replacement home heating installations using heat pumps." Quote: "Emissions in residential buildings were 52.2 MtCO2e in 2023, making it the UK's second highest-emitting sector. This is 35\% lower than 1990 levels. The largest source of emissions (96\%) is the use of fossil fuels for space heating and hot water. The main fossil fuel used for heating and hot water is gas (80\% of emissions), with a smaller role for oil and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (12\%)..." Quote: "Individual heat pumps (75\% of low-carbon heating systems installed by 2040). Heat pumps are the dominant solution for replacing fossil fuel heating systems. These mostly consist of air source heat pumps (94\% of the heat pumps installed by 2040), with a smaller role for ground source heat pumps (0.4\%) and hybrids (6\%)."},
}
@report{CEN2017EN12831,
title={(BS) EN 12831-1: 2017 Energy Performance of Buildings - Method for Calculation of the Design Heat Load - Part 1: Space Heating Load},
institution={European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium},
year={2017},
url={https://www.thenbs.com/PublicationIndex/documents/details?DocID=319177},
urldate={2023-10-16},
}
@report{CEN2019EN16798,
title={EN16798-1: 2019 Energy Performance of Buildings---Ventilation for Buildings---Part 1: Indoor Environmental Input Parameters for Design and Assessment of Energy Performance of Buildings Addressing Indoor Air Quality},
institution={European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium},
year={2019},
journal={Thermal Environment, Lighting and Acous},
url={https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:105:0:::::},
urldate={2024-05-29},
}
@article{ceolini2023common,
title={Common multi-day rhythms in smartphone behavior},
author={Ceolini, Enea and Ghosh, Arko},
journal={NPJ Digital Medicine},
volume={6},
number={1},
pages={49},
year={2023},
publisher={Nature Publishing Group UK London},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-023-00799-7},
urldate={2023-04-17},
abstract={The idea that abnormal human activities follow multi-day rhythms is found in ancient beliefs on the moon to modern clinical observations in epilepsy and mood disorders. To explore multi-day rhythms in healthy human behavior our analysis includes over 300 million smartphone touchscreen interactions logging up to 2 years of day-to-day activities (N401 subjects). At the level of each individual, we find a complex expression of multi-day rhythms where the rhythms occur scattered across diverse smartphone behaviors. With non-negative matrix factorization, we extract the scattered rhythms to reveal periods ranging from 7 to 52 days - cutting across age and gender. The rhythms are likely free-running - instead of being ubiquitously driven by the moon - as they did not show broad population-level synchronization even though the sampled population lived in northern Europe. We propose that multi-day rhythms are a common trait, but their consequences are uniquely experienced in day-to-day behavior.},
annote={Joint-Interval Distribution (JID)},
}
@article{chang2019gender,
title={Battle for the thermostat: Gender and the effect of temperature on cognitive performance},
author={Chang, Tom Y. and Kajackaite, Agne},
url={https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0216362},
urldate={2026-01-13},
doi={10.1371/journal.pone.0216362},
number={5},
journal={{PLOS ONE}},
publisher={Public Library of Science {(PLoS)}},
volume={14},
ISSN={1932-6203},
editor={Capraro, Valerio},
year={2019},
month={05},
day={22},
pages={e0216362},
abstract={This paper studies differences in the effect of temperature on cognitive performance by gender in a large controlled lab experiment (N = 543). We study performance in math, verbal and cognitive reflection tasks and find that the effects of temperature vary significantly across men and women. At higher temperatures, women perform better on a math and verbal task while the reverse effect is observed for men. The increase in female performance in response to higher temperature is significantly larger and more precisely estimated than the corresponding decrease in male performance. In contrast to math and verbal tasks, temperature has no impact on a measure of cognitive reflection for either gender. Our findings suggest that gender mixed workplaces may be able to increase productivity by setting the thermostat higher than current standards.},
annote={[**CS1] Quote: "The fact that women generally prefer higher indoor temperatures than men is well supported by survey evidence ..."},
}
@www{chapman2023zone,
title={Why NOT to ZONE Heat Pumps or Boilers!},
author={Adam Chapman},
publisher={Heat Geek},
url={http://web.archive.org/web/20230630205017/https://www.heatgeek.com/why-not-to-zone-heat-pumps-or-boilers/},
urldate={2023-06-30},
year={2023},
month={03},
annote={URL https://www.heatgeek.com/why-not-to-zone-heat-pumps-or-boilers/ at of 2023-06 used for reference. Quote: "... heat pumps, in particular, need a high volume to run effectively and efficiently, unless you have better internal insulation than external insulation. Installing zone controls may have the opposite effect of the one they're advertised or intended to have. You can reduce cycling by installing things like buffers, but that has an installation cost, a space cost and has an efficiency loss in itself."},
}
@book{chase2019solar,
title={Solar Power Finance Without the Jargon},
author={Jenny Chase},
edition={1},
doi={10.1142/q0219},
url={https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/q0219},
urldate={2023-09-12},
year={2019},
month={02},
publisher={World Scientific (Europe)},
ISBN={978-1-78634-745-9},
annote={Reviewd favourably by EOU.},
}
@book{chase2023solar,
title={Solar Power Finance Without the Jargon},
author={Jenny Chase},
edition={2},
doi={10.1142/q0437},
url={https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/q0437},
urldate={2023-09-12},
year={2023},
month={06},
publisher={World Scientific (Europe)},
ISBN={978-1-80061-492-5},
annote={First edition reviewed favourably by EOU. Quote: "The price of solar panels is just 6\% of what it was in 2008..." Quote: "... as of early 2023 California can cover 7\% of its peak power consumption with batteries ..." Quote: "It is reasonably clear how we can get to 80-90\% of wind and solar in world electricity supply with batteries while electrifying heating and ground transport. Getting to 100\% will not be easy and may require some expensive things like hydrogen for power, or some difficult-to-scale things like biomass and biofuel, or something not invented yet." Quote c/o Richard Thonig: "solar thermal for electricity generation isn't (necessarily) dead yet." Quote c/o Jenny Nelson: "the maximum possible efficiency of a single junction solar cell under one standard sun of incoming is about 33\%. Adding a second junction [layer] can take that into the 40s." Quote: "Anecdotally, customers wanting to have a solar system installed were put on waiting lists of 8-12 months (and as of early 2023, this is still the case). 'Balcony solar' or 'plug-in solar,' consisting of just a few panels plugged into a standard household plug to cover instantaneous household power demand, can now be seen on houses and apartment blocks in Germany and Switzerland."},
}
@article{chaudry2015uncertainties,
title={Uncertainties in decarbonising heat in the UK},
journal={Energy Policy},
volume={87},
pages={623-640},
year={2015},
issn={0301-4215},
doi={10.1016/j.enpol.2015.07.019},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421515300306},
urldate={2023-03-01},
author={Modassar Chaudry and Muditha Abeysekera and Seyed Hamid Reza Hosseini and Nick Jenkins and Jianzhong Wu},
keywords={Uncertainties, Heat, Gas, District heating, Electricity, Infrastructure},
abstract={Heating is arguably one of the most difficult sectors to decarbonise in the UK's energy system. Meeting the 80\% greenhouse gas emission reduction target by 2050 is likely to require that heat related emissions of CO2 from buildings are near zero by 2050, and there is a 70\% reduction in emissions from industry (from 1990 levels). Though it is clear that the use of the natural gas network will reduce over time, recent modelling suggests a limited residual role for gas by 2050 to help meet peaks in heat demand. High levels of uncertainty about the way in which heat will be decarbonised present a number of challenges to policy makers. This paper will explore the risks and uncertainties associated with the transition to a low carbon heat system in the UK as outlined by the 4th carbon budget review. The potential impact of key uncertainties on the levelised costs of heat technologies and the development of energy networks are explored using a sensitivity analysis approach. Policy changes required to decarbonise the heat sector are also examined.},
}
@article{chen2025equity,
title={Revealing trade-offs between flexibility and equity in an integrated electricity-heating system},
author={Chen, Qikun and Liu, Lirong},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261925013546},
urldate={2025-12-05},
DOI={10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126624},
journal={Applied Energy},
ISSN={0306-2619},
volume={400},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2025},
month={12},
day={01},
pages={126624},
abstract={The growing electrification of heating systems enables new opportunities for demand-side flexibility, particularly through residential heat pumps. By utilising building thermal inertia, heat pumps can reduce system costs and support renewable integration. However, such flexibility may be unequally distributed, leading to spatial disparities in indoor thermal comfort. This study developed a mixed-integer linear optimisation model for the short-term operation of an integrated electricity-heating system. A simplified 2050 Great Britain system was used to simulate different flexibility scenarios by varying the allowable indoor temperature deviation. Spatial inequality was assessed using standard deviation (STD), thermal adjustment burden (TAD), and the Gini coefficient. Results show that increasing flexibility reduces system costs and curtailment, but also causes uneven temperature deviations across regions. To address this, Gini-based equity constraints were introduced. These constraints effectively improve fairness but increase system costs---by 10.31 \% under the strictest setting (Gini = 0), and only 5.22 \% under a moderate constraint (Gini $\leq 0.3$). In addition, the operational patterns of other alternative flexibility sources---such as electrolysers and energy storage systems---were affected under equity constraints, exhibiting increased volatility to compensate for the reduced flexibility from heat pumps. The findings highlight the trade-off between efficiency and equity, offering a modelling framework to support fairer demand-side strategies in future energy systems.},
annote={[**CS1] [**UA] Quote: "However, maximising flexibility alone may lead to thermal discomfort. For instance, 21 {\degree}C is generally considered an ideal indoor temperature during winter for most individuals, and deviations from this setpoint can result in discomfort, particularly among sensitive occupants. In addition, rapid indoor temperature fluctuations may pose health risks, including sneezing, coughing, sore throat, and fatigue." Quote: "patial disparities in thermal comfort were assessed using three complementary indicators: the standard deviation (STD) of indoor temperature across time, the thermal adjustment burden (TAD) capturing the cumulative deviation from the comfort setpoint, and the Gini coefficient to evaluate the equity of temperature deviation distribution across regions."},
}
@article{cheng2014health,
title={Impact of diurnal temperature range on human health: a systematic review},
author={Cheng, Jian and Xu, Zhiwei and Zhu, Rui and Wang, Xu and Jin, Liu and Song, Jian and Su, Hong},
url={https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00484-014-0797-5},
urldate={2025-12-27},
DOI={10.1007/s00484-014-0797-5},
journal={International Journal of Biometeorology},
number={9},
volume={58},
ISSN={1432-1254},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
year={2014},
month={02},
day={18},
pages={2011--2024},
abstract={Increasing epidemiological studies have shown that a rapid temperature change within 1 day is an independent risk factor for human health. This paper aimed to systematically review the epidemiological evidence on the relationship between diurnal temperature range (DTR) and human health and to propose future research directions. A literature search was conducted in October 2013 using the databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and EBSCO. Empirical studies regarding the relationship between DTR and mortality and morbidity were included. Twenty-five relevant studies were identified, among which, 11 investigated the relationship between DTR and mortality and 14 examined the impact of DTR on morbidity. The majority of existing studies reported that DTR was significantly associated with mortality and morbidity, particularly for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Notably, compared with adults, the elderly and children were more vulnerable to DTR effects. However, there were some inconsistencies regarding the susceptible groups, lag time, and threshold of DTR. The impact of DTR on human health may be confounded or modified by season, socioeconomic, and educational status. Further research is needed to further confirm the adverse effects of DTR in different geographical locations; examine the effects of DTR on the health of children aged one or under; explore extreme DTR effects on human health; analyze the difference of DTR effects on human health in different locations and the modified effects of potential confounding factors; and develop detailed preventive measures against large DTR, particularly for susceptible groups.},
annote={[**CS1] Quote: "... most of the identified studies were conducted in Asia, and [little] evidence is available for the impact of DTR on human health in other countries ..."},
}
@article{chitchyan2022heat,
title={On Heat Pumps Adoption by Able to Pay Households: Case Study of Drivers and Obstacles},
author={Chitchyan, Ruzanna},
journal={Available at SSRN 4390334},
url={https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4390334},
urldate={2023-05-03},
year={2022},
month={09},
keywords={heat pump, energy transition, qualitative study},
doi={10.2139/ssrn.4390334},
annote={Read as unreviewed preprint. Mentions Heat Geek.},
}
@article{cholewa2017thermostatic,
author={Cholewa, Tomasz and Siuta-Olcha, Alicja and Balaras, Constantinos A.},
title={Actual energy savings from the use of thermostatic radiator valves in residential buildings - Long term field evaluation},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
year={2017},
volume={151},
pages={487-493},
month={09},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778817305820?via%3Dihub},
urldate={2023-03-05},
abstract={The use of pre-set thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs) contributes to the reduction of energy consumption and the increase of the energy efficiency of the existing heating systems in buildings. However, there are limited long-term experimental studies that document the level of energy savings achieved by the use of TRVs, quantified for three different options of their utilisation. Long-term field data were collected over several heating seasons from nine existing multifamily residential buildings organized into three groups characterized by different modernization activities using TRVs. The first group includes the cases where the buildings are equipped with TRVs without hydraulic balance of the heating system with pre-set TRVs; the second group encompasses buildings that were already equipped with TRVs and then a hydraulic balancing of the heating system was performed by means of a pre-set; finally, the third group of buildings considers the simultaneous installation of TRVs and hydraulic balancing of the heating system using pre-set TRVs. The energy savings ranged between 7.1\% and 23.3\%, depending on the range of modernization activities using TRVs with or without hydraulic balance. The payback time was less than 2.5 heating seasons in all cases.},
DOI={10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.06.070},
ISSN={0378-7788},
EISSN={1872-6178},
}
@article{chun2010connections,
title={Government 2.0: Making connections between citizens, data and government},
author={Chun, Soon Ae and Shulman, Stuart and Sandoval, Rodrigo and Hovy, Eduard},
volume={15},
ISSN={1570-1255},
url={https://content.iospress.com/articles/information-polity/ip000205},
urldate={2024-04-02},
howpublished={\url{https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rodrigo-Sandoval-Almazan/publication/262211389_Government_20_Making_Connections_Between_Citizens_Data_and_Government/links/5820b2f408aeccc08af65ac3/Government-20-Making-Connections-Between-Citizens-Data-and-Government.pdf}},
DOI={10.3233/ip-2010-0205},
journal={Information Polity},
publisher={IOS Press},
year={2010},
month={08},
pages={1--9},
}
% number={1,2},
@report{claeys2021communities,
title={Energy communities with grid benefits: A quest for a blueprint},
author={Bram Claeys},
year={2021},
month={01},
url={https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/energy-communities-with-grid-benefits-a-quest-for-a-blueprint/},
urldate={2024-04-13},
howpublished={\url{https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/rap-community-energy-January-2021.pdf}},
institution={Regulatory Assistance Project},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International},
}
@article{cockroft2017potential,
title={Potential energy savings achievable by zoned control of individual rooms in {UK} housing compared to standard central heating controls},
author={Cockroft, J and Cowie, A and Samuel, A and Strachan, P},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
volume={136},
pages={1--11},
year={2017},
publisher={Elsevier},
keywords={Multi-zone, Zone, Zoning, Control modelling, Simulation, Occupancy, Heating, Energy saving},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778816315808},
urldate={2023-05-12},
doi={10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.11.036},
abstract={Energy is wasted in domestic buildings when rooms that are heated are not occupied. Allowing those rooms to cool reduces the inside-outside temperature difference and therefore rate of heat loss, resulting in an energy saving. This suggests a cost effective way to upgrade an existing modern heating system, especially in older properties where other energy saving possibilities are limited. Assessing the savings achievable requires an analysis of a range of influencing factors, such as house type and age, location and occupancy patterns. Door opening has a major influence due to the impact on air exchange between heated and unheated zones in a house, so this was also considered. Annual simulations were carried out on dynamic models of the thermal and air flow interactions, for all combinations of influencing factors, to compare the potential energy savings of zoned versus non-zoned control. Savings of between 12\% and 31\% were obtained in the case of a semi-detached house model, and between 8\% and 37\% for a single storey bungalow. The largest percentage savings occurred in older properties, with interconnecting doors kept closed, and for the more intermittent types of occupancy. The average saving obtained for both house types was around 20\%.},
annote={Modelling with building performance simulation (BPS) package ESP-r. Quote: "Energy is saved by not heating rooms in a building that are not occupied." Quote: "Savings of from 8\% to 37\% can be achieved with multi-zone control."},
annote={[**CS1]},
}
@report{connelly2025mines,
title={Coal mines for heat decarbonisation: DEI policy brief},
author={Stephen Connelly},
url={https://gems.ac.uk/coal-mines-for-heat-decarbonisation/},
urldate={2025-11-07},
howpublished={\url{http://gems.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/simple-file-list/DEI_Policy_document.pdf}},
year={2025},
address={Department of Earth Sciences, Science Labs, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE},
abstract={Beneath about a quarter of the cities and countryside across the UK sits the potentially huge energy resource of heat held in water which has filled the nation's disused coal mines: mine water geothermal heat (MWGH).},
annote={[**UF] Quote: "... the building envelope retrofit interventions have a small reduction of 23\% to 21 \% when all interventions are included against the baseline value pre-retrofit stage. However, the change to a low- carbon heating system has the potential to reduce energy demand by >100\% without considering building envelope retrofits. Including building envelope retrofits, this can reduce further by between 111\% to 118\% depending on the heat pump used." Quote: "This study highlights the importance of occupant comfort and well-being in building retrofitting, often overlooked in favour of solely focusing on energy efficiency."},
}
@article{cook2008resonance,
title={Ancient Architectural Acoustic Resonance Patterns and Regional Brain Activity},
author={Cook, Ian A. and Pajot, Sarah K. and Leuchter, Andrew F.},
volume={1},
ISSN={1751-6978},
url={https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2752/175169608783489099},
urldate={2025-11-18},
DOI={10.2752/175169608783489099},
journal={Time and Mind},
number={1},
keywords={Acoustic resonance, prefrontal cortex, left temporal region, quantitative electroencephalography, cordance measure, 110 Hz},
publisher={Informa {UK} Limited},
year={2008},
month={01},
pages={95--104},
abstract={Previous archaeoacoustic investigations of prehistoric, megalithic structures have identified acoustic resonances at frequencies of 95--120 Hz, particularly near 110--12 Hz, all representing pitches in the human vocal range. These chambers may have served as centers for social or spiritual events, and the resonances of the chamber cavities might have been intended to support human ritual chanting. We evaluated the possibility that tones at these frequencies might specifically affect regional brain activity. In a pilot project, 30 healthy adults listened to tones at 90, 100, 110, 120, and 130 Hz while brain activity was monitored with electroencephalography (EEG). Activity in the left temporal region was found to be significantly lower at 110 Hz than at other frequencies. Additionally, the pattern of asymmetric activity over the prefrontal cortex shifted from one of higher activity on the left at most frequencies to right-sided dominance at 110 Hz. These findings are compatible with relative deactivation of language centers and a shift in prefrontal activity that may be related to emotional processing. These intriguing pilot findings suggest that the acoustic properties of ancient structures may influence human brain function, and suggest that a wider study of these interactions should be undertaken.},
annote={[**UA*]},
}
@article{corcoran2024emergency,
title={Impact of 4-to-3 lane conversions on emergency response},
author={Corcoran, Nicole and Hamann, Cara J. and Reyes, Michelle L. and Jansson, Stephanie and Cavanaugh, Joseph E.},
volume={26},
ISSN={2590-1982},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590198224001441},
urldate={2024-07-30},
DOI={10.1016/j.trip.2024.101158},
journal={Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2024},
month={07},
pages={101158},
annote={Quote: "No difference in emergency response rates from before to after road diet implementation."},
}
@article{coupe2029encoding,
title={Different languages, similar encoding efficiency: Comparable information rates across the human communicative niche},
volume={5},
ISSN={2375-2548},
url={https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aaw2594},
urldate={2024-07-13},
DOI={10.1126/sciadv.aaw2594},
number={9},
journal={Science Advances},
publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)},
author={Coup{\'e}, Christophe and Oh, Yoon Mi and Dediu, Dan and Pellegrino, Fran{\c{c}}ois},
year={2019},
month={09},
abstract={Language is universal, but it has few indisputably universal characteristics, with cross-linguistic variation being the norm. For example, languages differ greatly in the number of syllables they allow, resulting in large variation in the Shannon information per syllable. Nevertheless, all natural languages allow their speakers to efficiently encode and transmit information. We show here, using quantitative methods on a large cross-linguistic corpus of 17 languages, that the coupling between language-level (information per syllable) and speaker-level (speech rate) properties results in languages encoding similar information rates ($\sim$39 bits/s) despite wide differences in each property individually: Languages are more similar in information rates than in Shannon information or speech rate. These findings highlight the intimate feedback loops between languages' structural properties and their speakers' neurocognition and biology under communicative pressures. Thus, language is the product of a multiscale communicative niche construction process at the intersection of biology, environment, and culture.},
}
@article{crawley2023demand,
title={Demand response with heat pumps: Practical implementation of three different control options},
author={Crawley, Jenny and Martin-Vilaseca, Adria and Wingfield, Jez and Gill, Zachary and Shipworth, Michelle and Elwell, Clifford},
journal={Building Services Engineering Research and Technology},
volume={44},
number={2},
pages={211--228},
year={2023},
publisher={SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England},
url={https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/01436244221145871},
urldate={2023-05-16},
doi={10.1177/01436244221145871},
annote={Includes interaction of heat-pump with TRV to try to load-shift. Quote: "If partial load shedding is sufficient, heat pump flow temperature reduction may be an effective strategy which fulfils this aim yet slows the temperature drop of the dwelling and eases the need for heat pumps to compensate after the end of the critical peak period."},
}

@report{cretu2022scale,
title={How to scale a highly skilled heat pump industry},
author={Codrina Cretu and India Kerle and Dimitris Sarsentis and Andrew Sissons},
institution={{Nesta}},
year={2022},
month={07},
url={https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/how-to-scale-a-highly-skilled-heat-pump-industry/},
urldate={2024-02-12},
howpublished={\url{https://www.nesta.org.uk/documents/2630/How_to_scale_a_highly_skilled_heat_pump_industry_v4.pdf}},
abstract={Replacing gas and oil boilers with low-carbon alternatives is crucial if the UK is to meet its net zero emissions target. Over the next three decades, around 25 million fossil fuel boilers will need to be swapped for less polluting heating systems. That cannot be done without skilled people to do that work. The UK Government's main focus so far has been on increasing consumer demand for heat pumps, which is undoubtedly crucial. We see some indications that demand is beginning to increase --- for example, our recent research1 suggested that more than 1 in 10 homeowners would choose a heat pump over a new gas boiler, even before factoring in government subsidies. In this paper we argue that growing the supply of highly skilled engineers and having productive companies to employ them may be even more important and challenging than increasing demand. The low carbon heating sector needs concerted action from governments and others to increase the number of skilled people in the workforce and improve productivity, so that the sector can install more heat pumps. We estimate that there are currently 3,000 trained heat pump engineers in the UK, and that will need to increase to at least 27,000 in the next six years, an average increase of 4,000-6,000 per year. This is a significant challenge. It means training more new engineers every year than are currently in the whole industry. These new engineers need to be highly skilled. Installing heat pumps is challenging work, and the consequences of poorly installed heat pump systems will be serious, both in terms of high energy bills and damage to the reputation of heat pumps. ...},
}
@www{CSE2023retrofit,
title={From retrofit to resilience: CSE's response to the government heating our homes consultation},
author={Ian Preston},
url={https://www.cse.org.uk/news/from-retrofit-to-resilience-cses-response-to-the-government-heating-our-homes-consultation/},
urldate={2023-09-09},
howpublished={\url{https://centreforsustainableenergy.ams3.digitaloceanspaces.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/04131559/CSE-Heating-our-homes-SC.pdf}},
institution={Centre for Sustainable Energy, UK},
year={2023},
month={09},
city={Bristol, UK},
annote={Quote: "Homes are responsible for half of carbon emissions from the built environment1, which makes improving their fabric performance critical to delivering on the UK's net zero commitments. Currently 85\% of homes are heated by gas ...". Suggests: Warm Front 2.0 grant scheme, local authority support, Boiler Upgrade Scheme extension, EPC/SDLT (Stamp Duty Land Taxation) scheme, reintroduce the Landlord's Energy Savings Allowance (LESA), government respond to Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards for the private rented sector that closed on 8 January 2021, 'fabric first' approach to energy performance improvements, local energy efficiency advice, national communications programme, building passports, national skills strategy, long term commitment by government (10 year schemes), expansion of the role for PAS 2035 in retrofit compliance, DNO constraints (such as looping) and transformer head room should be made available, moving some policy costs associated with renewable energy such as the Feed in Tariff from electricity bills to gas, Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP, also known as 'nodal' pricing), Local Area Energy Plans (LAEP)...},
}
@article{cuartas2025childhood,
title={Ambient heat and early childhood development: a cross-national analysis},
author={Cuartas, Jorge and Balza, Lenin H. and Camacho, Andr{\'e}s and G{\'o}mez-Parra, Nicol{\'a}s},
ISSN={1469-7610},
url={https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpp.70081},
urldate={2026-01-16},
howpubished={\url{https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcpp.70081}},
DOI={10.1111/jcpp.70081},
journal={Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry},
publisher={Wiley},
year={2025},
month={12},
day={08},
abstract={Results: We found that children exposed to average maximum temperatures above 32{\degree}C were less likely to be developmentally on track compared to those exposed to cooler temperatures, even after accounting for baseline average climatic conditions and other covariates. Domain-specific models indicate that these effects were most pronounced in literacy and numeracy skills. Subgroup analyses revealed that the negative impacts were particularly severe for children in economically disadvantaged households and urban areas, and for those lacking access to adequate water and sanitation.},
annote={[**CS1] [**UA]},
}
@manual{daikin2022altherma3M,
title={Installer reference guide: Daikin Altherma 3 M (4-6-8)},
publisher={Daikin Europe},
address={Zandvoordstraat 300, B-8400, Oostende, Belgium},
url={https://daikintechnicaldatahub.eu/en-GB/altherma-3-m-ebla/literature/},
urldate={2024-12-27},
howpublished={\url{https://my.daikin.eu/content/dam/document-library/Installer-reference-guide/heat/air-to-water-heat-pump-low-temperature/EBLA04-08EV3.EBLA04-08E3V3.EDLA04-08EV3.EDLA04-08E3V3_Installer%20reference%20guide_4PEN685228-1B_English.pdf}},
number={4P685228-1B},
year={2023},
month={05},
annote={Monoblock R-32 (CH2F2) ASHP (air-to-water) domestic heat pump.},
}
@www{davies2016regulations,
title={Building Regulations And {U-values}: How have they changed?},
author={Jon Davies},
year={2016},
month={01},
url={https://great-home.co.uk/building-regulations-u-values-how-have-they-changed/},
urldate={2023-09-20},
annote={Describes how English / Welsh / Scottish national building standards/regulations have changed over the years from when first published in the 1960s, including how U-values have dropped over the years. Eg for walls in 1970 / 1980 / 1990 with U values of 1.6 / 1.0 / 0.6, and ceilings 1.5 / 0.68 / 0.4. See also https://www.ecomerchant.co.uk/news/a-brief-history-of-building-regulation-u-values-with-examples/ },
}
@article{davis2024relational,
title={Towards a Relational Sociology of Retrofit},
ISSN={1469-8684},
url={https://ukerc.ac.uk/publications/towards-a-relational-sociology-of-retrofit/},
urldate={2025-05-23},
howpublished={\url{https://ukerc.ac.uk/publications/towards-a-relational-sociology-of-retrofit/download}},
DOI={10.1177/00380385241298177},
journal={Sociology},
publisher={SAGE Publications},
author={Davis, Mark and Middlemiss, Lucie and Hall, Stephen and Brown, Donal and Bookbinder, Ruth and Owen, Anne and Brisbois, Marie Claire and Mininni, Giulia M and Cairns, Iain and Hannon, Matthew},
year={2024},
month={11},
abstract={Decarbonisation of residential buildings ('retrofit') is vital if nations are to meet declared net zero targets. This challenge is especially acute in the UK, which has some of the least energy efficient homes in Europe. Yet, to date, sociology has paid relatively little attention either to the urgency of this challenge or to its potential solutions. This article uses concepts from relational sociology to propose a complete reframing of the retrofit challenge and concludes by offering suggestions to improve energy policy design and incentives. It opens new avenues for sociologically driven research into how and why people 'retrofit' their homes, highlighting dynamics of trust, power and emotion as meaningful barriers to retrofit at scale. We conclude that the multiple stakeholders seeking to boost energy efficiency interventions in homes should focus less upon economic incentives for 'rational actors' and more upon reducing, facilitating and smoothing the 'relational work' needed to deliver retrofit.},
keywords={climate change, decarbonisation, emotion, home, net zero, relational sociology, relational work, retrofit, trust},
annote={[**UA]},
}
@report{DBSP2020domestic,
title={Domestic Heating Design Guide},
author={{Domestic Building Services Panel}},
publisher={CIBSE},
year={2020},
month={01},
edition={10},
number={2020-01},
url={https://www.cibse.org/knowledge-research/knowledge-portal/domestic-heating-design-guide-2021},
urldate={2023-05-31},
isbn={978-1-912034-89-5},
abstract={The Domestic heating design guide has been produced to assist specifiers and designers of 'wet' central heating systems for single-family and multiple-occupancy buildings and covers both new and existing dwellings. Wet central heating systems are low-pressure hot water (LPHW) systems for distributing heat throughout a building; they are sometimes called 'hydronic' systems. The Guide is also intended for practitioners who want to gain a better understanding of the principles and methods underlying the design process, and it offers a method for reaching agreement with a client as to what is needed and will be provided.},
annote={Covers UK and IE.},
}
% institution={{Domestic Building Service Panel}},
@article{DCLG2015EHS,
institution={UK Department for Communities and Local Government},
author={{UK DCLG (Department for Communities and Local Government)}},
issn={03787788},
journal={Communities},
title={English Housing Survey},
year={2015},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/english-housing-survey},
urldate={2022-12-24},
abstract={In April 2008 the English House Condition Survey was integrated with the Survey of English Housing to form the English Housing Survey (EHS). This 2009- 10 report provides the second detailed Household Report from the survey. Headline results for 2009-10 were published in the English Housing Survey Headline Report 2009-10 in February 2011.},
}
@www{degreedaysnet,
title={Degree Days Calculated Accurately for Locations Worldwide},
author={{BizEE Software}},
url={https://www.degreedays.net/},
urldate={2023-08-08},
abstract={Buildings require more heating in colder weather, and more air-conditioning in hotter weather. Degree Days.net provides the data to quantify this and help monitor, manage, and reduce energy consumption in millions of buildings around the world.},
}
@book{deisenroth2020mml,
title={Mathematics for machine learning},
author={Deisenroth, Marc Peter and Faisal, A Aldo and Ong, Cheng Soon},
year={2020},
publisher={Cambridge University Press},
url={https://mml-book.com/},
urldate={2023-04-12},
}
@web{delaney2025conversations,
title={Local power: How councils turn conversations into energy upgrades},
author={Anne Delaney},
url={https://onestepoffthegrid.com.au/local-power-how-councils-turn-conversations-into-energy-upgrades/},
urldate={2025-06-26},
year={2025},
month={06},
day={26},
annote={[**UA] Quote: "When it comes to cutting emissions and lowering power bills, many Australian households won't be swayed by glossy ads, government policies, or even rebates. What often gets people to take action is a conversation --- with a friend, a neighbour, or someone they trust."},
}
@article{delpozocruz2025step,
title={Step Accumulation Patterns and Risk for Cardiovascular Events and Mortality Among Suboptimally Active Adults},
author={del Pozo Cruz, Borja and Ahmadi, Matthew and Sabag, Angelo and Saint Maurice, Pedro F. and Lee, I-Min and Stamatakis, Emmanuel},
url={https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/ANNALS-25-01547#tab-contributors},
DOI={10.7326/annals-25-01547},
journal={Annals of Internal Medicine},
ISSN={1539-3704},
publisher={American College of Physicians},
year={2025},
month={10},
day={28},
annote={See BBC News summary https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn0gw6p8dllo "Skip short strolls --- a longer daily walk is better for your heart, says study".},
}
@www{demenard2020wrong,
title={What's Wrong with Social Science and How to Fix It: Reflections After Reading 2578 Papers},
author={de Menard, Alvaro},
url={https://fantasticanachronism.com/2020/09/11/whats-wrong-with-social-science-and-how-to-fix-it/},
urldate={2022-12-11},
year={2020},
month={09},
}
@article{deppe2025ambient,
title={Mechanical power generation using Earth's ambient radiation},
author={Deppe, Tristan J. and Munday, Jeremy N.},
url={https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adw6833},
urldate={2025-12-07},
DOI={10.1126/sciadv.adw6833},
journal={Science Advances},
volume={11},
number={46},
ISSN={2375-2548},
publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science {(AAAS)}},
year={2025},
month={11},
day={12},
abstract={Radiative cooling can be used to passively cool objects below ambient temperature by exhausting heat toward the sky. The emitted power flux may be used to generate electricity, but devices often require low-bandgap or rare-earth materials that are difficult to scale. Here, we demonstrate an alternative approach that generates mechanical power from Earth's ambient radiation using a Stirling engine. Outdoor experiments performed throughout the year show that temperature differences >10{\degree}C are sustained during most months, resulting in the generation of >400 milliwatts per square meter of mechanical power with a potential for >6 watts per square meter. We further apply this technique for air circulation, achieving >0.3 meters per second with a potential volumetric flow rate that exceeds 5 cubic feet per minute (cfm), which is sufficient for CO2 circulation in greenhouses and for thermal comfort inside residential buildings.},
annote={Cloud blocks this IR radiation to space.},
}
@www{dodds2022infrastructure,
year={2022},
month={12},
title={Round up of some current energy sector data infrastructure projects},
author={Leigh Dodds},
url={https://blog.ldodds.com/2022/12/22/round-up-of-some-current-energy-sector-data-infrastructure-projects/},
urldate={2022-12-22},
}
@www{DOE2021challenge,
title={Residential Cold-Climate Heat Pump Technology Challenge},
institution={US Department of Energy (DOE)},
url={https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/residential-cold-climate-heat-pump-challenge},
urldate={2024-03-01},
howpublished={\url{https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/residential-cold-climate-heat-pump-technology-challenge-fact-sheet}},
year={2021},
month={10},
abstract={Space conditioning and water heating consume over 40\% of the nation's primary energy and are a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Many homes use a traditional electric heat pump (HP) which can suffer from performance decline in colder climates. New technology in the form of cold-climate heat pumps (CCHPs) operate with greater capacity and efficiency at outdoor temperatures below 32{\degree}F. To advance the adoption of CCHP technologies, the US Department of Energy (DOE) launched the Cold-Climate Heat Pump Technology Challenge as part of the Initiative for Better Energy, Emissions, and Equity (E3 Initiative). DOE has partnered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), and heat pump manufacturers to accelerate the development and commercialization of next-generation CCHPs that meet consumer comfort and efficiency needs in cold climate regions of North America.},
}
@article{doick2018CAVAT,
title={{CAVAT} (Capital Asset Value for Amenity Trees): valuing amenity trees as public assets},
volume={40},
ISSN={2168-1074},
url={https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03071375.2018.1454077},
urldate={2024-03-09},
DOI={10.1080/03071375.2018.1454077},
number={2},
journal={Arboricultural Journal},
publisher={Informa UK Limited},
author={Doick, Kieron J. and Neilan, Christopher and Jones, Glyn and Allison, Andrew and McDermott, Ian and Tipping, Andy and Haw, Richard},
year={2018},
month=apr,
pages={67--91},
}
@article{dongellini2019cycling,
title={On-off cycling losses of reversible air-to-water heat pump systems as a function of the unit power modulation capacity},
author={Dongellini, Matteo and Morini, Gian Luca},
ISSN={0196-8904},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890419306934},
urldate={2024-07-30},
DOI={10.1016/j.enconman.2019.06.022},
journal={Energy Conversion and Management},
volume={196},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2019},
month={09},
day={15},
pages={966--978},
}
@report{donkin2024health,
title={Left Out in the Cold: The Hidden Impact of Cold Homes},
author={Angela Donkin and Michael Marmot},
institution={{UCL} Institute of Health Equity},
url={https://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/resources-reports/left-out-in-the-cold-the-hidden-impact-of-cold-homes},
urldate={2024-03-17},
howpublished={\url{https://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/resources-reports/left-out-in-the-cold-the-hidden-impact-of-cold-homes/copy-of-read-the-report.pdf}},
year={2024},
month={02},
abstract={9.6 million households in the UK are living on incomes below the minimum income standard and in poorly insulated homes. Building on a previous report with Friends of the Earth from 2011, this report updates the health, wellbeing and environmental impacts of living in a cold home. The report finds that the cost of retrofitting these 9.6 million households, while expensive, would be outweighed by savings from improved productivity and reduced NHS. Care, and carbon costs. There are a set of recommendations laid out in the report which aim to address the main drivers of cold homes, specifically insulation and retrofitting, greater recognition for vulnerable groups, reducing poverty and social prescribing warm homes for fuel poor families and individuals.},
}
@report{dougherty2015behavioral,
title={Energy Efficiency Behavioral Programs: Literature Review, Benchmarking Analysis, and Evaluation Guidelines},
author={Anne Dougherty and Courtney Henderson and Amanda Dwelley and Mallika Jayaraman},
institution={Minnesota Department of Commerce, Division of Energy Resources},
url={http://mn.gov/commerce-stat/pdfs/card-report-energy-efficiency-behavorial-prog.pdf},
urldate={2022-12-15},
year={2015},
number={COMM-86775},
annote={Quote: "Persistence has been rarely measured (Jones & Vine, 2015). Further, a 2015 literature review collected data on approximately 40 games, and presented case studies of 22 of those games that either could, or currently are, being utilized by utilities. That review noted that, 'more evaluation is needed, including evaluations of first-year savings and persistence' (Grossberg, Wolfson, Mazur-Stommen, Farley, & Nadel, 2015)." ... "For customers who decided not to participate in later years, savings do not appear to persist (BC Hydro, 2014)."},
}
@article{druckman2011missing,
title={Missing carbon reductions? Exploring rebound and backfire effects in UK households},
author={Druckman, Angela and Chitnis, Mona and Sorrell, Steve and Jackson, Tim},
journal={Energy policy},
volume={39},
number={6},
pages={3572--3581},
year={2011},
publisher={Elsevier},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421511002473},
urldate={2023-01-03},
}
@article{du2022environmental,
title={Environmental impacts of microplastics on fishery products: An overview},
author={Du, Hao and Xie, Yuqun and Wang, Jun},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1342937X21002562},
urldate={2023-04-26},
doi={10.1016/j.gr.2021.08.013},
journal={Gondwana Research},
volume={108},
pages={213--220},
year={2022},
publisher={Elsevier},
}
@www{ecotricity2024tariff,
title={Our domestic electricity and gas tariffs: May 2024},
author={{Ecotricity Limited}},
publisher={Ecotricity Limited},
address={Lion House, Rowcroft, Stroud, Gloucestershire GL5 3BY, UK},
url={https://www.ecotricity.co.uk/support/our-energy-tariffs},
urldate={2024-05-13},
howpublished={\url{https://assets.ctfassets.net/620j9bwnh4b6/1a99dvEbOi6CjQeRX0hURu/6fadca5a86993a6567f45e197222210b/2024_04_19_tariff_sheet_online_all.pdf}},
year={2024},
month={05},
annote={Green Electricity Standard (Variable tariff) London region Unit rate (pence per kWh) 32.52, Standing charge (pence per day) 40.78, Monthly Direct Debit, or payment on receipt of bill, Prices are inclusive of VAT and rounded to 2 decimal places. Effective from 01 April 2024.},
}
@article{ed2025pivoting,
title={Researchers who 'pivot' into new fields should not be given a citation penalty},
author={{editor}},
ISSN={1476-4687},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-01637-4},
urldate={2025-06-09},
howpublished={\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-01637-4.pdf}},
DOI={10.1038/d41586-025-01637-4},
number={8066},
journal={Nature},
volume={642},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
year={2025},
month={05},
pages={8--8},
abstract={The COVID-19 pandemic showed the value of changing direction in research. It should be incentivized, encouraged and celebrated.},
}
@article{edwards2024inequities,
title={Assessing inequities in electrification via heat pumps across the US},
author={Edwards, Morgan R. and Garibay-Rodriguez, Jaime and Erickson, Jacob Shimkus and Shayan, Muhammad and Tan, Jing Ling and Shen, Xingchi and Qiu, Yueming and Liu, Pengfei},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435124004306},
urldate={2025-03-27},
DOI={10.1016/j.joule.2024.09.012},
journal={Joule},
ISSN={2542-4351},
volume={8},
number={12},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2024},
month={12},
day={18},
pages={3290--3302},
}
@www{EHPAmarket,
title={European heat pump market data},
author={European Heat Pump Association and others},
url={https://www.ehpa.org/market-data/},
urldate={2023-10-10},
annote={Quote as of 2023-10-10: "The European heat pump market broke a new record in 2022 according to data from 21 markets [Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, UK], with around 3 million units sold. Figures gathered by the European Heat Pump Association indicate growth of 39\%, more than the previous year's unprecedented rise of 34\% in annual sales. The total number of connected heating heat pumps (both air-to-air and 'hydronic' or water-based) and hot water heat pumps in Europe is now around 20 million."},
}
@article{ehrhardt-martinez2011persistence,
title={The Persistence of Feedback-Induced Energy Savings},
author={Karen Ehrhardt-Martinez},
url={http://web.stanford.edu/group/peec/cgi-bin/docs/behavior/research/Ehrhardt-Martinez%202011%20-%20Feedback%20and%20Persistence%20Paper.pdf},
urldate={2022-12-15},
year={2011},
abstract={"Advanced metering devices and new feedback programs and technologies are opening up a wide range of new opportunities to make energy consumption more visible to residential consumers and to engage individuals and households in more thoughtful energy use practices. Data from several recent studies suggest that feedback-induced energy savings can be significant (Darby 2006, EPRI 2009) ranging from 4 to 12 percent on average depending on the technologies employed, the characteristics of the program, and other relevant factors (Ehrhardt-Martinez et al. 2010). However few studies have considered the persistence of feedback-induced energy savings. This paper will assess the persistence of energy savings in three ways: 1) by assessing the relationship between study duration and energy savings across studies, 2) by assessing the persistence of energy savings as reported by a significant subset of the larger sample of primary studies, and 3) by assessing the persistence of energy savings associated with the seven longest feedback studies While the first approach suggests that feedback-related energy savings are smaller for longer studies, the second and third approaches suggests that savings are persistent over time. The paper discusses these seemingly paradoxical results and the insights gained by a further assessment of evidence.},
annote={Quote: "The actual level of savings achieved by any specific program seems to be a function of two variables: the type of feedback and the program's successful integration of one or more social-scientifically derived mechanisms for motivating, engaging and empowering participants to take action. With regard to the type of feedback, direct forms of feedback tend to generate greater levels of energy savings as compared to indirect forms of feedback. In addition, to the type of feedback, however, feedback programs also seem to benefit from the integration of numerous socially-rooted measures that help people to translate feedback information into action. More specifically, past research suggests that feedback initiatives that integrate motivational components, empowerment measures, and support structures (such as social norms, goal setting, and group-based programs) are likely to achieve greater levels of energy savings than those that do not include these components. Of particular importance for this study, is that some of these same elements have been identified as playing an important role in determining the persistence of behavior change."},
}
@report{EHS2022energy,
title={English Housing Survey: Energy Report 2020-21},
institution={UK Department for Levelling Up Housing and Communities},
author={{UK DLUHC (Department for Levelling Up Housing and Communities)}},
url={https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1091144/Energy_Report_2020_revised.pdf},
urldate={2023-01-20},
year={2022},
month={07},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
annote={Discusses hard-to-treat dwellings. Has archetype definitions and a useful glossary. Quotes: "Space and water heating account for a large proportion of domestic energy use. By 2050, buildings will need to be almost completely decarbonised," and "The vast majority of dwellings had a gas [including mains, LPG, bottled] fired heating system (20.7 million or 88\%). The second and third most common heating systems were fuelled by electricity (8\%) and oil (3\%)," and "Building regulations state that thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs) must be present on all radiators (except in the room with the room thermostat) on new systems. When replacing a boiler, TRVs are required on at least the bedroom radiators and preferably on all (again with the exception of the room with the thermostat). TRVs can aid efforts to reduce energy consumption. They enable the occupant to control individual room temperatures and save on fuel costs by avoiding overheating commonly caused by manual valves," and "In 2020, most dwellings had a central heating system with radiators (90\%)."},
}
@dataset{EHSdataset,
institution={{UK DCLG (Department for Communities Local Government)}, {UK MHCLG (Ministry of Housing Communities and Local Government)}},
author={{UK DCLG (Department for Communities Local Government)} and {UK MHCLG (Ministry of Housing Communities and Local Government)}},
title={English Housing Survey: datasets},
url={https://www.gov.uk/guidance/english-housing-survey-datasets-and-bespoke-analysis},
urldate={2024-06-13},
year={2016},
abstract={The English Housing Survey (EHS) is a continuous national survey commissioned by the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities. It collects information about people's housing circumstances and the housing stock in England. (Published 12 December 2012; Last updated 6 December 2016.)},
}
@dataset{EHSprofile,
title={{English Housing Survey} data on stock profile ({UK} {DCLG} statistical data set)},
author={{UK DCLG (Department for Communities and Local Government)}},
institution={UK Department for Communities and Local Government},
number={DA1101},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/stock-profile},
urldate={2023-11-14},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={Data on the English housing stock profile 2013 onwards.},
}
@article{elenes2023factors,
title={How Well Do Emission Factors Approximate Emission Changes from Electricity System Models?},
author={Elenes, Alejandro G. N. and Williams, Eric and Hittinger, Eric and Goteti, Naga Srujana},
journal={Environmental Science \& Technology},
volume={56},
number={20},
pages={14701-14712},
year={2022},
doi={10.1021/acs.est.2c02344},
url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c02344},
annote={PMID: 36153999},
urldate={2023-02-02},
}
@www{elliot2024scholar,
title={Google Scholar is not broken (yet), but there are alternatives},
author={Kirsten Elliott},
institution={{LSE (London School of Economics)}},
year={2024},
month={10},
day={22},
url={https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2024/10/22/google-scholar-is-not-broken-yet-but-there-are-alternatives/},
urldate={2024-10-24},
abstract={For many Google Scholar has become a critical piece of research infrastructure. Yet, revelations in the manipulability of its metrics and its inclusion of AI generated papers have led some to ask is it still functional? Kirsten Elliott argues rather than being broken, these issues reflect the limitations of any academic search tool, but for those done with the platform there are alternatives.},
annote={Quote: "There are alternatives to Google Scholar which operate from an open research ethos and are free to use. Three prominent alternatives are The Lens, Matilda and OpenAlex. The one I've used most is OpenAlex. One study has found it to have comparable coverage to Web of Science and Scopus, and my own limited testing found significantly more publications indexed from social sciences and humanities subjects. Their code is fully open, and the data is reusable."},
}
@article{emanuel2022IOP,
title={IOP-{EC} {Report} ({Nov} 2022)},
author={Emanuel, Kaspar and Kimber, Alex and El-Attar, Shrouk},
journal={Internet of Production Alliance},
year={2022},
month={11},
url={https://standards.internetofproduction.org/pub/iop-ec-report-nov-2022},
urldate={2023-01-20},
publisher={Internet of Production Alliance},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International},
}
@article{emblemsvag2025LCOE,
title={Rethinking the "Levelized Cost of Energy": A critical review and evaluation of the concept},
author={Emblemsv{\^a}g, Jan},
volume={119},
ISSN={2214-6296},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629624004882},
urldate={2025-01-26},
DOI={10.1016/j.erss.2024.103897},
journal={Energy Research \& Social Science},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2025},
month={01},
pages={103897},
abstract={The Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) is frequently used for policymaking worldwide, modeling and in assessing the cost competitiveness of technologies, but its formulation is deceptively simple. The result is that many caveats are obscured, but they are important to understand so that LCOE calculations can become more accurate and communicated more correctly to avoid misleading policymakers and decisionmakers. The paper discusses the approach, and how a handful of influential and reputable organizations calculate and communicate the LCOE. The conclusion is that the introduction of variable renewable energy sources into the grid has made the LCOE questionable towards it initial purpose of providing a sound basis for comparison, and most reputed organizations fail to address the issues both computationally and in their communication. However, significant improvements to regain relevance can be made by using realistic assumptions as shown by presenting a reconceptualized version of LCOE and communicate the unsolved shortcomings to stakeholders.},
annote={Quote: "The authors suggest stop using LCOE altogether."},
}
@dataset{EMdata,
title={Electricity Maps Data Portal: Granular historical electricity data},
author={{Electricity Maps}},
url={https://www.electricitymaps.com/data-portal/},
urldate={2025-01-06},
abstract={Our data portal allows you to download historical location-based electricity data with hourly granularity for free. Data includes consumption-based emissions factors from both direct operations and life cycle analysis (LCA) for the years 2021-2023. Electricity Maps wants to accelerate decarbonization by making carbon accounting easier and more accurate. The data portal empowers companies to do more accurate and granular carbon accounting by replacing yearly values with monthly, daily, or hourly.},
copyright={Open Database License (ODbL)},
}
@report{emerson2014modulation,
title={Understanding Compressor Modulation in Air Conditioning Applications},
author={{Emerson Climate Technologies Inc.}},
publisher={{Emerson Climate Technologies Inc.}},
address={{USA}},
url={https://climate.emerson.com/documents/understanding-compressor-modulation-en-us-3844210.pdf},
urldate={2024-07-17},
howpublished={\url{https://climate.emerson.com/documents/understanding-compressor-modulation-en-us-3844210.pdf}},
year={2014},
annote={Quote: "In fact, by upgrading to a variable speed heat pump, homeowners can save as much as 40 percent on energy costs." Quote: "Continuous Compressor Modulation ... provides continuous modulation between 10% and 100% capacity, the widest available capacity modulation range available... High system efficiency is obtained by matching capacity with cooling/heating demand..." Quote: "Variable Speed Compressor Modulation ... Up to 7:1 turndown ratio achievable ... High system efficiency is obtained by matching capacity with cooling/heating demand. Highest part-load efficiencies of any modulation technology ..."},
}
@www{energymod4all,
title={Energy Modelling for All},
url={https://energymod4all.org/},
urldate={2023-10-19},
abstract={The Energy Modelling for All project was created to develop energy modelling skills in under-represented groups to share knowledge through a network of contributors and learners. This project is sponsored by the UK Energy Research Council (UKERC) and facilitated by the Centre for Environment and Sustainability at the University of Surrey (CES).},
}
@www{EOU,
title={Earth Notes: Saving The Planet @Home},
author={Damon Hart-Davis},
url={https://www.earth.org.uk/},
urldate={2025-10-15},
year={2007},
abstract={This site is mainly about the practical steps that I have taken to make my own life (and that of my family) a little better and lower-carbon. Many of them are actions that you could take too...},
}
@audio{EOUpodcast,
title={Earth Notes Podcast},
author={Damon Hart-Davis},
url={https://www.earth.org.uk/rss/podcast.rss},
urldate={2024-09-22},
year={2019},
}
@www{erskine2021insulate,
title={Insulate Britain! Yes, but by how much?},
author={Richard W. Erskine},
url={https://essaysconcerning.com/2021/11/08/insulate-britain-yes-but-by-how-much/},
urldate={2023-04-13},
year={2021},
month={11},
annote={Quote: "If we focus on avoiding dangerous global warming, the single biggest thing a householder can do to reduce their carbon foot print is to install a heat pump."},
}
@www{erskine2023listed,
title={Heating a listed Cotswold stone building with an air-source heat pump: our journey},
author={Richard W. Erskine},
url={https://essaysconcerning.com/2023/03/29/heating-a-listed-cotswold-stone-building-with-an-air-source-heat-pump-our-journey/},
urldate={2023-03-31},
year={2023},
month={03},
abstract={Here is a plot spoiler: my wife and I are delighted with the results of living in our listed Cotswold stone home heated by an air-source heat pump since December 2021. I want to share our story as a corrective to the belief, widely expressed in the media, that it would be impossible to do what we did: self-evidently, this is untrue.},
annote={Quote: "While in one ear Chris was telling me that any building that can be heated with a gas boiler can be heated with a heat pump, in the other ear, other friends, including experts in insulating old buildings, told me that 'deep retrofit' was an essential precursor to heating an old building with a heat pump, especially an air-source heat pump. Doubts crept in." Quote: "Even if we could have afforded the eye-wateringly expensive costs of 'deep retrofit', Listed Building approval would not have been forthcoming. Imagine wrapping this Georgian splendour in external wall insulation, or removing coving and panelling to somehow fit internal wall insulation."},
}
@report{ESC2021suitable,
title={Electrification of Heat: All housing types are suitable for heat pumps},
author={{UK Energy Systems Catapult}},
institution={UK Energy Systems Catapult},
year={2021},
month={12},
url={https://es.catapult.org.uk/news/electrification-of-heat-trial-finds-heat-pumps-suitable-for-all-housing-types/},
urldate={2023-02-01},
abstract={All housing types are suitable for heat pumps, finds Electrification of Heat project. There is no property type or architectural era that is unsuitable for a heat pump --- the Government-funded Electrification of Heat project has demonstrated.},
}
@techreport{ESC2022EoH,
title={Electrification of Heat: Home Surveys and Install Report},
author={{{LCP} Delta}},
institution={UK Energy Systems Catapult},
city={Birmingham, UK},
year={2022},
month={12},
url={https://es.catapult.org.uk/report/electrification-of-heat-home-surveys-and-install-report/},
urldate={2022-12-22},
annote={Quote: "Only 12\% of properties surveyed were considered unfeasible based on technical constraints."},
}
@report{ESC2023interim,
title={Electrification of Heat: Interim Insights from Heat Pump Performance Data},
author={{UK Energy Systems Catapult}},
institution={UK Energy Systems Catapult},
year={2023},
month={03},
url={https://es.catapult.org.uk/news/heat-pumps-shown-to-be-three-times-more-efficient-than-gas-boilers/},
urldate={2023-03-20},
annote={Quote: "The median Seasonal Performance Factors (SPFs) observed in Air Source Heat Pumps (ASHPs) have increased significantly since RHPP (Renewable Heat Premium Payment scheme) [2] (not accounting for weather variations): Median ASHP SPFH4 = 2.80 (vs 2.44 in RHPP); IQR = [2.53, 3.09]; n=291" Quote: "ASHPs capable of operating at high temperatures (>65{\degree}C flow) are observed to operate at a similar SPF to low temperature ASHPs." Quote: "Home age and household income do not have a statistically significant impact on the observed SPF in this study." Quote: "... variation in performance between heat pump installations remains high (and difficult to explain), which suggests that progress is still required on improving the quality and consistency of heat pump designs and installations to support a large-scale rollout of heat pumps in existing homes and deliver positive energy, carbon, and consumer outcomes." Quote: "Median ASHP efficiency fell to 2.44 on the coldest day..." Quote: "Heat pumps in hybrid systems were typically used to meet 32-50\% of the space heating demand (median 39\%)."},
}
@report{ESC2023three,
title={Electrification of Heat: Interim Heat Pump Performance Data Analysis Report},
author={{UK Energy Systems Catapult}},
institution={UK Energy Systems Catapult},
year={2023},
month={03},
url={https://es.catapult.org.uk/news/heat-pumps-shown-to-be-three-times-more-efficient-than-gas-boilers/},
urldate={2023-03-20},
annote={(Useful data analysis / cleansing detail.) Quote: "Measured real-world performance of Air Source Heat Pumps (ASHPs) has increased significantly compared to data from past field trials. Heat pumps performed well even on the coldest observed days, with only a relatively small reduction in performance. High Temperature ASHPs had comparable efficiencies to Low Temperature ASHPs, indicating that they are a viable solution to reduce home retrofit requirements." Quote: "The median SPF observed in ASHP systems during the EoH Demonstration Project was 2.80 (280\%) [at the H4 boundary]." Quote: "However, whilst the average performance has improved, performance variation remains high." Quote: "High Temperature ASHPs - those which can achieve flow temperatures similar to that of a gas boiler - are a viable solution for meeting the heating demand of a property. Use of High Temperature units reduces the need for deeper retrofit and provides a potential solution for less efficient homes. The data released by Energy Systems Catapult demonstrates that the High Temperature ASHPs used in the Project have performed with similar efficiencies to Low Temperature ASHPs. Heat pumps are controlled to only demand higher temperatures when it's colder outside." Quote: "All homes with heat pumps installed through this project were deemed suitable for an installation by trained designers and installers. ... the results may not be representative of the whole UK housing stock."},
}
@www{EU2013reg811,
author={{European Union}},
title={Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 811/2013 of 18 February 2013 supplementing Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council},
institution={European Union},
url={https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02013R0811-20170307},
urldate={2023-12-17},
year={2013},
number={02013R0811-20170307},
howpublished={\url{https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:02013R0811-20170307}},
abstract={Consolidated text: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 811/2013 of 18 February 2013 supplementing Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to the energy labelling of space heaters, combination heaters, packages of space heater, temperature control and solar device and packages of combination heater, temperature control and solar device (Text with EEA relevance).},
}
@www{EU2014ojc207,
author={{European Union}},
title={Commission communication in the framework of the implementation of Commission Regulation (EU) No 814/2013},
institution={European Union},
url={https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52014XC0703%2801%29},
urldate={2023-12-17},
year={2014},
month={07},
day={03},
number={52014XC0703(01)},
howpublished={\url{https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52014XC0703(01)}},
abstract={Commission communication in the framework of the implementation of Commission Regulation (EU) No 813/2013 implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for space heaters and combination heaters and of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 811/2013 supplementing Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to the energy labelling of space heaters, combination heaters, packages of space heater, temperature control and solar device and packages of combination heater, temperature control and solar device.},
}
@www{EU2024heatpump,
title={Heat Pump Market: Country Fiches},
author={Jonathan Volt and Juan Carlos {Roca Reina} and Johan Carlsson and Agne Toleikyte},
publisher={{European Commission}},
institution={{European Union}},
url={https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC137131},
urldate={2024-05-17},
number={JRC137131},
year={2024},
abstract={27 country fiches depicting the status of the heat punp market in the Member States. The fiches compiles the public information available, including Eurostat, EurObserv'ER, the European Heat Pump Association, and national sources.},
}
@dataset{EUeurostat,
title={Eurostat: EU key indicators},
institution={European Union Eurostat},
url={https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/},
urldate={2023-11-12},
abstract={Statistics and data on Europe from Eurostat. Eurostat is the statistical office of the European Union.},
}
@inproceedings{everman2018GreenWeb,
title={GreenWeb: Hosting High-Load Websites Using Low-Power Servers},
booktitle={2018 Ninth International Green and Sustainable Computing Conference (IGSC)},
author={Everman, Brad and Zong, Ziliang},
url={https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8752138},
urldate={2024-05-26},
DOI={10.1109/igcc.2018.8752138},
publisher={IEEE},
year={2018},
month={10},
annote={One test server was a Raspberry Pi 3 Model B.},
}
@article{eyre2023fabric,
title={Fabric first: is it still the right approach?},
author={Eyre, Nick and Fawcett, Tina and Topouzi, Marina and Killip, Gavin and Oreszczyn, Tadj and Jenkinson, Kay and Rosenow, Jan},
volume={4},
ISSN={2632-6655},
url={https://journal-buildingscities.org/articles/10.5334/bc.388},
urldate={2024-03-20},
DOI={10.5334/bc.388},
number={1},
journal={Buildings and Cities},
publisher={Ubiquity Press, Ltd.},
year={2023},
pages={965--972},
annote={[**UF] Quote: "'understanding first' approach" Quote: "The extent of fabric improvement needed will therefore vary across the stock. In some cases, e.g. where apartments are dominant, the role of fabric improvement may be limited. A recent detailed evaluation of a stock of 33,300 homes (85\% flats) in London suggested that fabric measures alone would only achieve a 13\% cut in gas use, at a cost of {\pound}31,900 per dwelling ..." Quote: "The largest additional upstream costs are likely to be in zero-carbon generation to accommodate the peak demand of a widespread shift to heat pumps. In addition, electricity networks in some places will need to be strengthened." Quote: "Residential buildings are homes: they need to be healthy, comfortable and affordable. ... that points to a high short-term focus on fabric improvement for households on low incomes and in poor housing." Quote: "... a review finds the optimal stock average energy demand reduction from fabric measures is likely to be 30--50\%." Also see https://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/news/think-first-fabric-first},
}
@report{fabbri2023insulation,
title={How to stay warm and save energy --- insulation opportunities in {European} homes},
author={Mariangiola Fabbri and Judit Kockat and Ivan Jankovic and H{\'e}l{\`e}ne Sibileau},
institution={BPIE (Buildings Performance Institute Europe)},
year={2023},
url={https://www.bpie.eu/publication/how-to-stay-warm-and-save-energy-insulation-opportunities-in-european-homes/},
urldate={2023-01-19},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
annote={Demolition rate assumed to be ~0.1\%/y, and renovation rate 1--2\% under BAU, rising to ~4\% to renovate anything that needs it (more than 20\% savings from doing so) by 2050. Quote: "If all existing residential buildings in the EU were renovated to achieve the goal U-values, 777 TWh, or 44\% of final energy used for space heating could be saved," and "... space heating in residential buildings requires 17.3\% of final energy consumed in EU," and "We assume that 3.6\% of the current building stock will be demolished by 2050," and "In the Full Renovation scenario, the renovation activity will have affected 18\% of the floor area by 2030, 51\% of the floor area by 2040, and 96\% by 2050," and "In the 2\% Renovation scenario, ... only 41\% of the floor area will be renovated by 2040 and 66\% by 2050."},
}
@incollection{fabrizio2017retrofitting,
title={Chapter 10 - Smart Heating Systems for Cost-Effective Retrofitting},
author={E. Fabrizio and M. Ferrara and V. Monetti},
editor={Fernando Pacheco-Torgal and Claes-G{\"o}ran Granqvist and Bj{\o}rn Petter Jelle and Giuseppe Peter Vanoli and Nicola Bianco and Jarek Kurnitski},
booktitle={Cost-Effective Energy Efficient Building Retrofitting},
publisher={Woodhead Publishing},
pages={279-304},
year={2017},
isbn={978-0-08-101128-7},
doi={10.1016/B978-0-08-101128-7.00010-1},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081011287000101},
urldate={2023-03-31},
keywords={Building automation, IoT (Internet of Things), sensors, actuators, thermostatic radiator valves, heat metering, centralized heating systems, multifamily buildings},
abstract={The chapter aims at providing a picture of the most recent advances in hydronic heating systems that can be applied in case of retrofits. The great potential of such technology is the possibility to dramatically reduce the energy demand for space heating simply with a better control. After the description of the technological features of the smart devices that can be applied at the various levels, the applications in retrofit are discussed and evaluated in terms of cost optimality. Finally, we present a focus on the application of thermostatic radiator valves, reporting the results from some case studies of existing retrofit interventions.},
annote={Quote: "... the installation of smart heating systems with TRVs leads to energy savings in all locations. In Helsinki, the maximum expected energy savings is around 7\%, while in Madrid energy savings can go up to 18\%. In Torino, the expected energy savings is between 10\% and 22\%."},
}
@inproceedings{fardin2014rheology,
title={On the rheology of cats},
author={Marc A Fardin},
year={2014},
month={07},
volume={83},
number={2},
pages={16--17},
url={https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/On-the-rheology-of-cats-Fardin/45d3b97b6a840b0ecc3e3b29591abe25f9636693},
urldate={2023-02-09},
howpublished={\url{https://www.gwern.net/docs/biology/2014-fardin.pdf}},
annote={See also https://stemfellowship.org/the-ig-nobel-prize-why-are-cats-liquid/},
}
@inproceedings{fawcett2024crisis,
title={Crisis ready-how longitudinal data helps to make sense of crises and how to prepare for the next one},
author={Fawcett, T and McKenna, E and Grunewald, P},
institution={European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy},
url={https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:53ba9fe9-6e3d-4aee-b00b-a735996d3845},
urldate={2024-06-30},
ISSN={1653-7025},
eISSN={2001-7960},
ISBN={9789198827026},
eISBN={9789198827033},
year={2024},
month={06},
day={10},
language={en},
}
@article{feist2020passive,
title={Durability of building fabric components and ventilation systems in passive houses},
author={Wolfgang Feist and Rainer Pfluger and Wolfgang Hasper},
abstract={The passive house concept specifically improves insulation of exterior building components, utilisation of passive solar gains, airtightness and heat recovery from ventilation air. Reducing also heat losses from thermal bridges, the energy balance is improved significantly resulting in net heating demands lower than 15~kWh/(m2a) which is less than one-tenth of the typical heating energy in the average of existing buildings. The design concept can be used for every new building, and many thousand examples have so far been built for different use, in several climates and based on different construction type (e.g. concrete, timber, mixed). The very first prototype is a terraced house with four dwellings built 1990/1991 in Darmstadt. This building uses typical masonry external walls, concrete floors and a timber roof and can be seen as a representative example for highly energy-efficient construction. By monitoring all relevant energy flows through the building's envelope during a period of more than 25~years, it has been confirmed that the energy consumption is as extraordinarily low as designed and stable over the whole period. This article especially investigates how this has affected the indoor climate, the indoor air quality and the durability of all components. By thorough investigation, an assessment of the maintenance cycles is given, which are representative for this construction type. The main characteristics of the components and the ventilation system after 25~years of performance of the pilot building have been determined; these are typical for passive house quality components; therefore, the results are indicative for the concept. The passive house concept turns out to be not only energy-saving but also most notably very durable and extraordinarily low-maintenance.},
doi={10.1007/s12053-019-09781-3},
issn={15706478},
issue={8},
journal={Energy Efficiency},
volume={13},
year={2020},
url={https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331634511_Durability_of_building_fabric_components_and_ventilation_systems_in_passive_houses},
urldate={2023-01-13},
}
@article{feldman2019patent,
author={Feldman, Robin C. and Lemley, Mark A.},
title={The Sound and Fury of Patent Activity},
journal={Minnesota Law Review},
volume={103},
pages={1793-1877},
year={2019},
url={https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mlr/3279},
annote={Quote: "NPEs---the entities responsible for most patent litigation in the United States in recent years---don't seem to be contributing to society by licensing their patents."},
}
@article{fernandezhernandes2022zoning,
title={Analysis of a HVAC zoning control system with an air-to-water heat pump and a ducted fan coil unit in residential buildings},
author={Fern{\'a}ndez Hern{\'a}ndez, Francisco and Atienza-M{\'a}rquez, Antonio and Miguel Pe{\~n}a Su{\'a}rez, Jos{\'e} and Antonio Bandera Cantalejo, Juan and Carmen Gonz{\'a}lez Muriano, Mari},
volume={215},
ISSN={1359-4311},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359431122009012},
urldate={2025-02-06},
DOI={10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118963},
journal={Applied Thermal Engineering},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2022},
month={10},
pages={118963},
annote={[**CS1] Quote: "The zoned system improves the thermal comfort of occupants concerning a non-zoned system." Uses PPD Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied and PMV Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) according to ISO 7730 as comfort metrics and derived comfort categories A/B/C. Quote: "Nowadays, the comfort requirements in buildings are very demanding. In the non-residential sector, a minimum of category B is usually expected, but in the residential sector category C is accepted." Quote: "High thermal comfort and total energy savings [up to] 40\% are achieved in a dwelling." Quote: "The COP should be modified as a function of the part load ratio (PLR). The PLR is the ratio of the building's thermal demand to the current capacity of the heat pump..." Quote: "In this case, the partial load operation is very important because residential heat pumps predominately operate at part load and the influence of the thermal zoning in the part load operation is interesting with respect to a non-zoned system. As thermal zoning saves energy by turning off non-occupied zone's dampers, it makes efficient use of the system by increasing the number of hours that the heat pump works under part load conditions." Quote: "The ZonFC acts at two levels: zones and system. At zone level, the system is continuously turning on and off depending on if the temperature of the zone is inside or outside the dead-band temperature range (typically 0.5~{\degree}C) with respect to the set point air temperature."},
}
@report{fetzer2023conservation,
title={Regulatory barriers to climate action: Evidence from Conservation Areas in England},
author={Thiemo Fetzer},
number={654},
institution={CAGE Research Centre, University of Warwick},
year={2023},
month={02},
url={https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/centres/cage/publications/workingpapers/2023/regulatory_barriers_to_climate_action_evidence_from_conservation_areas_in_england},
urldate={2023-02-13},
abstract={Preserving heritage is an important part of maintaining collective identity for future generations. Yet, in the context of the climate crisis, it is imperative to understand to what extent there is a tangible trade-off between conserving "character" vis-a-vis averting the worst of climate change - a much more existential threat to those future generations. Studying data for more than half of the English housing stock, I show that conservation area status - a special area-based designation to preserve the unique character of a neighborhood - not to be confused with preservation of historic buildings - in England may be responsible for up to 3.2 million tons of avoidable CO2 emissions annually. Using a suite of micro-econometric methods I show that properties in conservation areas have a notable worse energy efficiency; experience lower investment in retrofitting and consume notably higher levels of energy owing to poor energy efficiency. Effect sizes are very consistent comparing engineering based energy consumption estimates with actual consumption data. Effects can be directly attributed to planning requirements for otherwise permitted development that only apply to properties by virtue of them being located inside a conservation area.},
annote={Quote: "... this specific barrier is causing higher levels of energy consumption mostly from a hydrocarbon source: natural gas for space heating." Quote: "Overall, the 2,033,354 properties inside conservation areas in the 239 English local authority for which boundary data is available are estimated to consume between 500 to 1500 kWh more in natural gas that is used mostly for space heating purposes." Quote: "... around 50 to 70\% of the variation in actual energy consumption can be explained by the property and its characteristics; the remainder is likely driven by socioeconomics of the resident population and the interaction with the building characteristics." Quote: "It is estimated that the conservation-area status induced energy efficiency gap owing to lower rates of retrofits may account for between 5 to 15\% of the energy efficiency gap."},
}
@article{few2020distributed,
title={Assessing local costs and impacts of distributed solar PV using high resolution data from across Great Britain},
volume={162},
ISSN={0960-1481},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148120312623},
urldate={2024-06-02},
DOI={10.1016/j.renene.2020.08.025},
journal={Renewable Energy},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
author={Few, Sheridan and Djapic, Predrag and Strbac, Goran and Nelson, Jenny and Candelise, Chiara},
year={2020},
month={12},
pages={1140--1150},
}
@article{finnegan2018embodied,
title={The embodied CO2e of sustainable energy technologies used in buildings: A review article},
volume={181},
ISSN={0378-7788},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778817323101},
urldate={2024-03-22},
DOI={10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.09.037},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
author={Finnegan, Stephen and Jones, Craig and Sharples, Steve},
year={2018},
month=dec,
pages={50--61},
annote={Quote: "... a typical UK ASHP ... total heat generated over 15 years was 59,135~kWh and the embodied CO2e impact of this specific type of ASHP used in a semi-detached home in the UK with cavity walls was approximately 1563~kg." Quote: "Typically, the savings made during the use stage overshadow the embodied impact."},
}
@article{fitton2016controls,
title={Assessing the performance of domestic heating controls in a whole house test facility},
author={Fitton, Richard and Swan, William and Hughes, Tara and Benjaber, Moaad and Todd, Stephen},
volume={37},
ISSN={1477-0849},
url={https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0143624416634070},
DOI={10.1177/0143624416634070},
urldate={2024-02-14},
howpublished={\url{https://schlosser.com.pl/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Badania-porownawcze-instalacja-z-bez-termostatu-Salford-University.pdf}},
number={5},
journal={Building Services Engineering Research and Technology},
publisher={SAGE Publications},
year={2016},
month={07},
pages={539--554},
annote={Compared to running with no house thermostat or TRVs Quote: "... major savings are gained with the introduction of the TRVs in Tests 3, which resulted in a 42\% reduction in overall gas consumption." This is 30\% over having a house thermostat, ie the house stats saved 12\% over the base case.},
}
@phdthesis{fitton2017thermal,
title={The thermal energy performance of domestic dwellings in the UK},
author={Richard Peter Fitton},
url={https://salford-repository.worktribe.com/output/1396756/the-thermal-energy-performance-of-domestic-dwellings-in-the-uk},
urldate={2024-02-17},
howpublished={\url{https://salford-repository.worktribe.com/OutputFile/1493362}},
school={University of Salford},
city={Salford, UK},
year={2017},
month={03},
day={20},
annote={Quote: "This work focuses on the performance gap, the difference between modelled and measured performance is investigated. As such, supporting work discusses the relationship between measured data and regulatory models, as well as considering issues with existing and the development of new methods for measuring performance in the field." Quote: "Energy House (EH) experiments are designed to deal with specific issues, this is often to measure the performance of a system, or intervention. To maximise the measurement accuracy, an OFAT is used (one factor at a time)."},
}
@article{fitton2022home,
title={Making a house a home},
author={Fitton, Richard},
volume={37},
ISSN={1472-5878},
url={https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1472586X.2022.2090115},
urldate={2024-02-12},
DOI={10.1080/1472586x.2022.2090115},
number={3},
journal={Visual Studies},
publisher={Informa UK Limited},
year={2022},
month={05},
pages={166--167},
}
@article{flanagan2025therapy,
title={Balancing AI Innovation and Privacy in Mental Health Therapy: A Case Study from Co-Opts},
author={Flanagan, Kevin and Gillespie, Stuart and Sharan, Malvika and Bennett, Arielle and Demertzi, L{\'e}ll{\'e}},
url={https://zenodo.org/records/15481204},
urldate={2025-07-11},
DOI={10.5281/zenodo.15481204},
year={2025},
month={05},
day={21},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
abstract={A key barrier to data handling in mental health care is the lack of baseline measurements. Unlike physical health, where vitals such as temperature and blood pressure have provided objective data points for at least a century, existing mental health assessments tend to rely on self-reported and potentially highly subjective questionnaires. To address this thorny challenge, healthtech company Co-Opts is building a trans-diagnostic, pan-treatment intervention for mental health and therapy. Their motivation is to use AI for user empowerment, giving patients ownership of their data.},
}
%collection={The Turing Way Practitioners Hub Case Study Series 2024--25},
@www{fortier-dubois2022style,
title={The elements of scientific style},
author={{\'E}tienne Fortier-Dubois},
abstract={Scientific papers are dense, jargon-filled, and painful to read. It wasn't always this way - and it doesn't have to be.},
url={https://worksinprogress.co/issue/the-elements-of-scientific-style},
urldate={2023-02-27},
year={2022},
month={12},
}
@conference{FOSDEM2023energy,
title={FOSDEM 2023: Energy Track Devroom},
institution={FOSDEM},
url={https://fosdem.org/2023/schedule/track/energy/},
urldate={2023-02-04},
year={2023},
month={02},
day={04},
}
@conference{FOSDEM2024energy,
title={FOSDEM 2024: Energy Track Devroom},
institution={FOSDEM},
url={https://fosdem.org/2024/schedule/track/energy/},
urldate={2024-02-03},
year={2024},
month={02},
day={03},
}
@conference{FOSDEM2025energy,
title={FOSDEM 2025: Energy Track Devroom},
institution={FOSDEM},
url={https://fosdem.org/2025/schedule/track/energy/},
urldate={2025-02-08},
year={2025},
month={02},
day={02},
}
@book{fossati2009aerohydrodynamics,
title={Aerohydrodynamics And The Performance Of Sailing Yachts The Science Behind Sailing Yachts And Their Design},
author={Fabio Fossati},
year={2009},
ISBN={0-7136-3855-9},
keywords={aerohydrodynamics, sailboats, yachting, yachts},
}
@article{foulds2004sign,
title={Biomechanical and perceptual constraints on the bandwidth requirements of sign language},
author={Foulds, R.A.},
volume={12},
ISSN={1558-0210},
url={https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1273524},
urldate={2024-07-13},
DOI={10.1109/tnsre.2003.821371},
number={1},
journal={IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering},
publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)},
year={2004},
month={03},
pages={65--72},
annote={Quote: "The results of this experiment show that the kinematics of human movement can be bandwidth limited to the 0--3~Hz, while continuing to intelligibly represent common signs used in ASL and fingerspelled words. The perceptual need to avoid the critical flicker frequency is satisfied by the 30-frames/s display rate and allows the comparison of biomechanical bandwidths of 15 and 3~Hz. The intelligibility experiments also show that this 0--3~Hz bandwidth or 6 frames/s can accurately represent the movements important to ASL and fingerspelling when smoothly interpolated to 30 frames/s. The intelligibility of this interpolated image is not significantly different from the animation employing the 0--15~Hz bandwidth.},
}
@article{frew2024traditional,
title={The impact of energy policy on traditional buildings: Towards a holistic decision-making framework for retrofitting: Part 2},
author={Frew, Russell},
journal={Journal of Building Survey, Appraisal \& Valuation},
year={2024},
month={01},
day={01},
volume={12},
number={4},
pages={365-393},
issn={2046-9594},
eissn="2046-9608",
url={https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/hsp/jbsav/2024/00000012/00000004/art00006},
urldate={2024-03-03},
keywords={energy policy, retrofitting, EPC, sustainable heritage, life cycle cost analysis (LCC), framework},
abstract={The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is the European Unions main policy instrument for reducing the built environments contribution to climate change. Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) are a tool of this policy, providing buildings with a performance rating. In the UK these have become the benchmark by which the Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards (MEES) are judged, rendering residences lower than an E illegal to rent out. This has pushed property owners to undertake energy retrofitting interventions to ensure compliance. In traditional buildings this is potentially problematic. Buildings of this type rely on permeability to control moisture dynamics; the insertion of less permeable barriers can interrupt their internal hygrometry leading to condensation, damp and decay. As a result, subsequent damage to the building fabric can bring energy policy into conflict with heritage conservation. Existing frameworks that attempt to mitigate the tension within these agendas often fall short in explicitly considering the the problem holistically. This research first asks if pressure from policy is leading to incompatible retrofits. Secondly, it aims to develop a holistic framework that unites heritage and energy agendas with current policy. An inductive, pragmatic approach was undertaken. Using a historic estates residential portfolio as a case study, condition surveys were carried out to assess whether properties retrofitted with secondary glazing were experiencing problems with condensation. The results of this were significant, supporting the argument that energy policy is driving incompatible retrofitting interventions. Exploratory data analysis was carried out on an existing EPC dataset to highlight inconsistencies with the EPC methodology. Finally, these findings were combined with questionnaire survey results, targeted at both professionals and occupants, to inform a decision-making framework that incorporated energy efficiency, heritage values, life cycle cost analysis (LCC), building assessment, occupant behaviour, with a feedback loop promoting a bottom-up approach to policy. This issue contains Part 2 which will deal with the methodology and results. Part 1 in the previous issue set the scene.},
}
% parent_itemid = "infobike://hsp/jbsav",
% publishercode ="hsp",
% publication date ="2024-01-01T00:00:00",
% itemtype = "ARTICLE",
@article{furlong2025LTN,
title={Low Traffic Neighbourhoods in London reduce road traffic injuries: a controlled before-and-after analysis (2012--2024)},
author={Furlong, Jamie and Fevyer, David and Armstrong, Ben and Edwards, Phil and Aldred, Rachel and Goodman, Anna},
url={https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2025/07/06/ip-2024-045571},
urldate={2025-07-10},
DOI={10.1136/ip-2024-045571},
journal={Injury Prevention},
ISSN={1475-5785},
publisher={{BMJ}},
year={2025},
month={07},
pages={ip-2024-045571},
abstract={Background: Between 2015 and 2024, 113 Low Traffic Neighbourhoods (LTNs) were implemented across Greater London, with 27 subsequently removed. We investigated their impacts on road traffic injuries inside LTNs and on 'boundary roads' immediately surrounding the LTNs. Methods: We matched police-recorded injuries from STATS19 data to Ordnance Survey road links that were spatially intersected with LTNs/boundary roads. Conditional fixed-effects Poisson regression models used the number of injuries per road link per quarter of each year (January 2012 to June 2024) to test whether LTN implementation was associated with changes in injury rates. Results: LTN implementation was associated with a 35\% (95\% CI 29\% to 40\%; p<0.001) decrease in all injuries and a 37\% (95\% CI 24\% to 48\%; p<0.001) decrease in people Killed or Seriously Injured (KSI). Injuries decreased across a range of casualty and LTN characteristics. However, there was evidence of a smaller benefit in LTNs implemented in Outer London since 2020. Following the removal of an LTN, injury numbers increased back to pre-intervention levels. On boundary roads, there was no evidence of a change in total injury numbers (estimate -2\%, 95\% CI -5\% to +2\%) or KSI injury numbers (estimate 0\%, 95\% CI -7\% to +8\%). This reflected decreased numbers of injuries on boundary roads for cyclists and motorcyclists, and no change for pedestrians and other motor vehicle users. Conclusion: LTNs in London reduced road traffic injuries among all road users inside the LTN areas, with no evidence of overall impact (and for cyclists and motorcyclists a benefit) on boundary roads.},
}
@www{gallizzi2024boiler,
title={UK boiler statistics 2023},
author={Ben Gallizzi},
publisher={USwitch},
url={https://www.uswitch.com/energy/boiler-statistics/},
urldate={2024-01-04},
year={2024},
month={01},
day={04},
abstract={This page includes relevant boiler statistics for 2023, such as the UK boiler market, the average cost of a new boiler, as well as boiler efficiency ratings, the most common boiler problems, and the future of central heating.},
annote={Quote: "23 million UK homes have a gas boiler. UK domestic boiler sales increased by over 40\% between 2020-21. 80\% of UK households have combi boilers. 78\% of UK residents use gas central heating in their homes. Over 95\% of UK households have a central heating system."},
}
@www{gambling2023misinterpreting,
title={Are Heating Manufacturers Misinterpreting Building Regs?},
series={BetaTalk - The Renewable Energy and Low Carbon Heating Podcast},
author={Nathan Gambing},
year={2023},
month={08},
url={https://betatalk.buzzsprout.com/509671/13403950-are-heating-manufacturers-misinterpreting-building-regs},
urldate={2023-10-03},
abstract={Nathan dives into the history of heating systems and looks at why chemical inhibitors were introduced to prevent corrosion. He also points out that manufactures are possibly misinterpreting the building regulations e.g. they are getting confused with a requirement within the building regs and the guidance contained in an approved document. It also takes a look at the Benchmark system and questions if it is fit for purpose. Is it biased towards maintaining growth of the chemical inhibitor companies? The episode also looks at how a 1960s home could be heated from single panel radiators with just a flow of approx. 53{\degree}C...},
annote={The regulations/laws talk about "effective controls"; the guidance talks about TRVs.},
}
@article{gao2024salt,
title={Recycling of silicon solar panels through a salt-etching approach},
author={Gao, Shuaibo and Chen, Xiang and Qu, Jiakang and Guo, Yanyang and Shi, Hao and Pang, Fangzhao and Guo, Lei and Qu, Xin and Wang, Dihua and Yin, Huayi},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-024-01360-4},
urldate={2025-07-13},
howpublished={\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-024-01360-4.pdf}},
DOI={10.1038/s41893-024-01360-4},
number={7},
journal={Nature Sustainability},
volume={7},
ISSN={2398-9629},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
year={2024},
month={06},
pages={920--930},
abstract={The production and use of silicon (Si) solar panels is soaring during the transition to a carbon-neutral energy system. To mitigate their environmental footprints, there is an urgent need to develop an efficient recycling method to handle end-of-life Si solar panels. Here we report a simple salt-etching approach to recycle Ag and Si from end-of-life Si solar panels without using toxic mineral acids and generating secondary pollution. The etching process is enabled by the high corrosivity of molten hydroxide that spontaneously reacts with SiNx, SiO2, Al2O3 and Al at the surface of Si wafers through the top-down direction, thereby directly separating Ag from Si wafers. The etching process takes only 180 s to recover >99.0\% of Ag and >98.0\% of Si from end-of-life Si solar panels. In addition, Cu, Pb, Sn and Al in Si solar panels are also recovered through a combined oxidation, alkaline leaching and electrodeposition approach. Overall, this study presents a viable approach for sustainable management of end-of-life Si solar panels, paving the way to a circular economy.},
}
@article{gauch2023embodied,
title={What really matters in multi-storey building design? A simultaneous sensitivity study of embodied carbon, construction cost, and operational energy},
author={Gauch, H.L. and Dunant, C.F. and Hawkins, W. and Cabrera Serrenho, A.},
volume={333},
ISSN={0306-2619},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261922018426},
urldate={2024-05-15},
DOI={10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120585},
journal={Applied Energy},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2023},
month={03},
pages={120585},
annote={Quote: "The size and shape of a building have considerable influence on both embodied and operational efficiency. Lower window-to-wall ratios lead to lower heating and cooling across all building types and climates. Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery significantly increases operational efficiency for most building types and climate zones. The choice of structural frame type has significant impact on embodied carbon and cost, but negligible influence on heating and cooling loads. Compactness and low window-to-wall ratios simultaneously benefit embodied and operational efficiency and are decisive to enable meeting the Passivhaus standard." Quote: "This suggests that once a building has a substantial layer of insulation - a minimum of 50 mm is used here - and features double glazing, further upgrades only have marginal benefits." Quote: "Brick cladding leads to significantly higher embodied carbon and cost compared to sheet or tile cladding." Quote: "The use of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery has been shown to be one of the most important levers to decrease heating and cooling loads..."},
}
@article{gawryluk2023traffic,
title={Brief diesel exhaust exposure acutely impairs functional brain connectivity in humans: a randomized controlled crossover study},
author={Jodie R Gawryluk and Daniela J Palombo and Jason Curran and Ashleigh Parker and Chris Carlsten},
doi={10.1186/s12940-023-00961-4},
issn={1476-069X},
journal={Environmental Health},
pages={7},
volume={22},
url={https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-023-00961-4},
urldate={2023-01-30},
year={2023},
abstract={While it is known that exposure to traffic-related air pollution causes an enormous global toll on human health, neurobiological underpinnings therein remain elusive. The study addresses this gap in knowledge.},
}
@report{GBF2026cold,
title={The Cold Hard Facts About Heat Pumps},
author={{Green Britain Foundation}},
url={https://dalevince.com/reports/the-cold-hard-facts-about-heat-pumps/},
urldate={2026-01-30},
howpublished={\url{https://assets.ctfassets.net/fpr6c52ci39f/3I9qR71dDGUM0FKdBN4xkh/348f5674cb7ebeab72bb5568f07cbc06/GBF-Report-HeatPump-Jan14-v7.pdf}},
year={2026},
month={01},
day={26},
version={7},
abstract={The future of domestic space and water heating lies predominantly in electrification, and thus in heat pumps. The Green Britain Foundation has carried out this research in order to understand the actual experience of installing and operating a heat pump, from a consumer's perspective. The research is based on analysis of recent government-backed reports, and on data gathered from an independent survey of heat pump owners.},
annote={[**CS1] [**UF] Quote: "Heat pumps are not the problem. The market they operate in is." Heat-pump skeptic, fabric-first. Dale Vince has expressed for a while a preference for biogas for UK home heating.},
}
@article{gibb2023cold,
title={Coming in from the cold: Heat pump efficiency at low temperatures},
author={Duncan Gibb and Jan Rosenow and Richard Lowes and Neil J. Hewitt},
doi={10.1016/j.joule.2023.08.005},
url={https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(23)00351-3},
urldate={2023-09-14},
year={2023},
month={09},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
journal={Joule},
annote={Quote: "... well below 0{\degree}C, heat pump efficiency is still significantly higher than fossil fuel and electric resistive heating systems at an appliance level. The standard heat pumps investigated in this commentary demonstrate suitable coefficients of performance for providing efficient heating during cold winters where temperatures rarely fall below -10{\degree}C, i.e., most of Europe."},
}
@www{gilardi2021abstracts,
title={Good Abstracts: A Template},
url={https://fabriziogilardi.org/resources/papers/good-abstracts.pdf},
urldate={2022-12-19},
author={Fabrizio Gilardi},
institution={Department of Political Science, University of Zurich},
year={2021},
month={02},
abstract={Everyone agrees that this issue is really important. But we do not know much about this specific question, although it matters a great deal, for these reasons. We approach the problem from this perspective. Our research design focuses on these cases and relies on these data, which we analyze using this method. Results show what we have learned about the question. They have these broader implications.},
}
@www{gill2023locational,
title={The Potential Impact of Locational Marginal Pricing},
author={Simon Gill and Keith Bell and Callum MacIver},
url={https://ukerc.ac.uk/news/potential-lmp-impacts/},
urldate={2023-02-02},
institution={UKERC},
year={2023},
month={02},
abstract={The introduction of Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) is being considered as part of a broad debate about electricity market reform in Great Britain. This extended blog argues that whilst there may be theoretical benefits to LMP, there is much still to be thought about in terms of detailed design and how it could fit with other market arrangements.},
}
@article{gleue2021flexibility,
title={Does demand-side flexibility reduce emissions? Exploring the social acceptability of demand management in Germany and Great Britain},
author={Gleue, Marvin and Unterberg, Jens and L{\"o}schel, Andreas and Gr{\"u}newald, Philipp},
url={https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:14c1a4e0-fddc-4a13-90f3-68848b444f54},
urldate={2024-06-07},
DOI={10.1016/j.erss.2021.102290},
journal={Energy Research \& Social Science},
volume={82},
pages={102290},
year={2021},
month={12},
publisher={Elsevier},
abstract={The rapid uptake of renewable energy sources requires new forms of flexibility in electricity systems, including a more responsive demand-side. The social acceptability, scale and economic value of flexible demand remain subjects of conjecture. In this paper we inform this debate with a multi-methods approach using three instruments: surveys, observations and modelling. This multi-method approach brings out similarities and differences between Germany and Great Britain in relation to demand-side flexibility. Participants in both countries express a high willingness to participate in time variant tariffs, but their implementation may need to be context specific. In Germany national peak demand occurs at midday, when PV generation results in lower emission factors. Conversely, British peak demand is in the early evening when emission factors are at their highest. The differences in responses allow us to explore important technical and cultural differences affecting the need for flexibility. Germany gains most from flexibility during the daytime in summer, while flexibility in Great Britain contributes most during winter evenings. We observe high degrees of acceptability of time-variant electricity tariffs (55\%) and willingness to shift demand is high, resulting in peak demand reductions of up to 14.5\%. However, the resulting cost and carbon savings of these efforts is less than 2\% in both countries. We conclude that short term carbon or cost savings may be less powerful motivators for load shifting measures than long term system decarbonisation.},
}
@report{gold2019efficiency,
title={Energy Efficiency Over Time: Measuring and Valuing Lifetime Energy Savings in Policy and Planning},
author={Rachel Gold and Seth Nowak},
year={2019},
month={02},
number={U1902},
url={https://www.aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/u1902.pdf},
urldate={2022-12-15},
institution={American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy},
}
@article{gomezvilchez2023SUV,
title={The new electric SUV market under battery supply constraints: Might they increase CO2 emissions?},
author={G{\'o}mez Vilchez, Jonatan J. and Pasqualino, Roberto and Hernandez, Yeray},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652622048685},
urldate={2025-07-14},
howpublished={\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652622048685/pdfft}},
DOI={10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135294},
journal={Journal of Cleaner Production},
volume={383},
ISSN={0959-6526},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2023},
month={01},
day={10},
pages={135294},
abstract={Two trends have shaped the European car market over the past decade: electrification and SUVisation. Recently, they have merged in a new product: the electric sport utility vehicle. This paper contrasts the view that regards this innovation as a technological solution to mitigate road transport emissions with a broader view that takes into account the battery requirement and profitability of such type of electric car. This broad view is formalised in a system dynamics model that captures the potential effects of supply side constraints. Four scenarios are simulated. The results show that the levels of CO2 emissions of new cars are substantially reduced only in the one that assumes lower motorisation. Based on these simulations, the conclusion that the diffusion of electric sport utility vehicles does not necessarily contribute to mitigating car emissions in Europe is drawn. Less reliance on technology fixes, downsizing and reduced motorisation are identified as solutions worth investigating to meet ambitious climate goals. Further research on how vehicle manufacturers distribute batteries is needed.},
}
@article{goodall2012turbines,
title={It's a myth that wind turbines don't reduce carbon emissions},
author={Chris Goodall and Mark Lynas},
url={https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2012/sep/26/myth-wind-turbines-carbon-emissions},
year={2012},
month={09},
day={26},
journal={The Guardian},
ISSN={1756-3224},
abstract={Conclusive figures show that the sceptics who lobby against wind power simply have their facts wrong.},
annote={Quote: "The researcher Damon Hart-Davis, who maintains a real-time website showing the grid's carbon intensity called Earth Notes, confirms separately that when the wind is blowing the UK emits less CO2 per unit of electricity generated."},
}
@article{gooding2023engagement,
title={The best-laid plans: Tracing public engagement change in emergent Smart Local Energy Systems},
journal={Energy Research \& Social Science},
volume={101},
pages={103125},
year={2023},
issn={2214-6296},
doi={10.1016/j.erss.2023.103125},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629623001858},
urldate={2023-05-22},
author={Luke Gooding and Patrick Devine-Wright and Melanie Rohse and Rebecca Ford and Chad Walker and Iain Soutar and Hannah Devine-Wright},
abstract={To be fair, acceptable and ultimately successful, decentralised energy projects involving technological innovations require engagement with users, local communities and wider publics. Yet relatively few studies have adopted a dynamic, temporal approach to understand how publics are engaged with as projects develop over time. We address this gap by researching three case studies of 'Smart Local Energy System' (SLES) demonstrator projects involving combinations of power, heat and transport technologies funded under a UK government programme. Guided by literature on public engagement methods and rationales, as well as how users and communities are framed by stakeholders, we track engagement approaches over time from stages of project initiation to technology deployment. Engagement defined as communication and consultation predominates over participation and community empowerment, with instrumental rationales used to frame publics as consumers enabling technology deployment. Disruptions to engagement attributed to external factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic and BREXIT were interpreted both positively and negatively, including the implications of disruptions for social inclusion and fairness. The potential for SLES to catalyse broader social transformations in a context of environment and climate emergency is discussed.},
}
@report{govIE2024climate,
title={National Energy and Climate Plan {(NECP)} 2021-2030},
institution={{IE DECC (Department of the Environment Climate and Communications)}},
url={https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/a856a-national-energy-and-climate-plan-necp-2021-2030/},
urldate={2024-08-10},
howpublished={\url{https://assets.gov.ie/299744/9a308db2-cbd5-46e8-8674-e939dca87263.pdf}},
year={2024},
month={07},
day={29},
abstract={In accordance with the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action Regulation, our draft updated National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2021-2030 was submitted to the European Commission in July 2024. It outlines our department's energy and climate policies in detail for the period from 2021 to 2030 and looks onwards to 2050. This draft incorporates the Commission's feedback on the 2023 draft as well as feedback from two consultations. The NECP collates the policies, measures and actions related to energy and climate outlined in a range of government plans: such as the Climate Action Plan, the National Development Plan, and Project Ireland 2040, into one cohesive document. It also presents modelling that illustrates Ireland's current trajectories toward its three main European targets.},
}
@report{govUK2021CODE,
title={Cost Optimal Domestic Electrification (CODE)},
author={Jason Palmer and Nicola Terry},
institution={UK BEIS / UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)},
number={2021/051},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cost-optimal-domestic-electrification-code},
urldate={2023-04-18},
year={2021},
month={09},
howpublished={\url{https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1104051/CODE-Final-Report-WHOLE-FINAL-v20.pdf}},
abstract={Decarbonised electricity offers the promise of very low or even zero-carbon heating for homes - without necessarily carrying out extensive deep retrofit work. This project shows that Great Britain's homes can convert to electric heating at a cost far lower than the accepted wisdom. This can be achieved with no threat to comfort, and greenhouse gas emissions will fall very dramatically as a result.},
annote={Used EnergyPlus for model, based on Shoeboxer. Uses 15Y time horizon (typical life of heating system). Quote: "A research study modelling energy use in homes to understand the costs of converting homes to electric heating." Quote: "...we defined 12 house types, which collectively represent 90\% of Britain's 28 million dwellings." Quote: "Detailed modelling of energy costs and evidence-based assumptions about capital costs found only small differences in costs over 15 years between low- or high-temperature heat pumps, or air-to-air heat pumps, or storage radiators. Typically the difference was only 10\% between the highest and lowest cost." Quote: "The work focused on total costs of ownership over 15 years. For most house types and most electric heating systems, the cost-optimal packages of measures have very limited fabric improvements - most commonly just draught-sealing and top-up loft insulation." Quote: "Avoiding very disruptive measures - such as replacing radiators with larger ones - also has a major effect on results, and this makes high-temperature heat pumps more attractive." Quote: "For the purposes of heating, each dwelling is divided into zones which can have different heating schedules and thermostat settings." Uses 12{\degree}C night setback, or 16{\degree}C/18{\degree}C for heat pumps. Quote: "Looking across all 12 archetypes, there is an even split between low-temperature air-source heat pumps (LT ASHPs, with heat pumps supplying the existing system of radiators and a hot-water cylinder) and reversible air-to-air heat pumps (Air2air, without radiators, and with a separate system for providing hot water). Six of the 12 house types select LT ASHPs as the lowest-cost combination, and six select air-to-air heat pumps." [On a ToU electricity tariff eg Octopus Agile.] Quote: "The low disruption scenario, where measures that would be very disruptive to occupants were excluded, did not alter any of the optimum packages for flats ... the need to avoid replacing radiators with larger heat emitters precluded the use of low-temperature heat pumps, and avoiding air-to-air heat pumps in houses (where complicated ducting is usually needed), meant that high-temperature heat pumps were preferred. Inevitably, these run less efficiently, so the total cost over 15 years increased between [8\%] and [24\%], depending on the house type." Quote: "The total costs of owning [a retrofitted] cost-effective electric heating are not so much more than the cost of sticking with the existing heating system - on average 46\% higher."},
}
@www{govUK2022boiler,
title={Open consultation: Improving boiler standards and efficiency},
author={{UK BEIS}},
institution={UK BEIS},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/improving-boiler-standards-and-efficiency},
urldate={2023-02-15},
year={2022},
month={12},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={Boiler efficiency, hydrogen-ready boilers, and the role of hybrid systems.},
annote={Quote: "There are around 30 million buildings in the UK responsible for approximately 30\% of our emissions. The vast majority (79\%) of these emissions result from heating, making up 23\% of all UK emissions. As such, meeting net zero will require almost all buildings to fully decarbonise." Quote: "The gap between laboratory tested and in-home efficiency is often because the flow and return temperatures are too high, limiting boilers' potential to condense. This was one of the key issues the original Boiler Plus Standards were aiming to address by encouraging take-up of controls that lower flow temperatures. ... To start to achieve higher efficiencies, the return temperature needs to be equal to or below the 'dew point' temperature of approximately 55{\degree}C (the temperature below which the flue gas needs to be cooled, in order to allow the water vapour to condense and additional latent heat contained within it to be captured). However, to achieve the higher efficiencies advertised, boilers need to operate at as low a temperature as possible, below this level of 55{\degree}C, for the majority of the year." Quote: "BEIS research found that around 50\% of homes have heat emitters adequately sized to provide thermal comfort at a flow temperature of 55{\degree}C on an average winter day, with outside temperatures at around 4{\degree}C."},
}
@dataset{govUK2022CTdataset,
title={Council Tax: stock of properties, 2022},
author={{UK Valuation Office Agency}},
institution={UK Valuation Office Agency},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/council-tax-stock-of-properties-2022},
urldate={2023-11-19},
year={2022},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={Statistics on the stock of domestic properties by Council Tax Band and property attributes in England and Wales.},
annote={See tables 'CTSOP4.0' and CTSOP4.1'.},
}
@report{govUK2022dwellings,
title={Housing supply: net additional dwellings, {England}: 2021 to 2022},
author={{UK DLUHC (Department for Levelling Up Housing and Communities)}},
institution={UK DLUHC (Department for Levelling Up Housing and Communities)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/housing-supply-net-additional-dwellings-england-2021-to-2022/housing-supply-net-additional-dwellings-england-2021-to-2022},
urldate={2023-01-30},
year={2022},
month={11},
abstract={Key statistics: Annual housing supply in England amounted to 232,820 net additional dwellings in 2021-22, a 10\% increase on 2020-21. This resulted from 210,070 new build homes, 22,770 gains from change of use between non-domestic and residential, 4,870 from conversions between houses and flats and 780 other gains (caravans, house boats, etc), offset by 5,680 demolitions. ...},
}
@report{govUK2022SMETER,
title={Smart meter enabled thermal efficiency ratings (SMETER) technologies project: technical evaluation},
author={{UK BEIS} and {UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)}},
institution={UK BEIS and UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/smart-meter-enabled-thermal-efficiency-ratings-smeter-technologies-project-technical-evaluation},
urldate={2024-06-19},
howpublished={\url{https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/61f2cc6ee90e0768a90f1f9b/smeter-innovation-competition-report.pdf}},
year={2022},
month={01},
day={27},
abstract={The SMETER Innovation Competition worked with 9 competition partners to develop and test their own methods for measuring the thermal performance of homes using smart meter and other data. The trials took place in 30 occupied homes typical of those found in the UK. The report analyses how accurately SMETER methods measure the thermal performance of a home compared to existing methods.},
}
@www{govUK2023CCL,
title={Climate Change Levy: changes to rates from 1 April 2024},
author={{UK HMRC (His Majesty's Revenue and Customs)}},
institution={{UK HMRC (His Majesty's Revenue and Customs)}},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/climate-change-levy-ccl-rates-from-1-april-2024/climate-change-levy-changes-to-rates-from-1-april-2024},
urldate={2024-07-29},
year={2023},
month={03},
day={15},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={This measure increases the main rate of Climate Change Levy (CCL) for gas to meet the frozen electricity rate, with the main rate for solid fuels being increased proportionally to gas, both with effect from 1 April 2024. The main rate of CCL on LPG will continue to be frozen in 2024--25.},
annote={Quote: "The measure fulfils the government's commitment in Budget 2016 to equalise the main rates of CCL on electricity and gas in {\pound} per kilowatt hour (kWh) by 2025."},
}
@dataset{govUK2023CHMM,
title={Clean heat market mechanism: Consultation outcome},
author={{UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)}},
institution={UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/clean-heat-market-mechanism},
urldate={2023-11-30},
year={2023},
month={11},
day={30},
howpublished={\url{https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6567cbfb2ee693000d60caed/clean-heat-market-mechanism-government-response.pdf}},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={The government response provides a summary of the responses received to the consultation, and our decisions about the final design of the Clean Heat Market Mechanism scheme ahead of its launch in 2024. The consultation set out proposals for the introduction of a market-based mechanism to support the development of the UK market for low-carbon electric heat pumps. Having considered the responses, we have made a number of adjustments to details of the scheme's design, primarily to offer additional flexibility to obligated parties. The response explains those adjustments and confirms that the scheme will be administered by the Environment Agency. We will proceed to introduce scheme regulations to Parliament in line with the design parameters set out in the consultation response, in advance of the start of the first scheme year in April 2024.},
annote={Quote: "Targets for generating or acquiring heat pump credits for the first two years of the scheme will be as proposed in Option 1 in the consultation --- namely 4\% of a manufacturer's relevant fossil fuel boiler sales2 for Scheme Year 1 (April 2024 to March 2025) and 6\% of relevant sales for Scheme Year 2..." Quote: "... a tradable heat pump credit will be earned by a heat pump manufacturer upon the installation of a qualifying domestic-scale hydronic heat pump and notification via an appropriate certification scheme such as the Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS). The installation of qualifying hybrid heat pumps incorporating a fossil fuel boiler alongside a hydronic heat pump will earn 0.5 scheme credits."},
}
@www{govUK2023future,
title={Open consultation: The Future Homes and Buildings Standards: 2023 consultation},
author={{UK DLUHC (Department for Levelling Up Housing and Communities)}},
institution={UK DLUHC (Department for Levelling Up Housing and Communities)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/the-future-homes-and-buildings-standards-2023-consultation/the-future-homes-and-buildings-standards-2023-consultation},
urldate={2023-12-17},
year={2023},
month={12},
day={13},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={The Future Homes and Buildings Standards: 2023 consultation on changes to Part 6, Part L (conservation of fuel and power) and Part F (ventilation) of the Building Regulations for dwellings and non-domestic buildings and seeking evidence on previous changes to Part O (overheating).},
}
@www{govUK2023HEM,
title={Open consultation: Home Energy Model: Future Homes Standard assessment},
author={{UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)}},
institution={UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/home-energy-model-future-homes-standard-assessment},
urldate={2023-12-17},
howpublished={\url{https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/65798d5e254aaa0010050bf7/home-energy-model-future-homes-standard-assessment-consultation.pdf}},
year={2023},
month={12},
day={13},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={The Home Energy Model: Future Homes Standard assessment is the methodology which will be used to demonstrate that new dwellings [in England] comply with the Future Homes Standard. It will replace the Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) version 10.2 for the energy rating of dwellings.},
}
annote={Quote: "The new model simulates energy performance for each half-hour of the day (as compared to each month for SAP), enabling a better representation of smart technologies and systems."},
@www{govUK2023investment,
title={Heat pump net zero investment roadmap},
author={{UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)}},
institution={UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/heat-pump-net-zero-investment-roadmap},
urldate={2023-04-19},
year={2023},
month={04},
howpublished={\url{https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1148930/heat-pumps-net-zero-investment-roadmap.pdf}},
abstract={This net zero investment roadmap summarises the UK government's heat pump policies and investment opportunities available.},
annote={Quote: "Heating is responsible for over a third of UK carbon emissions. Reducing our carbon emissions to Net Zero by 2050 means we must decarbonise the heating of over 30 million homes and businesses across the UK in a little over 25 years. ... Regardless of the role of other technologies, we expect at least four million heat pumps to be installed by the end of the decade. ... Evidence shows that the majority of UK homes and businesses are suitable for a heat pump. This includes analysis which estimates that 90 per cent of British homes have sufficient insulation and electrical capacity for a heat pump."},
}
@www{govUK2023noise,
title={Air source heat pump noise emissions, planning guidance and regulations},
author={{UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)}},
institution={UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/air-source-heat-pump-noise-emissions-planning-guidance-and-regulations},
urldate={2024-04-08},
howpublished={\url{https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/659bc3f2614fa2000df3a992/ashp-planning-regulations-review-main-report.pdf}},
year={2023},
month={11},
day={30},
number={2023/046},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={The Department for Energy Security and Net Zero commissioned an independent review in 2023 of the current evidence on noise emissions from air source heat pumps (ASHPs). This study assesses whether, and in what ways, current guidance and planning regulations are fit for purpose for the larger-scale deployment of ASHPs. The research project used a mixed methodology, including a literature review, household research, and qualitative research with key stakeholders, including local planning authorities, ASHP manufacturers, ASHP installers, and industry bodies. The research found that: ASHP noise emissions were a concern for a minority of consumers in the study; the research found low incidence of ASHP noise complaints. These arose due to poor quality installations, including location and proximity factorsR; possible revisions to permitted development guidance and regulations. This information will help inform future government policy on heat pump planning guidance and heat pump standards.},
}
@www{govUK2024clean,
title={Clean Power 2030 Action Plan},
author={{UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)}},
institution={UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/clean-power-2030-action-plan},
urldate={2024-12-20},
howpublished={\url{https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/675bfaa4cfbf84c3b2bcf986/clean-power-2030-action-plan.pdf}},
year={2024},
month={12},
day={13},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={This action plan sets out a pathway to a clean power system by 2030.},
annote={Proposes to expand interconnector capacity from the current 9.8GW to up to 14GW. Also roughly 50GW of offshore wind, 50GW of solar PV, 30GW of onshore wind and 30GW of batteries.},
}
@www{govUK2024community,
title={Open call for evidence: Barriers to community energy projects},
author={{UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)}},
institution={UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/calls-for-evidence/barriers-to-community-energy-projects},
urldate={2024-04-25},
year={2024},
month={04},
day={08},
howpublished={\url{https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/660ec2099f92ac001a516cee/barriers-to-community-energy-projects-call-for-evidence.pdf}},
abstract={Community energy projects involve groups of people coming together to purchase, manage, generate, or reduce consumption of energy. This includes, but is not limited to: solar panels, wind farms, hydro power, rural heat networks, electric vehicle charging points and car clubs, fuel poverty alleviation schemes. We are seeking views and evidence on the barriers to community energy projects in England only. We recognise though that there may be some issues which are reserved to the UK government, and that we may receive responses about UK-wide barriers to the development of community energy schemes.},
annote={Personal response at https://www.earth.org.uk/img/consultation/govUK/20240622-govUK2024community-Barriers-to-Community-Energy-response.pdf},
}
@report{govUK2024DEEP501,
title={DEEP Report 5.01 Salford Energy House: Fabric Performance Testing},
author={David Farmer and Grant Henshaw and Christopher Tsang and Benjamin Roberts and Richard Fitton and Will Swan},
institution={UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)},
url={https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6717be32e319b91ef09e3857/5.01_DEEP_Energy_House_Fabric.pdf},
urldate={2025-05-12},
year={2024},
month={10},
abstract={One of the objectives of the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) Demonstration of Energy Efficiency Potential (DEEP) Retrofit Project was to investigate the unintended consequences of fabric retrofit. The primary objective of the Energy House DEEP fabric performance tests was to assess the potential benefits of a whole house approach to retrofit against 'typical' retrofit practice that follows a piecemeal approach. The research involved in performing a staged whole house fabric retrofit of the Energy House that replicated a piecemeal retrofit. The Energy House's thermal elements were then adapted to be representative of a retrofit that had been performed following whole house approach retrofit principles. Fabric thermal performance testing took place at each stage of the retrofit process to assess the benefit and unintended consequences of applying retrofit measures individually and in combination.},
annote={[**CS1]},
}
@www{govUK2024development,
title={Open consultation: Changes to various permitted development rights: consultation},
author={{UK DLUHC (Department for Levelling Up Housing and Communities)}},
institution={UK DLUHC (Department for Levelling Up Housing and Communities)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/changes-to-various-permitted-development-rights-consultation},
urldate={2024-02-13},
year={2024},
month={02},
day={13},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={This consultation contains a number of proposed changes to permitted development rights. ... We are also seeking feedback on amendments to the permitted development right for air source heat pumps, including consulting on removing the limitation that they must be at least 1 metre from the boundary of the property.},
}
@www{govUK2024DHW,
title={Domestic hot water use in the UK},
author={{UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)}},
institution={UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/domestic-hot-water-use-in-the-uk},
urldate={2024-03-23},
year={2024},
month={03},
day={15},
howpublished={\url{https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/65f43b919d99de001d03df8a/domestic-hot-water-use-insights.pdf}},
abstract={This research on domestic hot water use in the UK is based on an existing data set, provided by a boiler manufacturer. The size of the data set (115,000 anonymised homes) and the level of detail enabled higher quality and more in-depth research than in previous studies. It provides: timing and type of hot water demand in homes; volume, temperature and energy demand of hot water use across the day and year; the data needed to support half hourly modelling of energy in the home.},
annote={Quote: "The electrification of heat in domestic homes has been identified by the CCC as an important pathway to reducing the 16\% of national carbon emissions that are directly attributed to homes. The most recent government estimate is that 18\% of heat demand in homes is from hot water." Quote: "Demand has daily (06:00--08:00 and 17:00--19:00), weekly (Sundays) and seasonal peaks." Median household daily demand is $\sim$4kWh.},
}
@www{govUK2024electricity,
title={Open consultation: Delivering a smart and secure electricity system: implementation},
author={{UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)}},
institution={UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/delivering-a-smart-and-secure-electricity-system-implementation},
urldate={2024-04-25},
year={2024},
month={04},
day={16},
abstract={The Smart Secure Electricity Systems (SSES) Programme is designed to create the technical and regulatory frameworks to enable the untapped flexibility from small scale devices, such as domestic electric vehicle charge points and heat pumps. It should contribute to electricity system decarbonisation in a way that protects consumers and the electricity system. This consultation builds on both the 2022 Delivering a smart and secure electricity system consultation and the 2023 government response to that consultation.},
annote={[**UA1] Includes three sections: Energy Smart Appliances (ESA), Licencing Regime, Time of Use Tariff. DHD partial response 2024-06-18 https://www.earth.org.uk/img/consultation/govUK/20240618-govUK2024electricity-consultation-response.pdf and government response 2025-04-23 including eg Quote: "Based on stakeholder feedback, government will mandate that smart electric heating appliances must provide a user interface through an app, web portal, or other digital means, at a minimum. This does not prevent provision of a physical interface also. The digital interface must be able to be easily accessed by the end user, for example through mobile device, touchpad, or screen, and the manufacturer will be expected to take into account the accessibility needs and digital literacy level of various user demographics when determining the methods of access." and Quote: "Government has decided to require that smart heating appliances have consumer-led flexibility and TOUT operations enabled by default and that functions that can be performed outside of peak hours should be pre-set accordingly. Manufacturers must ensure that appliances incorporate pre-set default usage hours that are outside of peak hours, defined as 8am to 11am and 4pm to 10pm on weekdays." Quote: "Regulation 40, Regulation 40A, Regulation 44 and Regulation 44ZA, where applicable, must be met. In particular Regulation 40(2) states that: 'The person carrying out the work shall not later than five days after the work has been completed provide to the owner sufficient information about the building, the fixed building services and their maintenance requirements so that the building can be operated in such a manner as to use no more fuel and power than is reasonable in the circumstances.' This should be non-technical, easy to understand and in an accessible format, suitable for a variety of end users, including those that are vulnerable. The statutory guidance on demonstrating compliance with relevant regulations regarding commissioning and providing information to the owner, including the provision of operating and maintenance instruction, is set out in Sections 8 and 9 of Approved Document L, Volume 1 - Dwellings."}},
}
@www{govUK2024GBE,
title={Great British Energy founding statement},
institution={{UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)}},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/introducing-great-british-energy/great-british-energy-founding-statement},
urldate={2024-08-09},
year={2024},
month={07},
day={25},
annote={Policy paper. Quote: "With a publicly-owned company working in lockstep with industry, we can help drive the innovation and investment required to transform our power system and decarbonise the grid by 2030, creating good jobs and generating wealth for Britain."},
}
@www{govUK2024historic,
title={Adapting historic homes for energy efficiency: a review of the barriers},
author={{UK DLUHC (Department for Levelling Up Housing and Communities)} and {UK DCMS (Department for Culture Media and Sport)} and {UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)}},
institution={UK DLUHC (Department for Levelling Up Housing and Communities), UK DCMS (Department for Culture Media and Sport) and UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/adapting-historic-homes-for-energy-efficiency-a-review-of-the-barriers},
urldate={2024-01-04},
year={2024},
month={01},
day={03},
abstract={This review looks at the practical barriers to energy efficiency and low carbon heating measures in historic homes. (Applies to England.)},
annote={Quote: "... enablers of effective historic homes retrofit: the planning system; local authority skills, training, and capacity; guidance and information; construction industry skills, training, and capacity; affordability and financial incentives", mentions "complex-to-decarbonise" (CTD).},
}
@www{govUK2025alternative,
title={Open consultation: Exploring the role of alternative clean heating solutions},
author={{UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)}},
institution={UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/exploring-the-role-of-alternative-clean-heating-solutions},
urldate={2026-02-09},
howpublished={\url{https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6932f1b55b5198836f304139/alternative-clean-heating-solutions-consultation-document.pdf}},
year={2025},
month={11},
day={18},
abstract={Heat pumps, along with heat networks, will be the primary low-carbon technologies for decarbonising home and non-domestic heating. These are existing, technically mature low-carbon technologies, deployable at scale and as such are expected to play a significant role in decarbonising heat in every pathway to net zero. Whilst heat pumps and heat networks will work well for the majority of properties, the government is interested in understanding what alternative technologies are available across different types of domestic and non-domestic buildings to ensure consumers have a choice of suitable low-carbon heating technology options. In exploring these solutions, the government wishes to make clear we do not propose that any household or business installs a low carbon option which is not suitable for their property.},
annote={[**CS1] [**UF] Quote: "Heat pumps, along with heat networks, will be the primary low carbon technologies for decarbonising home and non-domestic heating. ... In high density urban areas, mainly on the gas grid, heat networks can offer a low cost, low carbon heating option." Quote: "Costs for upgrading to 3-phase can be significant but will vary depending on the circumstance, typically sitting between {\pound}3,000--{\pound}15,000." Quote: "Distribution Network Operators (DNO) are obliged to upgrade homes to a single-phase connection of 80A or 100A, depending on the DNO, for free." My response: https://www.earth.org.uk/img/consultation/govUK/20260209-alternative-clean-heating-response.pdf },
}
@www{govUK2025ESA,
title={Open consultation: Smart Secure Electricity Systems (SSES) Programme: first phase energy smart appliances regulations},
author={{UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)}},
institution={UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/smart-secure-electricity-systems-sses-programme-first-phase-energy-smart-appliances-regulations},
urldate={2026-01-27},
year={2025},
month={12},
day={01},
abstract={The Smart Secure Electricity Systems (SSES) Programme is designed to create the technical and regulatory frameworks to enable the untapped flexibility from small scale devices, such as domestic electric vehicle charge points and heat pumps. It should contribute to electricity system decarbonisation in a way that protects consumers and the electricity system, and as such is a key enabler for consumer-led flexibility that will help consumers make energy bill savings. To provide a regulatory foundation for the growth of the energy smart appliance (ESA) market and protect the interests of consumers, we plan to introduce regulations on ESAs. These regulations will: establish a smart mandate for electric heating products in scope; incorporate, with some planned amendments, The Electric Vehicles (Smart Charge Points) Regulations 2021; implement a set of minimum requirements in relation to smart functionality, cybersecurity and grid stability for ESAs in scope. We are consulting on draft first phase ESA regulations and the accompanying Initial Impact Assessment.},
annote={[**CS1] [**UA] See DHD high-level points at https://www.earth.org.uk/note-on-2025-SSES-first-phase-ESA-regulations.html and formal response at https://www.earth.org.uk/img/consultation/govUK/20260202-SSES-1st-phase-ESA-regs-response.pdf from DHD high-level points: (1) A2A is currently out of scope for SSES, but as GB demand for cooling grows maybe this will prove to contribute to an evening duck-curve / ramping issue (as the sun goes down so PV generation drops away but homes are still hot), so maybe allow scope for larger A2A units to be brought in to scope easily. Also encourage those larger units to provide the functionality ASAP eg to save users money. (2) A2W ASHP is in scope (as an EHA) but is it still in scope if it can do cooling (as allowed under recent BUS grant changes) or when it is doing cooling if it does both? To avoid the duck-curve / ramping issue above from cooling demand, that mandated grid-friendly operation should also apply to the cooling aspects. (3) The proposed evening SSES peak time from 4pm to 10pm is very broad, and likely too long for many homes to coast through thermally if their EHA is throttled back for the full peak, which might encourage householders to turn off all such default limits, so I suggest defining a high-peak or 4pm to 7pm in line with eg common GB DNO practice, within which such grid-friendly aspects are heightened / concentrated. This observation is relevant to such EHAs (Electric Heating Appliances) as heat pumps, heat batteries, storage heaters and standalone direct electric hot water cylinders. Also to EVSCPs. (4) I suggest that all EHAs of a particular type, eg A2W, should be obliged to have a common element to their installer and end-user UI/UX for the aspects around energy saving and grid-friendly behaviour, so that installer set-up expertise and user familiarity is easily transferred across products, to give users agency in particular. (5) I suggest that for the benefit of homes with domestic batteries (BESS), larger heat pumps such as A2W ASHP should be configurable to operate far as possible within a constrained power limit that is within the power limit of the batteries, to minimise draw from the grid. But such limits might be ignored for critical events such as A2W defrosting, and if target temperatures (eg target DHW and radiator flow) temperatures are not being met within a reasonable time. This soft limit feature does not require any real-time control interaction between the heat pump and the battery. See also CAB response https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/policy/publications/citizens-advice-response-to-desnzs-smart-secure-electricity-systems-sses/ eg Quote: "Smart and flexible technologies have the potential to reduce bills and support system decarbonisation. However, these benefits will only be realised if appliances work in ways that are predictable, transparent and controllable in practice. Essential services such as heating must not become difficult to manage or understand as a result of smart or automated operation. Consumers need to know when and why their appliances behave differently, and to retain meaningful control, including the ability to override automated functions."},
}
@dataset{govUK2025outlook,
title={Research and analysis: Net Zero Technology Outlook},
author={{UK Government Office for Science}},
institution={{UK Government Office for Science}},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/net-zero-technology-outlook-report/net-zero-technology-outlook#heat-and-buildings},
urldate={2025-08-23},
abstract={The Net Zero Technology Outlook is a futures exercise that sets out a 'best estimate' of the technology mix needed in key emitting sectors to reach net zero by 2050, and identifies the research, development and demonstration (RD&D) needed to get there. The Outlook provides a strategic overview to help orient decision-making across government and the research community in support of the Clean Energy Superpower Mission. The Outlook does not reflect UK government policy or official positions.},
annote={Quote: "Heat and buildings: sector overview ... The majority of emissions in this sector (67%) come from residential buildings[footnote 2]. Most of the UK's current (old and poorly insulated) housing stock will likely remain in 2050. Household demand for space heating may decrease at a national level (assuming improved insulation and energy efficiency of housing stock), while cooling will likely increase towards 2050. ... Heating and cooling: Low or zero-carbon heating solutions: Heat pumps for space heating in residential and commercial buildings: mostly air-water, but also ground-water and air-air (the latter offering cooling potential) District heating: large heat pumps or exchangers sourcing heat from shallow ground, water (including mine water) and waste heat for densely populated areas and large buildings Resistive electric heating technologies and hybrid heat pump systems may play a niche role"},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
}
@www{govUK2025solar,
title={Policy paper: Solar roadmap},
author={{UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ)}},
institution={{UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ)}},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/solar-roadmap},
urldate={2026-07-01},
howpublished={\url{https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/685d6e483e6b7941f4e00afb/35.87_DESNZ_UK_Solar_Roadmap_final.pdf}},
year={2025},
month={06},
day={30},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={The Solar Roadmap details government and industry actions that will be delivered to radically increase the deployment of solar in all its forms across the UK.},
annote={Quote: "... although 45--47GW is our 2030 GB ambition for all solar, sufficient network capacity is available to exceed this level ..." Quote: "Plug-in solar can provide opportunities for households to adopt solar more cheaply, particularly for those in rented accommodation or flats. Currently, UK regulations do not allow plug-in solar to be used in the UK, but the government is working to explore its potential."},
}
@www{govUK2025visibility,
title={Open call for evidence: Improving the visibility of distributed energy assets},
author={{UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)}},
institution={UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/calls-for-evidence/improving-the-visibility-of-distributed-energy-assets},
urldate={2024-08-25},
year={2025},
month={07},
day={23},
howpublished={\url{https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6880af66901d5f8d471204e9/improving-the-visibility-of-distributed-energy-assets-call-for-evidence.pdf}},
abstract={Asset visibility refers to the ability to identify and understand the capacity, location, and use of devices that generate, store, or consume energy, including those capable of flexibility. Such devices include electric vehicle chargepoints, solar panel installations, heat pumps and domestic-scale electricity storage batteries. These assets operate locally (such as in homes), near the point of consumption, help households and businesses manage their energy use and are essential enablers of the government's Clean Energy Superpower Mission --- helping to make the UK a leader in clean energy by 2030. Asset visibility is essential for effective network planning, system resilience, and the growth of flexibility markets. All of which helps to minimise energy bills for consumers. This call for evidence seeks views on: the benefits of asset visibility; a strategic view, considering the flow of asset data from installation to day-to-day use; options for improving asset visibility.},
annote={Quote: "Even modest improvements can yield substantial benefits: a 1\% increase in network utilisation could avert between {\pound}0.6 billion and {\pound}1.4 billion in network investment costs by 2050..."},
annote={Personal response at https://www.earth.org.uk/img/consultation/govUK/20250904-govUK2025visibility-Improving-the-visibility-of-distributed-energy-assets.pdf},
}
@www{govUK2026WHP,
title={Families to save in biggest home upgrade plan in British history: Government launches Warm Homes Plan to upgrade the nation's homes, help families cut their energy bills, and tackle fuel poverty},
author={{UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)}},
institution={{UK DESNZ (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)}},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/news/families-to-save-in-biggest-home-upgrade-plan-in-british-history},
urldate={2026-01-21},
year={2026},
month={01},
day={20},
abstract={Government launches {\pound}15 billion Warm Homes Plan to help millions of families benefit from solar panels, batteries, heat pumps and insulation that can cut energy bills. A plan for all types of households, with targeted interventions for those on low incomes; upgrades for social housing; new protections for renters; and a universal offer for all households to upgrade homes if and when they want to. Plan will help lift up to one million families out of fuel poverty and tackle long term energy costs, following Government's intervention to take an average of {\pound}150 of costs off energy bills for all families this April.},
annote={[**CS1] [**UF] Effectively moving from fabric-first to cleantech-first (PV, battery, heat-pump). Rental: MEES rising to EPC C in 2030. See also https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ckgj7me00p0o Future Building Standard including solar PV by default and low carbon heating due in months. See also https://chaitanyakumark.substack.com/p/rip-fabric-first-a-closer-look-at and https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-what-uks-warm-homes-plan-means-for-climate-change-and-energy-bills/ Quote: "The warm homes plan sets out a new target to more than double the amount of heating provided using low-carbon heat networks --- up to 7\% of England's heating demand by 2035 and a fifth by 2050."},
}
@www{govUKconservation,
title={Conservation of fuel and power: Approved Document L},
author={{UK DLUHC (Department for Levelling Up Housing and Communities)}},
institution={UK DLUHC (Department for Levelling Up Housing and Communities)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/conservation-of-fuel-and-power-approved-document-l},
urldate={2023-05-18},
year={2014},
abstract={Building regulation in England setting standards for the energy performance of new and existing buildings.},
}
@dataset{govUKDUKES,
title={Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES)},
author={{UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ)} and {UK Department for Business Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS)}},
institution={{UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ)} and {UK Department for Business Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS)}},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/digest-of-uk-energy-statistics-dukes},
urldate={2025-01-09},
abstract={This series brings together all documents relating to the Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics (DUKES).},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
}
@article{gray2020podcast,
title={What is a Podcast?},
author={Gray, Colin},
howpublished={\url{https://rickbulow.com/Library/Books/Non-Fiction/Podcasts/HowToPodcastByColinGrayThePodcastHost.pdf}},
journal={Preuzeto},
volume={20},
year={2020},
annote={Quote: "... a podcast episode is just an audio file which you can subscribe to. This is done through a technology called RSS ..."},
}
%url={https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-Cv5Nu-Uss},
%urldate={2024-05-16},
@report{green2011performance,
title={The effect of Thermostatic Radiator Valves on heat pump performance},
author={Robert Green and Tony Knowles},
number={6507},
institution={UK Energy Saving Trust},
year={2011},
month={06},
url={https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/48226/3531-effect-radiator-valves-heat-pump-perf.pdf},
urldate={2023-03-30},
abstract={Standard radiator systems are often used to distribute heat within properties heated by heat pumps. It is good practice, in such cases, to use Thermostatic Radiator Valves (TRVs) to control the heat output from individual radiators. However, their use will increase the tendency for the heat pump to cycle on and off. It is not clear to what extent, if at all, cycling impairs the energy performance of the heat pump. A typical fixed speed Air Source Heat Pump (ASHP) was installed in one of the Test Houses at EA Technology and a series of test undertaken to systematically vary the heat rejection capacity of the Central Heating (CH) radiator system. Results are presented for both steady-state performance and for a range of on / off cycling. Results show that provided run-times exceed a minimum value (of between 4 and 8 minutes), on/off cycling has little discernible effect on Coefficient of Performance.},
annote={[**CS1] Quote: "The minimum run time can be increased by one or more of the following: Adding a buffer tank; Widening the return temperature dead-band (e.g. from, say, 5{\degree}C to 10{\degree}C); Altering the CH zoning to incorporate more radiators (and more water volume) within the reference zone." Quote: "... minimum run time is a parameter that can be readily designed for, provided information is known about heat outputs and water volume..."},
}
@www{GreenSoftware,
title={Green software},
institution={Green Software Foundation},
url={https://greensoftware.foundation/},
urldate={2024-04-02},
abstract={We are building a trusted ecosystem of people, standards, tooling and best practices for green software. Green software is software that is responsible for emitting fewer greenhouse gases. Our focus is reduction, not neutralisation.},
}
@article{grimalda2025numerical,
title={Money counts: effects of monetary vs. purely numerical values on the mental representation of quantities},
author={Grimalda, Gianluca and Ottoboni, Giovanni and Cappellini, Alessandro and Bonato, Mario and Ranzini, Mariagrazia},
ISSN={1430-2772},
url={https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00426-025-02118-z},
urldate={2025-04-14},
DOI={10.1007/s00426-025-02118-z},
journal={Psychological Research},
volume={89},
number={2},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
year={2025},
month={04},
day={11},
abstract={It has been established that humans use different cognitive models to represent and process numerical quantities. In this study, we investigated whether the representation of monetary values fundamentally differs from the representation of numbers. We also examined the influence of both socio/economic factors and mathematical ability on such representation. A group of adults (N = 272) were tested anonymously with a variant of the number-to-position task (Siegler & Opfer, 2003). They were asked to position on a horizontal line quantities expressed either in numerical format (e.g., 50) in the "Number" conditions or as monetary values (e.g., 50EUR) in the "Money" conditions. The extremes of the line consisted either of specific values (i.e. "2 or 2EUR" and "503 or 503EUR") in the "Fixed" conditions or of unspecific concepts of quantity (e.g., "little" and "a lot") in the "Fuzzy" conditions. A linear model, as opposed to a logarithmic one, provided the best fit of group average data in all experimental conditions except for the "Money-Fuzzy" condition. The percentages of absolute error were significantly larger for Money stimuli than Number stimuli in both Fixed and Fuzzy conditions. This is consistent with the law of diminishing marginal utility, which entails that the value of monetary quantities is described by a concave curve rather than a linear relationship. As expected from previous research, participants who were more used to spending large quantities of money were closer to the linear representation model. Participants with higher mathematical abilities represented numerical values more closely to a linear model, but no such effect was found for monetary quantities.},
annote={[**UA]},
}
@article{gruenwald2022asthma,
title={Population Attributable Fraction of Gas Stoves and Childhood Asthma in the United States},
volume={20},
ISSN={1660-4601},
url={https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/1/75},
urldate={2023-01-06},
DOI={10.3390/ijerph20010075},
number={1},
journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
publisher={MDPI AG},
author={Gruenwald, Talor and Seals, Brady A. and Knibbs, Luke D. and Hosgood, H. Dean},
year={2022},
month={12},
pages={75},
}
@article{guan2025mould,
title={Navigating Energy Efficiency and Mould Risk in Australian Low-Rise Homes: A Comparative Analysis of Nine External Wall Systems in Southeast Australia},
author={Guan, Liqun and Dewsbury, Mark and Wallis, Louise and Kuenzel, Hartwig},
url={https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/11/2843},
urldate={2025-06-02},
ISSN={1996-1073},
DOI={10.3390/en18112843},
number={11},
journal={Energies},
volume={18},
publisher={MDPI AG},
year={2025},
month={05},
day={29},
pages={2843},
annote={[**UF]},
}
@article{haberl2012correcting,
title={Correcting a fundamental error in greenhouse gas accounting related to bioenergy},
author={Helmut Haberl and Detlef Sprinz and Marc Bonazountas and Pierluigi Cocco and Yves Desaubies and Mogens Henze and Ole Hertel and Richard K. Johnson and Ulrike Kastrup and Pierre Laconte and Eckart Lange and Peter Novak and Jouni Paavola and Anette Reenberg and Sybille {van den Hove} and Theo Vermeire and Peter Wadhams and Timothy Searchinger},
journal={Energy Policy},
volume={45},
pages={18-23},
year={2012},
issn={0301-4215},
doi={10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.051},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512001681},
urldate={2022-12-25},
keywords={Bioenergy, Greenhouse gas emissions, Greenhouse gas accounting},
abstract={Many international policies encourage a switch from fossil fuels to bioenergy based on the premise that its use would not result in carbon accumulation in the atmosphere. Frequently cited bioenergy goals would at least double the present global human use of plant material, the production of which already requires the dedication of roughly 75\% of vegetated lands and more than 70\% of water withdrawals. However, burning biomass for energy provision increases the amount of carbon in the air just like burning coal, oil or gas if harvesting the biomass decreases the amount of carbon stored in plants and soils, or reduces carbon sequestration. Neglecting this fact results in an accounting error that could be corrected by considering that only the use of 'additional biomass' --- biomass from additional plant growth or biomass that would decompose rapidly if not used for bioenergy --- can reduce carbon emissions. Failure to correct this accounting flaw will likely have substantial adverse consequences. The article presents recommendations for correcting greenhouse gas accounts related to bioenergy.},
}
@article{hahn2022autoimmune,
title={Vitamin D and marine omega 3 fatty acid supplementation and incident autoimmune disease: VITAL randomized controlled trial},
author={Hahn, Jill and Cook, Nancy R and Alexander, Erik K and Friedman, Sonia and Walter, Joseph and Bubes, Vadim and Kotler, Gregory and Lee, I-Min and Manson, JoAnn E and Costenbader, Karen H},
url={https://www.bmj.com/content/376/bmj-2021-066452},
urldate={2025-04-08},
DOI={10.1136/bmj-2021-066452},
ISSN={1756-1833},
journal={BMJ},
publisher={BMJ},
year={2022},
month={01},
day={26},
annote={Quote: "Vitamin D supplementation for five years, with or without omega 3 fatty acids, reduced autoimmune disease by 22\%, while omega 3 fatty acid supplementation with or without vitamin D reduced the autoimmune disease rate by 15\% (not statistically significant). Both treatment arms showed larger effects than the reference arm (vitamin D placebo and omega 3 fatty acid placebo)."},
pages={e066452},
}
@article{hajizadehjavaran2026geothermal,
title={Groundwater and geothermal archetypes in Berlin, Germany},
author={Hajizadeh Javaran, Mohammad Reza and Kreitmair, Monika J. and Makasis, Nikolas and Blum, Philipp and Menberg, Kathrin},
url={https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40517-026-00375-8},
urldate={2026-02-20},
DOI={10.1186/s40517-026-00375-8},
journal={Geothermal Energy},
ISSN={2195-9706},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
year={2026},
month={02},
day={14},
annote={[**UF] Better understading geothermal and GSHP space-heat resources.},
}
@report{hampton2023superhub,
title={Energy Superhub Oxford Final Report},
author={Hampton, S and Azzouz, L and Fawcett, T and Grunewald, P and Howey, D and Kumtepeli, V and Mould, T and Rose, T},
year={2023},
month={04},
url={https://energysuperhuboxford.org/},
urldate={2023-10-10},
howpublished={\url{https://energysuperhuboxford.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/ESO-Final-Report-V7.pdf}},
edition={7},
abstract={Energy Superhub Oxford (ESO) is a GBP41m demonstration project delivering innovation in smart local energy systems. As countries around the world embark on energy transitions to decarbonise their economies, decentralised and digitised solutions are increasingly important in delivering power, heat and mobility to users. Exploring options for smart local energy systems is a key UK priority.},
annote={Quote: "ESO set out to demonstrate and test smart heat pump operation combined with time-of-use pricing to reduce running costs. Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) were installed by Kensa Contracting in 57 social housing properties in Blackbird Leys, an Oxford suburb. A further five GSHPs coupled with heat-batteries were trialled in Sonning Common, South Oxfordshire. ... Most tenants were dissatisfied with their previous heating systems (electric storage heaters) in terms of both cost and comfort, used pre-payment meters and were on low incomes. Overall, tenants expressed high levels of satisfaction with their new heating and hot water systems, the installation process, and customer support. Several tenants reported saving up to 50\% on their energy bills. General satisfaction with the systems has not been affected by the energy price crisis of 2022-23."},
}
@www{handley2022hours,
title={How many hours a day should heating be on in the UK and what's the ideal room temperature?},
url={https://www.goodto.com/family/money-news/how-many-hours-a-day-should-heating-be-on-uk},
urldate={2022-12-05},
annote={Quote: "On average, most people who work a typical 9 to 5 job will set their heating to come on in the early morning for a few hours and be turned off until they arrive home in the evening, this averages around 8 hours a day. However, for those at home throughout the day, it's best to try and limit the number of hours you have the heating on."},
year={2022},
month={11},
}
@inproceedings{hanmer2019load,
title={Load shifting with smart home heating controls: satisfying thermal comfort preferences},
author={Hanmer, Clare and Shipworth, David and Shipworth, Michelle and Johnson, Charlotte},
booktitle={Eceee Summer Study Proceedings},
pages={1377--1386},
year={2019},
institution={ECEEE},
url={https://www.eceee.org/library/conference_proceedings/eceee_Summer_Studies/2019/8-buildings-technologies-and-systems-beyond-energy-efficiency/load-shifting-with-smart-home-heating-controls-satisfying-thermal-comfort-preferences/},
urldate={2023-04-12},
howpublished={\url{https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10105003/1/8-098-19_Hanmer%20et%20al%20%27Load%20shifting%20with%20smart%20home%20heating%20controls%27.pdf}},
abstract={This paper investigates how UK households react to changes in daily heating patterns from a hybrid heat pump and the altered diurnal temperature profiles, which result from these new heating patterns. In the UK over 80 \% of homes are heated by gas boiler heating water circulating through radiators. Most emissions reduction scenarios include a major shift to electric heat pumps. This would change home heating dynamics significantly because UK households are habituated to significant temperature fluctuations over the day as gas boilers are typically only operated in the morning and evening. Electric heat pumps run for longer at lower outputs than gas boilers and are likely to require demand management to shift times of heating operation away from electricity network peaks. Consequently the patterns of both heat delivery and the resultant room temperatures are likely to change, flattening the diurnal temperature profiles currently found in UK homes. Results are presented from a UK trial in which conventional gas boilers were replaced by a "hybrid" combination of electric heat pump and gas boiler, operated by smart heating controllers. Setpoint and actual temperature data from heating controllers in 71 homes were analysed and compared with data from conventional heating controllers in 3,579 homes. Interviews with 11 households explored residents' reactions to the changed heat delivery patterns from the heat pump. Interview responses indicated that residents' temperature requirements are not simply linked to patterns of occupancy but also to the timing of practices taking place in the home, such as childcare. Analysis of setpoint data showed temperature settings were adjusted manually upwards in the evening in a significant proportion of trial homes, indicating a change in temperature requirements at this point in the day. The implications for home heating control and demand management are discussed, in particular the need to satisfy varying temperature requirements at different times of day.},
annote={Quote: "Residents must adjust from choosing when they want the heating to run, to choosing when they want to be warm and allowing the control algorithms to operate the heat sources to deliver this warmth." Quote: "The response to higher nighttime temperatures was less positive. Of the sample of eleven trialists interviewed, four were unhappy with high temperatures at night. ... This highlights a potential resistance to heating transition in the UK where people are accustomed to low temperatures when sleeping and may react negatively to higher nighttime temperatures. Heating and building design features such as zoning of bedrooms (so that they can be controlled at lower temperatures) could mitigate these negative reactions." Quote: "If, following a widespread transition, manual increases in setpoint occurred in many homes at peak demand times, this might reduce the potential for demand management. Unscheduled increases in setpoints could not be matched by pre-heating at periods of low demand since the control algorithm is not able to anticipate changes not entered in advance in the schedule."},
}
@misc{hannemose2019lena,
author={Morten Rieger Hannemose},
title={Recreated Lena Picture},
year={2019},
url={https://mortenhannemose.github.io/lena/},
urldate={2024-08-26},
abstract={Are you writing a publication where you want to use the Lena picture, but don't want to support its troubled origin? I offer to you my recreation of the Lena/Lenna picture, which you can use to your hearts content.},
}
@www{harford2019qwerty,
title={How did the qwerty keyboard become so popular?},
author={Tim Harford},
publisher={BBC World Service},
year={2019},
month={04},
url={https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-47460499},
urldate={2023-11-03},
annote={Quote: "Many people think that qwerty is a bad one - in fact, that it was deliberately designed to be slow and awkward."},
}
@report{harris2023heatpumps,
title={Research Briefing: Heat Pumps},
author={Ben Harris and Alan Walker},
institution={UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST)},
url={https://post.parliament.uk/research-briefings/post-pn-0699/},
urldate={2023-08-07},
year={2023},
month={07},
howpublished={\url{https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/POST-PN-0699/POST-PN-0699.pdf}},
abstract={This POSTnote considers advances in heat pump technology, their suitability for UK properties, barriers to deployment and government policy support mechanisms.},
annote={Quote: "A third of UK energy consumption is used for heating, mostly in the domestic sector. Three quarters of energy used for heating is from burning fossil fuels, primarily natural gas. The Climate Change Committee* projects that, to reach net zero, domestic heat pumps will be needed in at least half, but likely closer to 80\%, of homes by 2050. Heat pumps are widely used in some European countries, such as Norway (60\% of homes) and Sweden (43\%), but account for 1\% of UK homes." Quote: "For efficient operation, heat pumps and emitters should be sized to match the heating demand of the building. Undersized heat pumps will not achieve the desired building temperatures. Oversized heat pumps will operate at partial load, which reduces efficiency, although improved compressor technology has reduced this effect. Continuous low temperature operation is generally the most energy efficient way to use a heat pump. Most people use gas boilers on demand, so user education is required to switch heating patterns." Quote: "If insulation is considered it should ideally be installed before a heat pump so that the heat pump is correctly sized."},
}
@article{hart-davis1969reactions,
author={Hart-Davis, A. J. and Mawby, R. J.},
title={Reactions of {\pi}-indenyl complexes of transition metals. Part I. Kinetics and mechanisms of reactions of tricarbonyl-{\pi}-indenylmethylmolybdenum with phosphorus(III) ligands},
journal={J. Chem. Soc. A},
year={1969},
pages={2403--2407},
publisher={The Royal Society of Chemistry},
doi={10.1039/J19690002403},
url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/J19690002403},
urldate={2023-10-04},
abstract={Reactions of tricarbonyl--indenylmethylmolybdenum with phosphorus ligands yield{,} in the first instance{,} products of the same type as those obtained from the analogous -cyclopentadienyl complex. The rates of reaction{,} both in tetrahydrofuran and in n-hexane{,} are however appreciably faster than those for the -cyclopentadienyl complex. Possible explanations for this increase in rate are discussed.In all cases{,} the initial product undergoes a further reaction which is believed to be an isomerization similar to those previously described for complexes of the type (-CH)Mo(CO)(L)I."},
language={en-gb},
}
@article{hart-davis1998catalytic,
author={Hart-Davis, Jason and Battioni, Pierrette and Boucher, Jean-Luc and Mansuy, Daniel},
title={New Catalytic Properties of Iron Porphyrins: Model Systems for Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed Dehydration of Aldoximes},
journal={Journal of the American Chemical Society},
volume={120},
number={48},
pages={12524-12530},
year={1998},
doi={10.1021/ja981805y},
URL={https://doi.org/10.1021/ja981805y},
language={en-gb},
}
@www{hart-davis2001virus,
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
title={Press V for Virus},
journal={NEW SCIENTIST},
volume={169},
number={2275},
pages={43},
year={2001},
month={01},
day={27},
url={https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16922754-600-press-v-for-virus/},
urldate={2023-02-22},
language={en-gb},
ISSN={0262-4079},
abstract={Heard the one about the little old lady who was terrified to go into a computer shop in case she caught a dangerous virus?},
language={en-gb},
annote={Quote: "The bulk e-mailer is an information virus that uses the human mind as a host for one part of its life cycle and the computer for the other. The computer does the rapid replicating, while the human provides the resources and adds variation to stir new interest each time. This is a nasty meme, or, to borrow from Richard Dawkins, it becomes a ``virus of the mind''."},
}
@www{hart-davis2012smart,
title={On Smart Heating For Small Buildings in the UK},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
url={https://www.earth.org.uk/note-on-smart-heating.html},
urldate={2025-10-18},
year={2012},
month={10},
day={30},
howpublished={\url{https://www.earth.org.uk/img/2012/20121030SmallScaleSmartHeating.odp}},
abstract={This looks at what we could do to 'smarten up' heating circa 2012, for UK homes. Also for small premises such as community centres, small retailers, schools etc, including: * Some background information on what really good heating controls are out there. And what research has been done to determine actual performance. * Sketches of some better/smarter heating controls that might be piloted.},
annote={Presentation at DECC (UK Department of Energy and Climate Change) 2012-10-30.},
language={en-gb},
}
@www{hart-davis2014opentrv,
title={OpenTRV: resource-constained computing: less is more},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
publisher={FOSDEM VZW},
url={https://av.tib.eu/media/32595},
urldate={2023-01-22},
doi={10.5446/32595},
year={2014},
month={02},
day={02},
copyright={CC Attribution 2.0 Belgium},
abstract={A talk about work so far on OpenTRV. OpenTRV sets out to make it easy to save lots of energy by not heating rooms that you're not in, and by no longer trying to use a single thermostat to get your whole house comfortable. OpenTRV also allows a simple schedule to be set (no complex displays though!) and tries to anticipate when you'll need heating to improve comfort while boosting efficiency. OpenTRV is designed to be simple to (retro-)fit to existing UK housing stock with radiator central heating. OpenTRV runs on PICAXE and AVR/ATMega microcontrollers drawing micro-watts to run for a year or two on AA cells while saving you kilowatts in space heating and is completely open source (Apache/SolderPad), software and hardware. We like to call it FOSSH - "free open source software and hardware". We've been working on a combination of open hardware and software projects this year to prove the concept that retrofitted programmable thermostatic radiator valves can reduce the energy required to heat a house and ...},
keywords={OpenTRV, Thermostatic Radiator Valve, TRV, energy efficiency, microcontroller, FOSSH, Information Technology},
howpublished={\url{https://www.earth.org.uk/OpenTRV/talks/FOSDEM2014/opentrv-FOSDEM.pdf}},
language={en-gb},
}
@www{hart-davis2017haas,
title={Energy Game Changer: HaaS (Heating as a Service) Lite Intro},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
url={https://www.earth.org.uk/EGC-Energy-Game-Changer-intro.html},
urldate={2022-12-05},
number={EOU-EGC-Energy-Game-Changer-intro},
year={2017},
month={06},
day={19},
language={en-gb},
}
@report{hart-davis2017social,
title={In Brief: Social Housing Case Study, Radbot by OpenTRV},
author={Damon Hart-Davis and {OpenTRV}},
url={https://www.earth.org.uk/whitepaper-OpenTRV-TRV1.5-North-London-trial-winter-2016.html},
urldate={2025-11-18},
howpublished={\url{https://www.earth.org.uk/img/OpenTRV/Social-Housing-case-study-20171208-1.pdf}},
keywords={cost, comfort, control, TRV, zoning, microzoning, energy, efficiency, home, domestic, space, heating, trial},
number={EOU-whitepaper-OpenTRV-TRV1.5-North-London-trial-winter-2016},
language={en-gb},
year={2017},
month={12},
day={08},
edition={1},
abstract={Cost, comfort, control. Brief on OpenTRV's 58-home winter field trial of its TRV1.X smart thermostatic radiator valve in Wembley/Brent social housing.},
}
@www{hart-davis202216ww,
title={16WW Eddi PV DHW Diverter Export Margin Analysis (2022-08)},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
url={https://www.earth.org.uk/eddi-diverter-export-margin-analysis.html},
urldate={2022-11-30},
number={EOU-eddi-diverter-export-margin-analysis},
year={2022},
month={08},
day={19},
language={en-gb},
keywords={UK, London, Kingston-upon-Thames, 2023, snapshot, domestic, behind-the-meter, storage, heat, heat battery, solar, PV, diversion, eddi, grid, export, margin, modelling},
abstract={As more microgeneration is added to the grid, whether behind the meter or elsewhere, optimising the nuanced interactions between generation, storage and the wider grid becomes increasingly important. For example, sometimes the Eddi solar PV diverter at 16WW diverts energy to the Sunamp Thermino heat battery even at times of peak grid demand (eg early evening), because that is when the Thermino has autonomously decided that it is no longer full and can accept more energy. It would be better to be more grid-friendly and spill more generation to grid especially at these times, without losing too much 'free' hot water (DHW). It would probably be best to dynamically vary the Eddi "Export Margin" based on time of day or grid state, but this is not possible as of 2022-08. Therefore, simple modelling was performed to pick a new fixed value for the Export Margin, and the results were somewhat unexpected! Raising the margin from the current 100W to around 400W has proved possible without significant loss of diversion-heated DHW, providing much higher support to the grid when excess generation beyond in-home electrical needs is available. This slightly less 'greedy' approach may be widely applicable in similar systems, while being easy and free to implement.},
}
@dataset{hart-davis2022margin,
title={16WW Eddi PV DHW Diverter Export Margin Analysis (2022-08) data and code},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
doi={10.5281/zenodo.10252415},
url={https://www.earth.org.uk/img/analytic/Eddi-Export-Margin-202208/},
urldate={2023-12-03},
year={2022},
publisher={Zenodo},
copyright={Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal},
abstract={Code to support 16WW Eddi Export Margin analysis at https://www.earth.org.uk/eddi-diverter-export-margin-analysis.html page. The file net_energy_2019_2020_2021.xz is an XZ (LZMA) compressed catenation of all the 2019 2020 2021 Enphase data used in the model, as a safe separate snapshot. The Enphase data is published under a CC0 licence. Model output/results are published under a CC0 licence. All code elements here are published under an Apache 2.0 licence.},
address={Willingham Way, Kingston-upon-Thames, London, UK.},
city={London, UK},
language={en-gb},
}
% https://github.com/DamonHD/eddi-diverter-export-margin-analysis/releases/tag/V1.0.0
% https://www.earth.org.uk/img/analytic/Eddi-Export-Margin-202208/
@dataset{hart-davis2022series,
title={16WW Energy Series Dataset},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
url={https://www.earth.org.uk/energy-series-dataset.html},
urldate={2023-04-13},
year={2022},
month={04},
day={30},
language={en-gb},
keywords={UK, London, Kingston-upon-Thames, 16WW, domestic, energy, series, kWh, behind-the-meter, storage, heat, heat battery, solar, PV, diversion, eddi, grid, export},
copyright={Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal},
abstract={Consolidated and normalised/aligned auto-updating view of 16WW energy series, gas, electricity, off-grid, kWh by year and month and day, including machine readable versions, sonifications, and dependencies.},
language={en-gb},
}
@patent{hart-davis2022thermostatic,
title={Radiator thermostatic control},
author={Damon Hart-Davis and Deniz Erbilgin and Andrew Daniel Bard and Mark Jason Hill},
year={2022},
month={08},
day={31},
url={https://www.ipo.gov.uk/p-ipsum/Case/PublicationNumber/GB2594749},
urldate={2023-10-16},
number={GB2594749},
abstract={A system for controlling a radiator valve by using a sensor to obtain a current temperature measurement, and then operating a motor to change a valve position based on the temperature measured. If the temperature is within a first range of a target temperature, the valve is maintained in the current position and if the temperature is outside the first range but within a second range greater than the first then the valve position is adjusted by a first amount or at a first speed. The system may obtain measurements of light intensity in the environment or detect if the environment is occupied or not and change the first and second ranges based on these factors. A method where the system also can determine if the temperature is outside the first and second ranges but within a third, even greater range to adjust the valve position by a third amount or speed that is greater than the second amount or speed.},
keywords={ACTUATING-FLOATS;BLASTING;COCKS;DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING;DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS;DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATINGSYSTEMS;ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR;ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS;GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVEFUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS;HEATING;LIGHTING;RANGES;TAPS;THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL;VALVES;VENTILATING;WEAPONS},
annote={GB Patent GB2,605,102 A; GB2594749B},
address={UK},
publisher={UK Intellectual Property Office},
language={en-gb},
howpublished={\url{https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/ee/81/49/32f381240ea41c/GB2594749B.pdf}},
}
%subject={Mechanical Engineering},
%url={https://patents.google.com/patent/GB2605102A/en},
%url={https://patents.google.com/patent/GB2594749B/},
@dataset{hart-davis2023bibliography,
title={Earth.Org.UK (EOU) general BibTeX bibliography snapshot},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
doi={10.5281/ZENODO.10205024},
url={https://www.earth.org.uk/db.bibliography/general.bib},
urldate={2023-11-24},
publisher={Zenodo},
copyright={Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal},
abstract={A general public bibliography for Earth Notes and research on UK wet heating retrofit and related topics.},
language={en-gb},
}
%year = {2023},
%month = {11},
%day = {24},
%edition={20231124},
% 2023-11-24 snapshot DOI 10.5281/ZENODO.10205025
@dataset{hart-davis2023central,
title={{EOU} {UK} central heating on/off date micro-survey result 2017 to 2023},
author={Damon Hart-Davis},
doi={10.5061/dryad.wstqjq2t6},
url={https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.wstqjq2t6},
urldate={2023-11-12},
keywords={UK, heating, central heating, space heating, Months, on, off, survey, micro, straw poll, Social media, Twitter, on-line, self-reporting, FOS: Physical sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, energy, Carbon, waste, Climate},
language={en-gb},
publisher={Dryad},
year={2023},
month={11},
day={08},
edition={7},
copyright={Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal},
abstract={When do UK Twitter users (2017 to 2022) turn their central heating fully off, by month? This informal periodic survey on social media suggests that a substantial fraction of respondents (up to 10\%) leave their central heating on year-round, which may lead to unnecessary energy consumption and carbon emissions.},
}
@dataset{hart-davis2023EOUdata,
title={Earth.Org.UK (EOU) public data snapshot},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
doi={10.5281/zenodo.10206489},
url={https://www.earth.org.uk/out/monthly/public-data-files.tar.xz},
urldate={2023-11-25},
publisher={Zenodo},
copyright={Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal},
abstract={16WW domestic energy and related data, including time series, Kingston-upon-Thames, London, UK.},
address={Willingham Way, Kingston-upon-Thames, London, UK.},
city={London, UK},
language={en-gb},
}
%year = {2023},
%month = {11},
%day = {25},
%edition={20231125},
% 2023-11-25 snapshot DOI 10.5281/zenodo.10206490
@misc{hart-davis2023EOUoffline,
url={https://www.earth.org.uk/out/monthly/main-pages-archive.zip},
urldate={2023-11-13},
title={Earth.Org.UK main pages offline archive},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
abstract={An offline snapshot of EOU (earth.org.uk) main pages, periodically updated to point to a recent snapshot. Start at index.html.},
doi={10.5281/zenodo.10119195},
language={en-gb},
}
%year={2023},
%month={11},
%day={13},
@www{hart-davis2023house,
title={statsHouse: Turning house energy stats into house music mechanically},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
url={https://github.com/DamonHD/statsHouse},
urldate={2024-10-27},
year={2023},
address={UK},
copyright={Apache License Version 2.0},
keywords={UK, domestic, energy, stats, statistics, house, music, sonification},
doi={10.5281/zenodo.11352181},
abstract={Converting homogeneous and heterogeneous (CSV) data sets into MIDI.},
language={en-gb},
}
@www{hart-davis2023retrofits,
title={{UK} Homes Wet Heating Retrofits Needed for {Net Zero}},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
year={2023},
month={03},
day={15},
edition={2},
url={https://www.earth.org.uk/UK-homes-needing-retrofit.html},
urldate={2023-03-21},
keywords={UK, England, Kingston-upon-Thames, 2023, snapshot, homes, domestic, housing stock, housing, retrofit, heating, space heating, central heating, wet, hydronic, optimise, heatpump, heat-pump, gas, boiler, net zero, climate, climate change, emissions},
abstract={If the UK is to meet its Net Zero targets so as to have sufficient impact on reducing climate change, the ~10\% to 20\% of UK greenhouse gas emissions from home heating will need to be minimised or eliminated. This paper takes a quick snapshot of the UK in 2023 and estimates the number of already-standing homes that will need their current gas-fired wet (radiator-based) heating systems retrofitted by 2050, and some hard-to-treat cases. This snapshot also briefly drills down via England to the suburb of London (Kingston) where the author lives. In practice it appears that virtually all of these gas-boiler homes could have their space heating electrified with heat pumps to good climate effect.},
language={en-gb},
}
@www{hart-davis2023TRVmodel,
title={{TRVmodel}: {TRV} energy modelling in home heating},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
url={https://github.com/DamonHD/TRVmodel},
urldate={2023-11-12},
year={2023},
address={UK},
copyright={Apache License Version 2.0},
keywords={UK, domestic, heating, retrotfit, central heating, space heating, TRV, thermostatic radiator valve, zoning, heat pump},
doi={10.15126/900901},
abstract={This model explores the interaction between wet/hydronic central heating systems typical of the UK, and that will generally have to be retrofitted from gas-fired to heat pump by 2050, and TRVs (Thermostatic Radiator Valves) in those systems to micro-zone for comfort and efficiency. Heat-pump designers/installers have been concerned that while TRVs and zoning can lower heat demand, they may raise electricity demand (and thus carbon footprint) for the heating system. This model looks at various plausible UK scenarios at up to 1h resolution over 10 years, and indicates that the problem can indeed exist with very 'tight' temperature regulation, eg using "load compensation". But this "bad setback effect" goes away with pure "weather compensation", at the cost of looser temperature regulation.},
annote={TRVmodel TRV-and-heat-pump interaction model code and data in GitHub.},
language={en-gb},
}
%edition={V0.9.3},
% V0.9.3 2023-11-20 DOI 10.15126/900901 University of Surrey instance
% V0.9.4 2023-11-12 DOI 10.5281/zenodo.10116281 "Zenodo release"
% Generic 2023-11-12 DOI 10.5281/zenodo.10116280 Zenodo
@unpublished{hart-davis2023waste,
title={Do Thermostatic Radiator Valves Waste Energy in UK Heat Pump Retrofits? (PREPRINT)},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon and Liu, Lirong and Leach, Matthew},
url={https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202312.1608/v1},
urldate={2023-12-21},
year={2023},
month={12},
day={21},
address={UK},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
keywords={TRV, zoning, heat pump, decarbonising, domestic, space heating, energy efficiency, retrofit, controls},
doi={10.20944/preprints202312.1608.v1},
howpublished={\url{https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202312.1608/v1/download}},
abstract={PREPRINT: Domestic heating systems in the UK and across northern Europe are responsible for a substantial fraction of their countries' carbon footprints. In the UK the vast majority of home space heating is via natural gas boilers with 'wet' hydronic radiator systems. Most of those use TRVs (Thermostatic Radiator Valves) to avoid overheating, improve comfort and save energy. To meet Net Zero targets 20 million such UK gas systems may be retrofitted with heat pumps. Heat pump system designers and installers are cautious about retaining TRVs in such retrofitted systems in part because of worries that TRV temperature setbacks that lower heat demand may actually raise heat pump electricity demand in a "bad setback effect", thus wasting energy. This paper presents a new view of heat pump control and provides the first exploration of this issue, modelling one such industry claim, and finds that though real it should not apply to typical UK retrofits with weather compensation. The energy efficiency benefits of TRVs for older and partly-occupied homes, and to keep bedrooms cooler, remain valid. Comfort-seeking householders and installers should know that setting 'stiff' temperature regulation may invoke the bad setback effect and cost dearly in energy and carbon footprint.},
annote={PREPRINT: NOT PEER REVIEWED},
language={en-gb},
}
% shortDOI={10/mk67}
@dataset{hart-davis2024central,
title={{EOU} {UK} central heating on/off date micro-survey result 2024},
author={Damon Hart-Davis},
doi={10.5061/dryad.bzkh189mh},
url={https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.bzkh189mh},
urldate={2024-12-22},
keywords={UK, heating, central heating, space heating, Months, on, off, survey, micro, straw poll, Social media, Mastodon, Fediverse, on-line, self-reporting, FOS: Physical sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, energy, Carbon, waste, Climate},
language={en-gb},
publisher={Dryad},
year={2024},
month={12},
day={22},
edition={4},
copyright={Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal},
abstract={When do UK Mastodon/Fediverse users (2024) turn their central heating fully off, by month? This informal periodic survey on social media suggests that a substantial fraction of respondents (up to 10%) leave their central heating on year-round, which may lead to unnecessary energy consumption and carbon emissions.},
annote={Secondary DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34151.76964},
crossref={hart-davis2023central},
}
% doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.34151.76964},
@conference{hart-davis2024feeds,
title={Podcast Feeds: The Problem},
author={Damon Hart-Davis},
booktitle={LOCO 2024: 1st International Workshop on Low Carbon Computing},
url={https://www.sicsa.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/LOCO2024_paper_2.pdf},
urldate={2026-01-09},
howpublished={\url{https://www.earth.org.uk/img/research/RSS-efficiency/pub/20241203-LOCO24-lightning-talk.pdf}},
year={2024},
month={12},
day={03},
abstract={Centralised social media systems are somewhat out of favour in 2024 for reasons from fake news and privacy to the actions of single billionaire owners. Federated and more decentralised systems such as Mastodon and the Fediverse, plain old email, and RSS feeds including podcasts, are cool again. With much of the workings being out of sight for ordinary users, and in a system designed before intermittent renewable power generation was a thing, podcasting and RSS in particular are unnecessarily wasting an appreciable portion of their bandwidth and CPU time, and adding to climate change. Indeed, key players are consuming orders of magnitude more resources across their systems and others than necessary. There are already several simple and widely-used technical mechanisms that could help, but many participants are ignoring them. This paper suggests some sustainability improvements for various elements of the ecosystem that should be largely transparent to end users, including Cache-Control, conditional GET and skipHours, saving likely much more than 100kWh per day of electricity globally.},
annote={Lightning talk. Also see https://www.earth.org.uk/RSS-efficiency.html for background and links. Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wlus5KHbBDY\&t=585s See proceedings at https://arxiv.org/html/2601.02898/ },
}
@www{hart-davis2024RSS,
title={{RSS} Podcast Feed Inefficiency},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
year={2024},
month={04},
day={02},
url={https://www.earth.org.uk/RSS-efficiency.html},
urldate={2024-09-20},
keywords={RSS, podcasting, efficiency, climate, skipHours, Cache-Control, rate limiting},
abstract={Centralised social media systems are somewhat out of favour in 2024 for reasons from fake news and privacy to the actions of single billionaire owners. Federated and more decentralised systems such as Mastodon and the Fediverse, plain old email, and RSS feeds including podcasts, are cool again. With much of the workings being out of sight for ordinary users, and in a system designed before intermittent renewable power generation was a thing, podcasting and RSS in particular are unnecessarily wasting an appreciable portion of their bandwidth and CPU time, and adding to climate change. Indeed, key players are consuming orders of magnitude more resources across their systems and others than necessary. There are already several simple and widely-used technical mechanisms that could help, but many participants are ignoring them. This paper suggests some sustainability improvements for various elements of the ecosystem that should be largely transparent to end users, including Cache-Control, conditional GET and skipHours, saving likely much more than 100kWh per day of electricity globally.},
language={en-gb},
}
@dataset{hart-davis2024RSSdata,
title={{RSS} Feed Efficiency Study Dataset},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
doi={10.5281/zenodo.13292718},
url={https://zenodo.org/records/13292718},
urldate={2025-02-18},
year={2024},
month={12},
publisher={Zenodo},
copyright={Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal},
abstract={Dataset for work on improving overall RSS bandwidth, CPU and thus carbon efficiency, data from 2024-03 to 2024-12.},
language={en-gb},
}
@article{hart-davis2024zone,
title={To Zone or Not to Zone When Upgrading a Wet Heating System from Gas to Heat Pump for Maximum Climate Impact: A {UK} View},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon and Liu, Lirong and Leach, Matthew},
doi={10.3390/su16114710},
url={https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/11/4710},
urldate={2024-05-31},
howpublished={\url{https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/11/4710/pdf}},
year={2024},
month={05},
day={31},
journal={Sustainability},
publisher={{MDPI} {AG}},
volume={16},
number={11},
ISSN={2071-1050},
address={Centre for Environment and Sustainability (CES), University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
keywords={TRV, zoning, heat pump, decarbonising, domestic, space heating, energy efficiency, retrofit, controls},
abstract={Domestic heating systems across northern Europe are responsible for a substantial fraction of their countries' carbon footprints. In the UK, the vast majority of home space heating is via natural gas boilers with 'wet' hydronic radiator systems. Most of those use TRVs (thermostatic radiator valves) for micro-zoning, to avoid overheating, improve comfort and save energy. To meet Net Zero targets, 20 million such UK gas systems may be retrofitted with heat pumps. Heat pump system designers and installers are cautious about retaining TRVs in such systems in part because of worries that TRV temperature setbacks that lower heat demand may raise heat pump electricity demand in a "bad setback effect", thus wasting energy. This paper presents a new view of heat pump control and provides the first exploration of this issue through the development of a simple physics-based model. The model tests an installation industry claim about the negative effect of TRVs, and finds that though real it should not apply to typical UK retrofits with weather compensation. The energy efficiency benefits of TRVs for older and partly occupied homes, and to keep bedrooms cooler, remain valid. Comfort-seeking householders and installers should know that setting 'stiff' temperature regulation may invoke the bad setback effect and cost dearly in energy and carbon footprint.},
language={en-gb},
}
@www{hart-davis2025BMFH,
title={{BuildingModelsForHeating}: Models of building for heating simulations and similar},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
url={https://github.com/DamonHD/BuildingModelsForHeating},
urldate={2025-09-11},
year={2025},
address={UK},
copyright={Apache License Version 2.0},
keywords={UK, domestic, heating, retrotfit, central heating, space heating, TRV, thermostatic radiator valve, zoning, heat pump, EnergyPlus, model},
doi={10.5281/zenodo.15039795},
abstract={Reworks 10.15126/900901 with EnergyPlus, and other exploration.},
annote={WIP: TRV-and-heat-pump interaction EnergyPlus model code and data in GitHub.},
language={en-gb},
}
@www{hart-davis2025feeds,
title={Lightning Talk: Podcast Feeds},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
publisher={FOSDEM VZW},
url={https://fosdem.org/2025/schedule/event/fosdem-2025-6839-lightning-talk-podcast-feeds/},
howpublished={\url{https://www.earth.org.uk/img/research/RSS-efficiency/pub/20241203-LOCO24-lightning-talk.pdf}},
urldate={2025-02-02},
year={2025},
month={02},
day={02},
language={en-gb},
abstract={Centralised social media systems are somewhat out of favour in 2024 for reasons from fake news and privacy to the actions of single billionaire owners. Federated and more decentralised systems such as Mastodon and the Fediverse, plain old email, and RSS feeds including podcasts, are cool again. With much of the workings being out of sight for ordinary users, and in a system designed before intermittent renewable power generation was a thing, podcasting and RSS in particular are unnecessarily wasting an appreciable portion of their bandwidth and CPU time, and adding to climate change. Indeed, key players are consuming orders of magnitude more resources across their systems and others than necessary. There are already several simple and widely-used technical mechanisms that could help, but many participants are ignoring them. This paper suggests some sustainability improvements for various elements of the ecosystem that should be largely transparent to end users, including Cache-Control, conditional GET and skipHours, saving likely much more than 100kWh per day of electricity globally.},
annote={Video at https://video.fosdem.org/2025/h2214/fosdem-2025-6839-lightning-talk-podcast-feeds.av1.webm also.},
}
@dataset{hart-davis2025hogsmill,
title={Hogsmill River Bridge at Villiers Road Kingston-upon-Thames Bat Activity},
author={Damon Hart-Davis},
doi={10.5281/zenodo.17478783},
url={https://zenodo.org/records/17478783},
urldate={2025-10-29},
howpublished={\url{https://www.earth.org.uk/bats-at-Hogsmill-bridge-dataset.html}},
keywords={bat, Chiroptera, urban, London, England, UK, river, bridge, activity, observation},
language={en-gb},
publisher={Zenodo},
year={2025},
month={10},
day={29},
edition={1},
copyright={Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal},
abstract={Bat activity at the Hogsmill River bridge over Villiers Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, London, KT1 3AR, UK},
}
annote={See https://www.earth.org.uk/bats-at-Hogsmill-bridge-dataset.html},
@audio{hart-davis2025promo,
title={AI Promo Rap Style Video},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
url={https://www.earth.org.uk/AI-promo-video.html},
urldate={2025-10-16},
year={2025},
month={10},
day={13},
language={en-gb},
abstract={Can it be ethical and sustainable to use AI to support a creative work, for example to make a fun promo video clip for this podcast? I made two, rap and '60s TV style (see the show notes)...},
}
@article{hart-davis2025sustech,
title={Sustainable Tech},
author={Hart-Davis, Damon},
url={https://www.earth.org.uk/img/teaching/2025//20251028-Sustainable-Tech.pptx},
howpublished={\url{https://www.earth.org.uk/img/teaching/2025//20251028-Sustainable-Tech.pdf}},
urldate={2025-10-15},
year={2025},
month={10},
day={28},
language={en-gb},
keywords={innovation, sustainable, technology},
annote={An undergraduate lecture for University of Surrey module BMS3105 on 2025-10-28 on innovation and sustainable technology. See img/teaching/2025//20251028-Sustainable-Tech.pptx for original.},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
}
@www{heatpumpMonitor,
title={HeatpumpMonitor.org: An open source initiative to share and compare heat pump performance data},
url={https://heatpumpmonitor.org},
urldate={2022-12-04},
}
@article{helin2025mobility,
title={Intergenerational mobility into doctoral education across Europe},
author={Helin, Jouni and Koerselman, Kristian and Nokkala, Terhi and R{\"a}ikk{\"o}nen, Eija},
DOI={10.1162/euso.a.23},
url={https://direct.mit.edu/euso/article/doi/10.1162/euso.a.23/131240/Intergenerational-mobility-into-doctoral-education},
urldate={2025-06-13},
howpublished={\url{https://direct.mit.edu/euso/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/euso.a.23/2529862/euso.a.23.pdf}},
journal={European Societies},
ISSN={1469-8307},
publisher={{MIT} Press},
year={2025},
month={06},
day={06},
pages={1--22},
}
@www{HElisted,
title={Listed Buildings},
institution={Historic England},
url={https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/what-is-designation/listed-buildings/},
urldate={2023-02-01},
annote={Quote: "... we estimate that there are around 500,000 listed buildings on the NHLE."},
}
@phdthesis{hemmings2023airport,
title={Innovation in airport infrastructure and the transition to net zero},
author={Peter Jonathan Hemmings},
school={University of Surrey},
year={2023},
month={03},
url={https://openresearch.surrey.ac.uk/esploro/outputs/doctoral/99778164902346#details},
urldate={2023-09-27},
doi={10.15126/thesis.900757},
abstract={Airports are setting net zero greenhouse gas emission targets. This thesis investigates how airports can take a credible and effective approach to net zero. Five studies present practical implications for strategy setting, solution development and operations. Paper 1 examines what constitutes a credible transition, assessing UK airport plans against a best practice framework. Plans have limited scope largely focussed on operational emissions and lack detail on offsetting and removals approaches. To deliver net zero, airports should incorporate these elements into strategy and commit adequate resources. The sector should develop an aligned approach to offsetting and removals. Paper 2 assesses the impacts of COVID-19 on airport plans. Airports reported short-term disruption but remain committed to long-term targets. COVID-19 demonstrated the impacts of a global risk on the sector. Adapting business models may alleviate disruption to progress. Two case studies at Heathrow explore solutions and operations. Paper 3 focuses on the airside zero-emission vehicle transition. Achieving zero-emission fleets in the 2030s is contingent on mandates pre-dating UK Government commitments, further incentives and infrastructure provision. Recognising the need for behavioural as well as technological interventions, Paper 4 shows how operational data (telematics) can be used to inform anti-idling interventions. Airport recovery presents an opportunity to establish pro-environmental behaviours. Paper 5 builds on low carbon concrete research for use on-airport, with a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of novel concretes against conventional mixes. Alkali-activated concretes present a viable 'low carbon' alternative in certain applications, but show greater environmental impacts in other categories. This demonstrates the need for material assessments to include a wider array of impacts. Airports should use specifications to drive continuous improvement in the supply chain and seek to embed LCA in decision-making. A holistic approach considering the airport as a system allows for a credible and effective net zero transition.},
}
@www{hemsley2018cleaning,
title={Cleaning up the UK's heating systems: new insights on low-carbon heat},
institution={UK Climate Change Committee},
url={https://www.theccc.org.uk/2018/09/10/cleaning-up-the-uks-heating-systems-new-insights-on-low-carbon-heat/},
urldate={2022-12-05},
year={2018},
month={09},
}
@www{henretty2020efficiency,
title={Energy efficiency of housing in {England} and {Wales}},
author={Nigel Henretty},
institution={UK Office for National Statistics (ONS)},
url={https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/energyefficiencyofhousinginenglandandwales/2020-09-23},
urldate={2023-11-21},
year={2020},
month={09},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={Analysis of the energy efficiency, estimated carbon dioxide emissions and energy cost of dwellings in England and Wales with an Energy Performance Certificate.},
annote={Quote: "London is the only region in England where the majority of new dwellings do not use mains gas directly in central heating; EPC data show 67\% of new dwellings in London received heat from a community heating scheme in FYE 2019," and "Heat pumps, a low-carbon heating source, are not widely used for central heating in England and Wales, with 3\% of new dwellings in both countries using them for central heating in financial year ending 2019."},
}
@book{heschong1979architecture,
title={Thermal Delight in Architecture},
author={Lisa Heschong},
year={1979},
month={12},
day={5},
ISBN={9780262580397},
publisher={MIT Press},
url={https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262580397/thermal-delight-in-architecture/},
urldate={2024-05-10},
annote={Quote: "There is a basic difference between our thermal sense and our other senses. When our thermal sensors tell us that an object is cold, that object is already making us colder. If, on the other hand, I look at a red object it won't make me grow redder, nor with touching a bumpy object make me bumpy. Thermal information is never neutral; it always reflects what is happening directly to the body. This is because the thermal nerve endings are heat-flow sensors, not temperature sensors. They can't tell directly what the temperature of something is; rather, they monitor how quickly our bodies are losing or gaining heat."},
}
@report{hhic2021heating,
title={Heating Up to Net Zero},
institution={Heating and Hotwater Industry Council},
url={https://www.hhic.org.uk/uploads/6165409B9D4C9.pdf},
urldate={2022-11-30},
year={2021},
month={10},
}
@article{hildermeier2023smart,
author={Hildermeier, Julia and Burger, Jaap and Jahn, Andreas and Rosenow, Jan},
title={A Review of Tariffs and Services for Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles in Europe},
journal={Energies},
volume={16},
year={2023},
number={1},
url={https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/1/88},
issn={1996-1073},
abstract={Smart charging of electric vehicles (EVs) is an essential approach to reduce the costs and maximise the benefits of increasing numbers of EVs being connected to the power grid. This article analyses 139 tariffs and services for smart EV charging available in Europe. It finds that while the market for smart EV charging services is growing, there is a lack of consumer information on the savings and broader environmental benefits it offers, such as integration of renewables. Offers are also unevenly distributed across the continent, resulting in unequal access to smart EV charging. The article outlines six strategies to establish framework conditions in energy markets that would address these gaps and establish smart charging as a standard means of charging, to ensure the beneficial integration of EVs into power grids.},
doi={10.3390/en16010088},
annote={See also burger2022smart.},
}
% ARTICLE-NUMBER = {88},
@article{hinton2011internet,
title={Power consumption and energy efficiency in the internet},
author={Hinton, Kerry and Baliga, Jayant and Feng, Michael and Ayre, Robert and Tucker, Rodney S.},
volume={25},
ISSN={0890-8044},
url={https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5730522},
urldate={2024-04-28},
howpublished={\url{https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5730522}},
DOI={10.1109/mnet.2011.5730522},
journal={IEEE Network},
publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)},
number={2},
year={2011},
month={03},
pages={6--12},
annote={Quote: "... effective strategies to improving equipment energy efficiency are: Require equipment to reduce its power consumption when not in use. ... Reduce the processing rate of a device when its work load is low. ..." },
}
@preprint{hoelting2024battery,
title={Quantitative Fire Risk Assessment of Battery Home Storage Systems in Comparison to General House Fires in Germany and Other Battery Related Fires},
author={H{\"o}lting, Florian and Kapse, Aniket and Breer, Fabian and Figgener, Jan and Junker, Mark and Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
url={https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4995517},
urldate={2024-12-10},
howpublished={\url{https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/0ed77c41-2b95-42ef-8aaf-e86f3c56701a-MECA.pdf?abstractid=4995517&mirid=1}},
DOI={10.2139/ssrn.4995517},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2024},
month={10},
day={22},
abstract={Battery storage systems are becoming an integral part of the energy transition, as they offer the possibility of bridging time windows in which self-generated renewable energy is not available and they are able to deliver manifold system services to the grid. The most battery storage systems are today found in home storage systems (HSS) and electric vehicles (EV), and their growth continues exponentially. Despite this upside development, there are public concerns about potential fire risks associated with PV home storage systems as well as EV.In this scientific paper, we conduct a quantitative analysis to compare statistics of fires occurring in HSS with fires in photovoltaic (PV) systems, in EV, internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and general house fires. The fires in HSS in Germany were determined using web crawling for the year 2023 because no other data was available. All other probabilities were calculated using researched data. The results show a significantly lower probability of an HSS fire compared to a general house fire. In detail, the findings indicate that the probability of an HSS fire is very low (0.0049 \%) and is 50 times lower than for a general house fire. All modern home appliances have a generally low probability of catching fire, this is also true for HSS. If compared to other home appliances, HSS share roughly the same probability of catching fire as tumblers. Compared to the generally low fire probability of an HSS, the probability of PV systems catching fire is a further three times lower. The probability of a traditional ICE vehicle fire (0.089 \%) is approximately four times higher than that of an EV fire. The probability of an HSS catching fire is approximately 18 times lower than an ICE catching fire and four times lower vs. an EV.These results provide important insights into the risks and safety aspects of battery storage in the domestic environment and help to make informed decisions about the integration of renewable energy systems.},
annote={Preprint of hoelting2025fire full paper.},
crossref={hoelting2025fire},
}
@article{hoelting2025fire,
title={Quantitative fire likelihood assessment of battery home storage systems in comparison to general house fires in Germany and other battery related fires},
author={H{\"o}lting, Florian and Kapse, Aniket and Breer, Fabian and Figgener, Jan and Junker, Mark and Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X2501312X},
urldate={2026-02-11},
DOI={10.1016/j.est.2025.116599},
journal={Journal of Energy Storage},
volume={122},
ISSN={2352-152X},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2025},
month={06},
day={30},
pages={116599},
abstract={Battery storage systems are becoming an integral part of the energy transition by enabling energy availability during periods of low renewable energy generation and by providing various grid services. Currently, the most battery storage systems are deployed in home storage systems (HSSs) and electric vehicles (EVs), and their growth continues exponentially. However, despite this upside development, there are public concerns about potential fire risks associated with photovoltaic (PV) home storage systems and EVs. This paper presents a quantitative analysis comparing statistics of fires occurring in HSS with fires in PV systems, in EV, internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and, general house fires. However, because of a lack of available data, HSS fire incidents in Germany for 2023 were determined through web crawling, while other probabilities were derived from already existing research data. The results show a significantly lower probability of an HSS fire compared with a general house fire. In detail, the findings indicate that the probability of an HSS fire is very low (0.005 \%) and is 50 times lower than for a general house fire. All home appliances have a generally low probability of catching fire, which is also true for HSS. If compared to other home appliances, HSS share roughly the same probability of catching fire as tumble dryers. Furthermore, compared with the fire probability of HSS, PV systems demonstrate an even lower probability, approximately three times lower than that of HSS. The probability of a traditional ICE vehicle fire (0.089 \%) is approximately four times higher than that of an EV fire. The probability of an HSS catching fire is approximately 18 times lower than an ICE catching fire and four times lower vs. an EV. These findings provide important insights into the risks and safety aspects of battery storage in the residential buildings, thus supporting to make informed decisions about integrating of renewable energy systems.},
annote={(Previously hoelting2024battery preprint.) Quote: "HSS fires 50 times less likely than house fires, four times less likely than EV fires. HSS fires as likely as tumble dryer fires, three times more likely than PV fires. Indoor HSS fires highlight need for better risk mitigation. Standardized reporting essential for reliable HSS fire data." Quote: "This results in a fire probability of 0.28 \% per year for residential buildings in Germany." Quote: "Most electrical fires are caused by electrical appliances (53 \% []). Cooling units, tumble dryers, dishwashers, and washing machines account for the largest share." Quote: "... PV triggered fires per MW installed capacity over these 8 years, the value ranges from 0.0005 to 0.0018 fires ..." Quote: "The probability of an HSS fire per year (0.005 \%) is approximately at the same level as that of fires in tumble dryers (0.0037 \%). In addition, the probability of PV fires (0.0014 \%) is also in this dimension. Only the probability of fires in cooling units (0.0012 \%) per year is four times lower than that of a HSS fire." Quote: "Primarily, each household faces an annual constant fire risk of 0.28 \% [] if the house is equipped with an average-sized PV system of 9 kWp, it is exposed to an additional fire probability of 0.0014 \%. As explained in Section 3.2, here fire risk for an average-sized 'residential PV system' is considered. Generally, PV systems are more profitable when used in combination with HSS. Therefore, if the household is also equipped with one HSS, it is subjected to an additional fire probability of 0.005 \% [] ownership of one EV or one ICE vehicle by the household further raises the fire risk by [0.021] \% and 0.089 \%, respectively ..."},
crossref={hoelting2024battery},
}
@report{hoffman2015savings,
title={Energy Savings Lifetimes and Persistence: Practices, Issues and Data},
author={Ian M. Hoffman and Steven R. Schiller and Annika Todd and Megan A. Billingsley and Charles A. Goldman and Lisa C. Schwartz},
institution={Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory},
year={2151},
month={05},
url={https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/savings-lifetime-persistence-brief.pdf},
urldate={2022-12-15},
annote={Quote: "In general, programs that rely heavily upon lighting, and others that largely promote shorter-lived measures, such as residential consumer product rebates and small commercial direct-install programs, have shorter lifetimes and averages below the median. Programs that promote shell measures and heating, ventilating and air-conditioning equipment (residential new construction and custom programs in commercial and industrial markets) tend toward longer lifetimes."},
}
@article{hoggett2011heat,
title={Heat in homes: customer choice on fuel and technologies},
author={Hoggett, Richard and Ward, Judith and Mitchell, Catherine},
institution={University of Exeter},
address={University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ},
url={https://www.exeter.ac.uk/v8media/universityofexeter/collegeoflifeandenvironmentalscience/documents/pdfs/Hoggett2011_Heat_in_Homes.pdf},
urldate={2025-04-21},
year={2011},
month={07},
annote={Study for Scotia Gas Networks. Energy Policy Group, University of Exeter},
}
%url={https://www.exeter.ac.uk/media/universityofexeter/collegeoflifeandenvironmentalscience/documents/pdfs/Hoggett2011_Heat_in_Homes.pdf},
%urldate={2024-07-18},
@report{HSE2014legionnaires2,
title={Legionnaires' disease: Part 2: The control of legionella bacteria in hot and cold water systems},
institution={UK Health and Safety Executive},
year={2014},
number={HSG274 Part 2},
url={https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/hsg274part2.pdf},
urldate={2023-01-27},
annote={Quotes: "This guidance is for dutyholders, which includes employers, those in control of premises and those with health and safety responsibilities for others, to help them comply with their legal duties. These include identifying and assessing sources of risk, preparing a scheme to prevent or control risk, implementing, managing and monitoring precautions, keeping records of precautions and appointing a manager responsible for others," and "Hot and cold water systems are those that supply water for domestic purposes (drinking, cooking, food preparation, personal hygiene and washing). ... Water systems in high risk locations (such as healthcare premises, care homes, residential homes and other situations where those exposed to the water systems are likely to be at high risk of infection) need particular consideration. ... Temperature control is the traditional strategy for reducing the risk of legionella in water systems. Cold water systems should be maintained, where possible, at a temperature below 20 {\degree}C. Hot water should be stored at least at 60 {\degree}C and distributed so that it reaches a temperature of 50 {\degree}C (55 {\degree}C in healthcare premises) within one minute at the outlets. For most people, the risk of scalding at this temperature is low."},
}
@article{hu2024injury,
title={The association between passenger-vehicle front-end profiles and pedestrian injury severity in motor vehicle crashes},
author={Hu, Wen and Monfort, Samuel S. and Cicchino, Jessica B.},
ISSN={0022-4375},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437524000859},
urldate={2025-05-19},
DOI={10.1016/j.jsr.2024.06.007},
journal={Journal of Safety Research},
volume={90},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2024},
month={09},
pages={115--127},
abstract={Vehicles play an important role in pedestrian injury risk in crashes. This study examined the association between vehicle front-end geometry and the risk of fatal pedestrian injuries in motor vehicle crashes. Method: A total of 17,897 police-reported crashes involving a single passenger vehicle and a single pedestrian in seven states were used in the analysis. Front-end profile parameters of vehicles (2,958 vehicle makes, series, and model years) involved in these crashes were measured from vehicle profile photos, including hood leading edge height, bumper lead angle, hood length, hood angle, and windshield angle. We defined a front-end-shape indicator based on the hood leading edge height and bumper lead angle. Logistic regression analysis evaluated the effects of these parameters on the risk that a pedestrian was fatally injured in a single-vehicle crash. Results: Vehicles with tall and blunt, tall and sloped, and medium-height and blunt front ends were associated with significant increases of 43.6\%, 45.4\%, and 25.6\% in pedestrian fatality risk, respectively, when compared with low and sloped front ends. There was a significant 25.1\% increase in the risk if a hood was relatively flat as defined in this study. A relatively long hood and a relatively large windshield angle were associated with 5.9\% and 10.7\% increases in the risk, respectively, but the increases were not significant. Conclusions: Vehicle front-end profiles that were significantly associated with increased pedestrian fatal injury risk were identified. Practical Applications: Automakers can make vehicles more pedestrian friendly by designing vehicle front ends that are lower and more sloped. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) can consider evaluations that account for the growing hood heights and blunt front ends of the vehicle fleet in the New Car Assessment Program or regulation.},
annote={Quote: "Automakers should design front ends lower and more sloped for pedestrian safety."},
}
@article{huchtemann2013supply,
title={Simulation study on supply temperature optimization in domestic heat pump systems},
author={Huchtemann, K. and M{\"u}ller, D.},
volume={59},
ISSN={0360-1323},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132312002405},
urldate={2023-12-17},
DOI={10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.08.030},
journal={Building and Environment},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2013},
month={01},
pages={327--335},
annote={Quote: "In the case of retrofit, buildings are often equipped with radiator heating systems that need relatively high supply temperatures. This is one reason for low heat pump efficiencies. In Germany, the supply temperature of the heating system is normally controlled according to the ambient air temperature. It is set in a way that with nominal mass flow rate and temperature spread the chosen heating system delivers a heat flow that matches the room's heat load at the according ambient temperature. The heating curve usually is set once for nominal conditions when the heat generator system is installed. Thermostatic valves adapt the mass flow rate according to differing load conditions." Quote: "... the nominal ambient temperature which lies between -16 and -12 {\degree}C in Germany ..."},
}
@report{hulme2013EUFS,
title={Energy Follow-Up Survey: Report 4: Main heating systems},
institution={BRE},
author={Jack Hulme and Adele Beaumont and Claire Summers},
url={https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/274772/4_Main_heating_systems.pdf},
urldate={2022-12-05},
year={2013},
month={12},
number={286733a},
annote={Quote: "The most common heating pattern, comprising between 32\% (temperature logger data) and 39\% (interview data) of centrally heated households heating their homes in a regular manner, is one in which heating is on twice daily, first at a 'wakeup time' for <4 hours and then at 'home-time' for 4-10 hours."},
}
@article{huzinaga1973stability,
title={{Stability of the Restricted Hartree-Fock-Roothaan Method}},
author={Huzinaga, Sigeru and Hart-Davis, Adrienne},
publisher={{American Physical Society (APS)}},
doi={10.1103/physreva.8.1734},
url={https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.8.1734},
urldate={2023-01-22},
year={1973},
language={en},
}
@report{IEA2025electricity,
title={IEA: Electricity 2025: Analysis and forecast to 2027},
author={{International Energy Agency}},
institution={{International Energy Agency}},
url={https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-2025/},
urldate={2026-01-26},
howpublished={\url{https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/7c671ef6-2947-4e87-beea-af0e1288e1d7/Electricity2025.pdf}},
year={2025},
month={10},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
abstract={Strong growth in electricity demand is raising the curtain on a new Age of Electricity, with consumption set to soar through 2027. Electrification of buildings, transportation and industry combined with a growing demand for air conditioners and data centres is ushering a shift toward a global economy with electricity at its foundations. The International Energy Agency's Electricity 2025 provides a deep and comprehensive analysis of all these trends as well as recent policy developments. For the period 2025 through 2027, it forecasts electricity demand, supply and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for select countries, by region and worldwide. The report explores emerging trends such as growing electrification, expanding power systems and an increasing share of weather-dependent energy sources in the generation mix. Through this lens, it assesses resource adequacy and the methods needed to ensure the security, resilience and reliability of power systems and electricity supply. This year's report, now in its sixth year, includes a special feature on China's evolving power demand as well as a section on the phenomenon of negative wholesale electricity prices in some markets.},
annote={Quote: "We estimate that China exports around 340 TWh of electricity indirectly in the form of fertilisers, aluminium, steel, paper, internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and new energy products such as PV modules, batteries and EVs. This 340 TWh corresponds to about 6\% of Chinese industrial electricity demand in 2024. A substantial portion of this is exported in the form of new energy products, totalling about 120 TWh ..." Quote: "India ... more in line with trends ... in advanced economies such as the United States, where cooling demand currently takes 50\% of total peak load on the warmest days in Texas."},
}
@report{IEAheating,
title={IEA: Buildings: Heating},
author={{International Energy Agency}},
institution={{International Energy Agency}},
url={https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/heating},
urldate={2024-09-28},
}
@techreport{IETFRFC5005,
title={Feed Paging and Archiving},
author={M. Nottingham},
url={https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5005},
urldate={2024-09-23},
DOI={10.17487/RFC5005},
year={2007},
month={09},
number={5005},
abstract={This specification defines three types of syndicated Web feeds that enable publication of entries across one or more feed documents. This includes "paged" feeds for piecemeal access, "archived" feeds that allow reconstruction of the feed's contents, and feeds that are explicitly "complete".},
}
@techreport{IETFRFC7232,
title={Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Conditional Requests},
author={R. Fielding and J. Reschke},
url={https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7232},
urldate={2024-09-23},
DOI={10.17487/RFC7232},
year={2014},
month={06},
number={7232},
ISSN={2070-1721},
abstract={The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. This document defines HTTP/1.1 conditional requests, including metadata header fields for indicating state changes, request header fields for making preconditions on such state, and rules for constructing the responses to a conditional request when one or more preconditions evaluate to false.},
}
@techreport{IETFRFC9110,
title={HTTP Semantics},
author={R. Fielding and M. Nottingham and J. Reschke},
url={https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9110},
urldate={2024-09-23},
DOI={10.17487/RFC9110},
year={2022},
month={06},
number={9110},
ISSN={2070-1721},
abstract={The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. This document describes the overall architecture of HTTP, establishes common terminology, and defines aspects of the protocol that are shared by all versions. In this definition are core protocol elements, extensibility mechanisms, and the "http" and "https" Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes.},
}
@techreport{IETFRFC9111,
title={HTTP Caching},
author={R. Fielding and M. Nottingham and J. Reschke},
url={https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9111},
urldate={2024-09-23},
DOI={10.17487/RFC9111},
year={2022},
month={06},
number={9111},
ISSN={2070-1721},
abstract={The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. This document defines HTTP caches and the associated header fields that control cache behavior or indicate cacheable response messages.},
}
@article{ingram2025biomass,
title={"For all kinds of reasons, it hasn't happened": A novel integrative perspective for analysing the barriers to biomass crops for bioenergy in the United Kingdom},
author={Ingram, Julie and Mills, Jane and Mackley-Ward, Honor},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629625000179?via%3Dihub},
urldate={2025-06-18},
DOI={10.1016/j.erss.2025.103936},
ISSN={2214-6296},
journal={Energy Research &amp; Social Science},
volume={120},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2025},
month={02},
pages={103936},
}
@misc{INHABIT,
title={NHABIT: Indoor HABItability during the Transition to Net Zero Housing Hub},
url={https://www.inhabithub.org.uk/},
urldate={2025-12-08},
abstract={To meet its legally-binding target of achieving net zero emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) by 2050, the UK must eliminate GHG emissions from homes. This enormous task involves retrofitting --- the process of upgrading the energy efficiency --- of the 29 million homes. These retrofits will significantly change indoor environments, bringing health co-benefits by improving home warmth during the winter and providing protection against harmful outdoor air pollutants. However, if not done properly, these modifications can trap indoor air pollutants and moisture, deteriorating indoor air quality and causing issues such as damp/mould. These conditions can adversely affect health and wellbeing, particularly for the most vulnerable in society, such as older people and those with pre-existing conditions like asthma. The INHABIT Hub has been specifically established to tackle these complex challenges, aiming to produce scientific evidence and policy-relevant solutions to realise the health co-benefits of the UK's net zero transition in housing. INHABIT Impact Statement: "Everyone in the UK lives in healthy homes that are fit for the future."},
annote={[**CS1] [**UF] [**UA]},
}
@www{ISO2005std7730,
title={ISO 7730:2005 Ergonomics of the thermal environment},
institution={{ISO}},
url={https://www.iso.org/standard/39155.html},
urldate={2024-02-19},
abstract={ISO 7730:2005 presents methods for predicting the general thermal sensation and degree of discomfort (thermal dissatisfaction) of people exposed to moderate thermal environments. It enables the analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of PMV (predicted mean vote) and PPD (predicted percentage of dissatisfied) and local thermal comfort, giving the environmental conditions considered acceptable for general thermal comfort as well as those representing local discomfort.},
year={2005},
month={11},
annote={Will be replaced by ISO/DIS 7730. Quote: "Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria."},
}
@article{jedon2025darkness,
title={Is it the darkness that you fear? The impact of anxiety on pedestrian tolerance for darkness},
author={Jedon, Richard and Haans, Antal and van den Akkerveken, Ilana and de Kort, Yvonne},
ISSN={0272-4944},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494425002038},
urldate={2025-08-08},
DOI={10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102720},
journal={Journal of Environmental Psychology},
volume={106},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2025},
month={09},
pages={102720},
abstract={Being and feeling safe is fundamental to pedestrians. Previous research on pedestrian sense of safety suggests not only environmental factors, such as prospect or concealment, but also interpersonal factors, such as arousal and anxiety, to have a role. Arousal and anxiety serve to promote survival via increasing alertness and attention to threatening or ambiguous stimuli. Where a previous study demonstrated the causal path from arousal to environmental safety appraisal, the present study investigated if increased tense arousal and anxiety lead to lower tolerance for darkness (TfD). We manipulated anxiety in participants (N = 27), through affective sounds and threat of mild electric shocks, to test its effect on TfD in unsafe nocturnal urban environments. Trait anxiety was also expected to be a predictor for TfD. Increased anxiety indeed made participants less willing to allow lower levels of streetlighting, thus demonstrating lower TfD. Trait anxiety levels also successfully predicted TfD.},
}
@www{jenkins2023ASHRAE55,
title={What Is {ASHRAE 55}? Basics of Thermal Comfort},
author={Meg Jenkins},
url={https://www.simscale.com/blog/what-is-ashrae-55-thermal-comfort/},
urldate={2024-02-19},
year={2023},
abstract={With the surge of climate change and the global push to become more energy efficient in all aspects of life including building ventilation, thermal comfort has become a hotly (pun intended) debated issue in recent years. The purpose of the ASHRAE 55 standard (published by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) is to specify the various combinations of indoor thermal environmental factors as well as personal factors that will produce thermal environmental conditions acceptable to a majority of the occupants within a space.},
annote={Quote: "ASHRAE 55 defines thermal comfort as 'that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment', and is used primarily in the United States but is well known around the world as the standard for designing, commissioning, and testing indoor spaces and systems written in parallel with other well known international standards such as ISO 7730." Mentions: Clo - the thermal insulation from clothing, M/MET - metabolic rate, RH - Relative Humidity, tr - mean radiant temperature, PMV - Predicted Mean Vote, PPD - Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied. Quote: "The comfort zone is considered to be sufficiently comfortable if at least 80\% of its occupants can be expected to not object to the ambient condition, meaning that the majority are between -0.5 and 0.5 on the PMV scale."},
}
@article{ji2014overheating,
title={Assessing overheating of the UK existing dwellings - A case study of replica Victorian end terrace house},
author={Ji, Yingchun and Fitton, Richard and Swan, Will and Webster, Peter},
volume={77},
ISSN={0360-1323},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360132314000717},
urldate={2024-02-17},
DOI={10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.03.012},
journal={Building and Environment},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2014},
month={07},
pages={1--11},
}
@article{ji2019calibration,
title={Building dynamic thermal model calibration using the Energy House facility at Salford},
author={Ji, Yingchun and Lee, Angela and Swan, Will},
ISSN={0378-7788},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778818337885},
urldate={2024-07-30},
DOI={10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.03.001},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
volume={191},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2019},
month={05},
day={15},
pages={224--234},
}
@report{jindal2022challenge,
title={Money Saving Boiler Challenge: Supporting Evidence October 2022},
author={Shaan Jindal and Katy King and Andy Marsden and Madeleine Gabriel},
institution={{Nesta}},
year={2022},
month={10},
url={https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/money-saving-boiler-challenge-supporting-evidence-october-2022/},
urldate={2024-07-14},
howpublished={\url{https://www.nesta.org.uk/documents/2662/Boiler_Campaign_-_Evidence_Summary_.pdf}},
abstract={In 2022, Nesta launched a campaign to help households save money by lowering the flow temperature on their condensing combi boilers to 60{\degree}C. Our evidence suggests that households could save about 9% on their total gas bill by doing this, assuming their flow temperature is currently set at 80{\degree}C.},
}
@report{jindal2024install,
title={How to install more heat pumps: insights from a survey of heating engineers},
author={Shaan Jindal and Oliver Zanetti and Emma Bohan and Nathan Gambling and Benoit Siberdt and Elysia Lucas and Oli Berry},
institution={{Nesta} and {BetaTeach} and {IMS Heat Pumps}},
year={2024},
month={06},
day={24},
url={https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/how-to-install-more-heat-pumps-insights-from-a-survey-of-heating-engineers/},
urldate={2024-08-28},
howpublished={\url{https://www.nesta.org.uk/documents/3009/How_to_install_more_heat_pumps_1906.pdf}},
ISBN={978-1-916699-24-3},
abstract={The aim of this project was to uncover challenges and barriers that existing heat pump installers face to installing more heat pumps, and make recommendations that would lead to meaningful solutions to those challenges. This report shows the findings of that project.},
annote={Quote: "Overall, company owners reported that their biggest barrier [to installing more heat pumps] was little customer demand (41\%). A third (30\%) reported that it was finding suitable additional staff, and a fifth (19\%) said it was the time taken on unnecessary tasks and administration. The order of importance of these challenges differed depending on company size."},
}
@article{johari2022simplified,
title={Evaluation of simplified building energy models for urban-scale energy analysis of buildings},
author={Johari, F. and Munkhammar, J. and Shadram, F. and Wid{\'e}n, J.},
ISSN={0360-1323},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036013232101074X},
urldate={2025-03-11},
DOI={10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108684},
journal={Building and Environment},
volume={211},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2022},
month={03},
day={01},
pages={108684},
}
@article{johnson2011obesity,
title={Could increased time spent in a thermal comfort zone contribute to population increases in obesity?},
author={Johnson, F. and Mavrogianni, A. and Ucci, M. and Vidal-Puig, A. and Wardle, J.},
volume={12},
ISSN={1467-789X},
url={https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00851.x},
urldate={2024-03-22},
DOI={10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00851.x},
number={7},
journal={Obesity Reviews},
publisher={Wiley},
year={2011},
month={01},
pages={543--551},
abstract={Domestic winter indoor temperatures in the USA, UK and other developed countries appear to be following an upwards trend. This review examines evidence of a causal link between thermal exposures and increases in obesity prevalence, focusing on acute and longer-term biological effects of time spent in thermal comfort compared with mild cold. Reduced exposure to seasonal cold may have a dual effect on energy expenditure, both minimizing the need for physiological thermogenesis and reducing thermogenic capacity. Experimental studies show a graded association between acute mild cold and human energy expenditure over the range of temperatures relevant to indoor heating trends. Meanwhile, recent studies of the role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in human thermogenesis suggest that increased time spent in conditions of thermal comfort can lead to a loss of BAT and reduced thermogenic capacity. Pathways linking cold exposure and adiposity have not been directly tested in humans. Research in naturalistic and experimental settings is needed to establish effects of changes in thermal exposures on weight, which may raise possibilities for novel public health strategies to address obesity.},
}
@article{johnson2021profiles,
title={A multi-zone, fast solving, rapidly reconfigurable building and electrified heating system model for generation of control dependent heat pump power demand profiles},
author={R.C. Johnson and M. Royapoor and M. Mayfield},
journal={Applied Energy},
volume={304},
pages={117663},
year={2021},
month={12},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
issn={0306-2619},
doi={10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117663},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261921010266},
urldate={2023-10-31},
keywords={Building simulation, Heat pumps, Electrified heating, Heating system control},
abstract={The electrification of heating is expected to grow in the UK domestic sector, and this has increased interest in the effects that this may have on low and high voltage network operation. However, Electrified heating profiles that alter with control decisions can only be obtained from dedicated building modelling that energy system modellers do not usually have the expertise to perform, yet these are required for meaningful studies. This work outlines a novel method for modelling air source and ground source heat pump power demand profiles using a multi-zone physics based building modelling framework with building fabric, thermohydraulic, and air flow subsystems. The novel setup framework allows detailed building layout, fabric and control properties to be assigned by analysts with no prior building modelling expertise. Once fully assigned, the building model can be used to generate heat pump power demand profiles at sub minute resolution. Upon testing, a single daily run of the model could be executed in 17~s. The model was then validated against real life test house data, under various control and weather conditions. A small relative error (typically within 10\%) was observed between modelled and actual cycle lengths, and modelled and actual heat and electricity demands. Due to its rapid solution rate, the model is of significant value to energy efficiency and distribution network studies, where large demand profile sets that are sensitive to detailed retrofit and control considerations are often essential. The model has been made openly available.},
annote={EWASP (Electrified Water and Space-heating Profiler) vs E+ EnergyPlus et al. Quote: "Whilst [single-zone] model accuracy is sometimes reasonable given the simulation order, it is much lower than in the multi-zone case."},
annote={Quote: "Fast full building models have been developed, but these are not suited to bulk scale multi-zone modelling of UK stock."},
}
@article{johnston1988transform,
title={Transform coding of audio signals using perceptual noise criteria},
author={Johnston, James D},
url={https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/608},
urldate={2024-03-30},
DOI={10.1109/49.608},
journal={IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications},
volume={6},
number={2},
pages={314--323},
year={1988},
publisher={IEEE},
abstract={A 4-b/sample transform coder is designed using a psychoacoustically derived noise-making threshold that is based on the short-term spectrum of the signal. The coder has been tested in a formal subjective test involving a wide selection of monophonic audio inputs. The signals used in the test were of 15-kHz bandwidth, sampled at 32 kHz. The bit rate of the resulting coder was 128 kb/s. The subjective test shows that the coded signal could not be distinguished from the original at that bit rate. Subsequent informal work suggests that a bit rate of 96 kb/s may maintain transparency for the set of inputs used in the test.},
}

@article{johnston2020passive,
title={Are the energy savings of the passive house standard reliable? A review of the as-built thermal and space heating performance of passive house dwellings from 1990 to 2018},
author={David Johnston and Mark Siddall and Oliver Ottinger and Soeren Peper and Wolfgang Feist},
abstract={The Passive House (PH) standard is a voluntary quality assurance standard focused upon maximising the health and wellbeing of occupants, whilst reducing space heating demand to a very low level. To meet the PH standard, well-defined criteria have to be met. However, given literature that suggests a 'performance gap' for energy savings, the question remains, how well do PH dwellings perform in situ? This paper presents results from in situ building fabric thermal performance measurements, along with a comparison between the design intent and the measured space heating energy used by over 2000 newly built and retrofitted PH dwellings. The results reveal the in situ thermal performance of the building fabric is close to the design predictions. Within space heating measurements, a standard deviation of up to 50\% has to be attributed to the broad spectrum of user behaviour; this is not specific for PH, but a general observation. Despite this, the average values for the PH developments ranged within the uncertainty of the demand calculations. With over 2000 PH dwellings averaging a space heating energy consumption of 14.6~kWh/(m2a), the in situ performance is close to the original design intent and extraordinary low compared to the consumption in ordinary buildings. The results suggest the PH standard is capable of producing dwellings in a verifiable manner. This means, on average, the in situ thermal performance of the building fabric and the energy consumption for space heating match the design intent, i.e. there is no significant 'performance gap'.},
doi={10.1007/s12053-020-09855-7},
issn={15706478},
issue={8},
journal={Energy Efficiency},
volume={13},
year={2020},
url={https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12053-020-09855-7},
urldate={2023-01-13},
}
@inproceedings{jones2021podcast,
title={Current Challenges and Future Directions in Podcast Information Access}, DOI={10.1145/3404835.3462805},
author={Jones, Rosie and Zamani, Hamed and Schedl, Markus and Chen, Ching-Wei and Reddy, Sravana and Clifton, Ann and Karlgren, Jussi and Hashemi, Helia and Pappu, Aasish and Nazari, Zahra and Yang, Longqi and Semerci, Oguz and Bouchard, Hugues and Carterette, Ben},
series={SIGIR '21},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval},
publisher={ACM},
url={https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3404835.3462805},
urldate={2024-04-01},
howpublished={\url{https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3404835.3462805}},
year={2021},
month=jul,
}
% collection={SIGIR '21},
@report{jones2023electricity,
title={European Electricity Review 2023},
author={Dave Jones},
institution={Ember},
year={2023},
month={01},
url={https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/european-electricity-review-2023/},
urldate={2023-01-31},
copyright={Creative Commons ShareAlike Attribution Licence (CC BY-SA 4.0)},
abstract={Europe's electricity transition emerges from the energy crisis stronger than ever. Coal generation has been falling since the start of winter, and as the electricity transition heats up, falling fossil fuel power - especially gas - is set to be the story of 2023.},
}
@thesis{kalantari2024overheating,
title={Investigating Overheating Risks in SuperHomes using the Emergent RetrofiT Approaches in South England},
author={Negin Kalantari},
year={2024},
month={09},
day={27},
url={https://earth.org.uk/img/16WW/2024-summer-NKD/Dissertation_Negin_Kalantari_2024.pdf},
urldate={2024-11-10},
howpublished={\url{https://earth.org.uk/img/16WW/2024-summer-NKD/Dissertation_Negin_Kalantari_2024.pdf}},
abstract={The increasing frequency of heatwaves in the UK, driven by climate change, has raised concerns about overheating in residential buildings, especially those retrofitted for energy efficiency. This dissertation examines overheating risks in five SuperHomes in South England using emergent retrofit approaches. The study aims to develop evidence-based guidelines to mitigate overheating while maintaining energy efficiency and improving thermal comfort. A mixed-method approach was used, combining environmental monitoring of living rooms and main bedrooms during the warm period from August 3rd to 18th, along with household and thermal comfort surveys. Overheating risk was assessed using CIBSE TM52 and TM59 criteria. Building simulations with Design Builder software evaluated the effectiveness of passive design strategies, such as insulation, ventilation, and shading, in mitigating overheating and enhancing indoor thermal comfort. Results show that while retrofits improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions, they can increase overheating risks if not managed properly. Most case study homes experienced elevated indoor temperatures during the summer, with 60\% failing to meet CIBSE TM59 criteria B. Key factors contributing to overheating include excessive insulation, inadequate ventilation, and solar gain through unshaded windows. To address these issues, the study recommends strategic planning and sequencing of retrofit measures, prioritizing improvements to the building envelope before integrating renewable energy systems, and tailoring strategies to occupant behavior. Effective ventilation solutions, such as night-time ventilation or mechanical systems, and passive design measures like internal blinds and adjustable external shading are suggested. The use of reversible low-carbon heat pumps is also recommended for heating and cooling. The findings offer valuable insights for homeowners, policymakers, and retrofit professionals, guiding them to optimize retrofit strategies that balance energy efficiency with occupant comfort, ensuring sustainable living conditions in a warming climate.},
annote={MS dissertation},
}
@article{karaccam2022termostatik,
title={Termostatik Radyat{\"o}r Vanas{\i} Kullan{\i}m{\i}n{\i}n Binalarda Enerji Verimlili{\u{g}}i {\"U}zerindeki Etkisinin Deneysel Olarak Ara{\c{s}}t{\i}r{\i}lmas{\i}},
author={KARA{\c{C}}AM, Tuncay and VAR{\.I}YENL{\.I}, Halil and MART{\.I}N, Kerim and KHANLARI, Ataollah and AYTA{\c{C}}, {\.I}pek},
journal={Politeknik Dergisi},
year={2022},
url={https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/politeknik/issue/74167/1031156},
urldate={2023-05-16},
doi={10.2339/politeknik.1031156},
howpublished={\url{https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2110165}},
abstract={In this study, experiments were carried out in an apartment with a net area of 98.8 m2 in order to observe the effects of using a thermostatic radiator valve (TRV) on energy efficiency. Experiments were performed with normal valves installed on the radiators, then the existing valves were replaced with thermostatic valves and the experiments were repeated. Thanks to the TRVs, the temperature of each room could be kept constant at the set value and it was observed that a comfortable heating was provided. The use of TRV homogenized the temperature distributions on the radiators and provided natural gas savings by preventing unnecessary heating of the radiator. According to the results obtained, it has been calculated that natural gas consumption can be reduced by 1.4 m3 per day thanks to TRV. This value means a natural gas saving of 41.82 m3 per month and 250.9 m3 with a 6-month usage per year. Considering the current natural gas prices, there is an annual saving of 577.1 TRY. A total of 7 thermostatic valves with a unit price of 150 TRY were installed in the flat and the payback period was calculated as 1.67 years. In addition, it has been observed that a reduction of around 470 kg per year can be made in the amount of CO2 released to the environment due to the decrease in fuel consumption.},
annote={Energy saving in an appartment from TRVs of ~22\%.},
}
@report{kavan2025cheaper,
title={How to make electricity cheaper},
author={Martina Kavan, Marcus Shepheard, Elysia Lucas, Andrew Sissons and Daniel Lewis},
institution={{Nesta}},
year={2025},
month={06},
day={05},
url={https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/how-to-make-electricity-cheaper/},
urldate={2025-06-05},
howpublished={\url{https://www.nesta.org.uk/documents/3204/How_to_make_electricity_cheaper_-_Position_paper_wuApqJl.pdf}},
annote={[**UF] See position paper https://www.nesta.org.uk/documents/3204/How_to_make_electricity_cheaper_-_Position_paper_wuApqJl.pdf and technical report https://www.nesta.org.uk/documents/3205/Options_for_levy_reform_-_Technical_report_6aoVPp4.pdf Quote: "Energy bills are a major cause of public concern. We can address this, but the fact that electricity is four times the cost of gas makes fixing the issue harder." Quote: "Changing the Renewables Obligation and Feed-in Tariffs schemes so that they are funded from gas bills rather than electricity would reduce the price ratio from 4.1 to 2.7."},
}
@inproceedings{kelly2010performance,
title={Performance analysis of air source heat pumps using detailed simulations and comparison to field trial data},
author={Kelly, NJ and Cockroft, J and Ghauri, S},
booktitle={e-Sim2010, International Building Performance Simulation Association Conference},
year={2010},
url={https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/16419/},
urldate={2023-05-17},
howpublished={\url{https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/16419/1/Kelly_NJ_-_strathprints_-_Performance_analysis_of_air_source_heat_pumps_..._comparison_to_field_trial_data_19_May_2010.pdf}},
}
@article{kelly2011analysis,
title={Analysis of retrofit air source heat pump performance: Results from detailed simulations and comparison to field trial data},
author={Kelly, NJ and Cockroft, J},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
volume={43},
number={1},
pages={239--245},
year={2011},
publisher={Elsevier},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778810003385},
urldate={2023-04-12},
doi={10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.09.018},
}
@article{kelly2016residential,
title={Residential home heating: The potential for air source heat pump technologies as an alternative to solid and liquid fuels},
author={Kelly, J Andrew and Fu, Miao and Clinch, J Peter},
journal={Energy Policy},
volume={98},
pages={431--442},
year={2016},
publisher={Elsevier},
doi={10.1016/j.enpol.2016.09.016},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421516304839},
urldate={2023-05-22},
}

@report{kensa2023networked,
title={Low Carbon Heat Study},
author={element energy},
year={2023},
month={05},
publisher={Kensa Heat Pumps},
url={https://www.kensaheatpumps.com/news-blog/element-energy-low-carbon-heat-study/},
urldate={2023-05-26},
howpublished={\url{https://www.element-energy.co.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Low-Carbon-Heat-Study-Executive-Summary.pdf}},
abstract={GSHP networks install ambient loops in the street, financed and operated by a third party, with a heat pump in each home connecting to the network. The network absorbs heat from the ground at a near year-round constant of 10{\degree}C and delivers it to each home's heat pump to be raised to the temperature required for heating and hot water. Because of the stable ambient temperature of the ground, GSHPs can achieve efficiencies above 400\%, meaning for every kWh of electricity consumed, 4 kWh of heat are supplied to the home. A networked approach to GSHPs means millions of homes, from terraces and tower blocks, can install GSHPs and access the benefits available from them.},
annote={Phase 2 Quote: "Based on the Bingley 2015 data, nearly 70\% of hours in the heating season have humidity higher than 85\%, rising to over 80\% of the hours in the coldest months." Quote: "Defrost penalties reduce the monthly ASHP COPs by close to 0.5 in the coldest months of the average year (2015), going above 0.5 in some months in the 1-in-20 cold year (2010)." Quote: "By the 8th year of operation, the ground temperatures around the borehole have stabilised ..." Quote: "With an internal allowed temperature change of 3{\degree}C and after energy efficiency improvements, over 66\% of the British housing stock can shift their heating demand by over 4 hours on a peak cold day in a 1-in-20 cold year. With an internal allowed temperature change of 2{\degree}C and after energy efficiency improvements, 30\% of British homes can shift their heating demand by over 4 hours on a peak cold day in a typical year."},
}
@article{kim2023electrochemically,
title={Electrochemically driven phase transformation for high-efficiency heat pumping},
author={Junyoung Kim and Abhiroop Mishra and James E. Braun and Eckhard A. Groll and Joaquin Rodr{\'i}guez-L{\'o}pez and Davide Ziviani},
journal={Cell Reports Physical Science},
volume={4},
number={4},
pages={101369},
year={2023},
issn={2666-3864},
doi={10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101369},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666386423001376},
urldate={2023-04-20},
keywords={heat pump, air conditioning, electrochemical, chemical looping heat pump, not-in-kind technology},
abstract={To reduce energy consumption and improve energy utilization in space conditioning, advanced heat pumping technologies are needed. The chemical looping heat pump (CLHP) is a promising thermodynamic cycle that has theoretically shown the potential to achieve a cooling coefficient of performance (COPc) increase of over 20\% relative to conventional vapor compression systems. In this paper, the key process of the CLHP is experimentally demonstrated, and the system performance and non-ideal behavior are predicted using the component-level models. The results show the feasibility of electrochemical phase change of a working fluid; the peak COPc was 7.64 with a cooling capacity of 3.6~mW (cooling density of 2.57~W~m-2) at both sink and source temperature of 23{\degree}C based on laboratory experiments. The COPc can theoretically reach up to 13 at a temperature lift of 15{\degree}C as long as an electrochemical cell can achieve a greater degree of conversion.},
}
@article{kleiminger2014smart,
title={Predicting household occupancy for smart heating control: A comparative performance analysis of state-of-the-art approaches},
author={Kleiminger, Wilhelm and Mattern, Friedemann and Santini, Silvia},
volume={85},
ISSN={0378-7788},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037877881400783X},
urldate={2024-02-19},
DOI={10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.09.046},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2014},
month={12},
pages={493--505},
annote={Mentions ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 "Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy" ie 'comfort'.},
}
@article{knight2023vegan,
title={The relative benefits for environmental sustainability of vegan diets for dogs, cats and people},
author={Knight, Andrew},
url={https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0291791},
urldate={2024-12-30},
DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0291791},
journal={PLOS ONE},
volume={18},
number={10},
ISSN={1932-6203},
publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)},
editor={Loor, Juan J.},
year={2023},
month={10},
day={04},
pages={e0291791},
abstract={Environmental impacts of the livestock sector are proportional to consumption levels. To assess the relative consumption of livestock animals within the diets of dogs, cats and people, this study examined their dietary energy needs within the US in 2020, and globally in 2018. Also studied were US pet food ingredients, and environmental sustainability indicators for plant- and animal-based foods consumed globally. Relative consumptions of average livestock animals were: US: dogs--- 17.7\%, cats--- 2.3\%, humans--- 80.0\%; and globally: dogs--- 7.7\%, cats--- 1.2\%, humans--- 91.1\%. Full transition to nutritionally-sound vegan diets would spare from slaughter the following numbers of terrestrial livestock animals annually (billions): US: dogs--- 1.7, cats--- 0.2, humans--- 7.8, and globally: dogs--- 6.0, cats--- 0.9, humans--- 71.3, as well as billions of aquatic animals in all dietary groups. Very large impact reductions were also associated with land and water use, emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), acidifying and eutrophifying gases, and biocide use, in all dietary groups. If implemented globally, nutritionally-sound vegan diets would free up land larger than the following nations: dogs---Saudi Arabia or Mexico, cats---Japan or Germany, humans---Russia---the world's largest country---combined with India. Such diets would save freshwater volumes greater than all renewable freshwater in the following nations: dogs---Denmark, cats---Jordan, humans---Cuba. Such diets would reduce GHGs by amounts greater than all GHG emissions from following nations: dogs---South Africa or the UK, cats---Israel or New Zealand, humans---India or the entire EU. The numbers of additional people who could be fed using food energy savings associated with vegan diets exceeded the 2018 human populations of the following nations: dogs---the entire European Union, cats---France or the UK, humans---every single nation or collective region on Earth, as defined by the World Bank. All of these estimates are conservative.},
}
@article{knodt2023blackout,
title={Power blackout: Citizens' contribution to strengthen urban resilience},
author={Mich{\`e}le Knodt and Anna St{\"o}ckl and Florian Steinke and Martin Pietsch and Gerrit Hornung and Jan-Philipp Stroscher},
journal={Energy Policy},
volume={174},
pages={113433},
year={2023},
issn={0301-4215},
doi={10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113433},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421523000186},
urldate={2023-01-25},
keywords={Power blackout, Power resources, Renewable energies, Share electricity, Common good, Resilience, Crisis management},
abstract={A long-lasting, large-scale power blackout has a huge impact on the infrastructure of public life, as well as on critical infrastructure including electricity and water supply. At the same time, it can be observed that the share of renewable energies, and thus the possibility of self-sufficiency, has increased enormously in recent years. This contribution focuses on the question to what extend citizens are willing to share their electricity resources in order to make their city more resilient. In reference to Ostrom's concept of club or common goods, it can be shown if and how the private good of citizen's electricity resources can be transformed into a club or even a common good. Drawing on survey data from the city of Darmstadt we investigated the willingness to share electricity and to participate in participatory formats to enhance urban resilience.},
}
@article{konstantinos2025tidal,
title={On the economic feasibility of tidal range power plants},
author={Pappas, Konstantinos and Quang Chien, Nguyen and Zilakos, Ilias and Beevers, Lindsay and Angeloudis, Athanasios},
journal={Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
publisher={The Royal Society},
volume={481},
ISSN={1471-2946},
url={https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.2023.0867},
urldate={2025-02-05},
DOI={10.1098/rspa.2023.0867},
number={2305},
year={2025},
month={01},
day={08},
}
@article{koomey2021internet,
title={Does not compute: Avoiding pitfalls assessing the Internet's energy and carbon impacts},
author={Koomey, Jonathan and Masanet, Eric},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435121002117},
urldate={2024-08-10},
DOI={10.1016/j.joule.2021.05.007},
volume={5},
ISSN={2542-4351},
number={7},
journal={Joule},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2021},
month={07},
day={21},
pages={1625--1628},
annote={Quote: "Although data traffic increased by more than 3-fold since 2016, network energy use dropped by 2.4\% (Telefonica) and 50\% (Cogent) over the same time period, demonstrating that historical network energy use is not directly proportional to data traffic. Notably, Telefonica's data traffic jumped by 45\% in 2020 due in part to COVID (compared to 2019), with no reported increase in network energy use. Cogent's electricity use dropped 21\% from 2019 to 2020 even as data traffic increased 38\%."},
}
@article{koopman2024pressure,
title={Performance evaluation of air-source heat pump based on a pressure drop embedded model},
author={Koopman, Tim and Zhu, Tingting and Rohlfs, Wilko},
volume={10},
ISSN={2405-8440},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024006650},
urldate={2024-02-21},
DOI={10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24634},
number={4},
journal={Heliyon},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2024},
month={02},
pages={e24634},
}
@article{korberg2023hydrogen,
title={On the feasibility of direct hydrogen utilisation in a fossil-free Europe},
journal={International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
volume={48},
number={8},
pages={2877-2891},
year={2023},
issn={0360-3199},
doi={10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.10.170},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036031992204900X},
urldate={2023-03-06},
author={Andrei David Korberg and Jakob Zinck Thellufsen and Iva Ridjan Skov and Miguel Chang and Susana Paardekooper and Henrik Lund and Brian Vad Mathiesen},
keywords={Direct hydrogen, Hydrogen infrastructure, Biomass, e-fuels, Energy system analysis},
abstract={Hydrogen is often suggested as a universal fuel that can replace fossil fuels. This paper analyses the feasibility of direct hydrogen utilisation in all energy sectors in a 100\% renewable energy system for Europe in 2050 using hour-by-hour energy system analysis. Our results show that using hydrogen for heating purposes has high costs and low energy efficiency. Hydrogen for electricity production is beneficial only in limited quantities to restrict biomass consumption, but increases the system costs due to losses. The transport sector results show that hydrogen is an expensive alternative to liquid e-fuels and electrified transport due to high infrastructure costs and respectively low energy efficiency. The industry sector may benefit from hydrogen to reduce biomass at a lower cost than in the other energy sectors, but electrification and e-methane may be more feasible. Seen from a systems perspective, hydrogen will play a key role in future renewable energy systems, but primarily as e-fuel feedstock rather than direct end-fuel in the hard-to-abate sectors.},
annote={Quote: "Hydrogen for heating is more expensive than heat pumps and district heating." Quote: "Moreover, hydrogen combustion in boilers and cooking stoves will emit nitrous oxide, a gas with high global warming potential ..." Quote: "... hydrogen cannot be considered a large-scale solution for heating ..."},
}
@article{kreitmair2023modelling,
title={Finding common ground: A methodology for city-scale subsurface thermal modelling},
author={Kreitmair, M.J. and Makasis, N. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Menberg, K. and Choudhary, R. and Soga, K.},
volume={49},
ISSN={2212-0955},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212095523001074},
urldate={2024-03-06},
DOI={10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101513},
journal={Urban Climate},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2023},
month=may,
pages={101513},
}
@www{kroll2024practices,
title={feed reader best practices},
author={Rachel Kroll},
url={https://rachelbythebay.com/fs/help.html},
urldate={2024-10-12},
year={2024},
annote={Quote: "If you're seeing this, it's probably because you want to adjust things to be a better netizen/online citizen/whatever we're calling ourselves these days. Thanks for that! There are a few things you can do to make things better for everyone." Quote: "A suggested polling interval on a feed for which you have not made prior arrangements (payments, subscriptions, or other support) is no more than once per hour for conditional requests. Feed readers which are unable to generate working conditional requests and thus always send unconditional requests and force transmission of the full feed should poll at most once per 24 hour period." Quote: "There's no reason to do a HEAD when you can do a conditional GET and get the same metadata, and as a bonus, get a fresh copy of the content if it's changed since your last request."},
}
@www{kroll2024roundup,
title={Another feed reader score roundup},
author={Rachel Kroll},
url={https://rachelbythebay.com/fs/help.html},
urldate={2024-10-19},
year={2024},
month={09},
day={13},
abstract={Hello again from the land of feed reader behavioral tests. I ran through the list of participants a couple of days ago and wrote up my results. This is only for those which had polled at least once in the past seven days relative to that point. I'm going to group some of these together, but keep in mind that some behaviors are a function of however the user configures the program. Also, at this point I'm mostly focusing on their steady-state behavior, but any previously-reported goofiness at subscribe-time is still worthy of fixing for people so inclined.},
annote={Quote: "he whole point of HEAD is if you want the metadata but have no interest in the content. If you want the content but only want a fresh copy if it's changed, that's why we have conditional requests, and again, If-Modified-Since has been in the RFCs since *1996*."},
}
@www{kroll2025behavior,
title={Feed Reader Behavior Project},
author={Rachel Kroll},
url={https://rachelbythebay.com/frb/},
urldate={2025-07-08},
year={2025},
annote={Quote: "Hi there. You're probably here because you care about being a better netizen with your feed reader. Whether you're a developer, user, or just an interested third party, there's probably something here for you." Date 2025-07-07 version e44887f39ee21027d90eb07cabbb47da13e1b3b1:1751924290.},
}
@inproceedings{krug2014networking,
title={Understanding the environmental costs of fixed line networking},
url={https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2602044.2602057},
urldate={2024-04-28},
howpublished={\url{https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2602044.2602057}},
DOI={10.1145/2602044.2602057},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Future energy systems},
publisher={ACM},
author={Krug, Louise and Shackleton, Mark and Saffre, Fabrice},
year={2014},
month={06},
series={e-Energy '14},
annote={Quote: "We present an energy per bit metric that is time averaged over actual traffic load rather than maximum capacity." Estimated micro-Joules per bit of Facebook, Google and Akami are [20,50], $\sim$20, [0.9,1.7]. Quote: "... the energy and carbon cost of networking is not trivial - BT alone uses around 0.7\% of the UKs electricity." Quote: "There is a lack of adaptation within most network equipment to enable it to respond to variable traffic levels, i.e. the power drawn does not typically go down as traffic decreases. Based on a comparison of peak bandwidth and actual utilization levels, we estimate that if the energy consumption of the network were able to fully track the utilization, then we would save 55\% of network energy." Quote: "... further research is needed to understand how to make a network adapt its energy use to the actual traffic demand as this would have a significant impact on operational energy use in a practical deployment."},
}
% collection={e-Energy '14},
@article{kukowski2023inequality,
title={Tackling inequality is essential for behaviour change for net zero},
author={Kukowski, Charlotte A. and Garnett, Emma E.},
ISSN={1758-6798},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-023-01900-4},
urldate={2025-02-13},
DOI={10.1038/s41558-023-01900-4},
journal={Nature Climate Change},
volume={14},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
year={2023},
month={12},
day={29},
}
@article{kumar2009pairing,
title={A comparative study of secure device pairing methods},
author={Kumar, Arun and Saxena, Nitesh and Tsudik, Gene and Uzun, Ersin},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574119209000650},
urldate={2024-03-26},
howpublished={\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574119209000650/pdfft}},
DOI={10.1016/j.pmcj.2009.07.008},
journal={Pervasive and Mobile Computing},
volume={5},
number={6},
pages={734--749},
year={2009},
month={12},
publisher={Elsevier},
abstract={"Secure Device Pairing" or "Secure First Connect" is the process of bootstrapping a secure channel between two previously unassociated devices over some (usually wireless) human-imperceptible communication channel. Absence of prior security context and common trust infrastructure open the door for the so-called Man-in-the-Middle and Evil Twin attacks. Mitigation of these attacks requires some level of user involvement in the device pairing process. Prior research yielded a number of technically sound methods relying on various auxiliary human-perceptible out-of-band channels, e.g., visual, acoustic and tactile. Such methods engage the user in authenticating information exchanged over the human-imperceptible channel, thus defending against MiTM attacks and forming the basis for secure pairing. This paper reports on a comprehensive and comparative evaluation of notable secure device pairing methods. This evaluation was obtained via a thorough analysis of these methods, in terms of both security and usability. The results help us identify methods best-suited for specific combinations of devices and human abilities. This work is an important step in understanding usability in one of the rare settings where a very wide range of users (not just specialists) are confronted with modern security technology.},
}
@dataset{LAHSdataset,
title={Local authority housing statistics open data},
author={{UK DLUHC (Department for Levelling Up Housing and Communities)} and {UK MHCLG (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government)}},
institution={UK DLUHC (Department for Levelling Up Housing and Communities) and UK MHCLG (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government)},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/local-authority-housing-statistics-open-data},
urldate={2023-11-18},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={Open data version of published LAHS tables from 2020.},
annote={Open data version of UK local authority housing statistics.},
}
@article{lammle2022performance,
title={Performance of air and ground source heat pumps retrofitted to radiator heating systems and measures to reduce space heating temperatures in existing buildings},
author={L{\"a}mmle, Manuel and Bongs, Constanze and Wapler, Jeannette and G{\"u}nther, Danny and Hess, Stefan and Kropp, Michael and Herkel, Sebastian},
journal={Energy},
volume={242},
pages={122952},
year={2022},
publisher={Elsevier},
doi={10.1016/j.energy.2021.122952},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544221032011},
urldate={2023-05-22},
abstract={Heat pumps are expected to play a central role in decarbonizing heat supply, but face challenges in existing buildings due to high temperature requirements of existing radiator systems. This paper links the performance analysis of heat pump systems with methods to reduce temperatures of the space heating circuit. Field data and system simulations of air and ground source heat pumps show a linear correlation between the seasonal performance factor SPF and the mean heat pump temperature over a wide temperature range. Every Kelvin of reduced heat pump temperature increases the SPF by 0.10-0.13 points. Applied methods to reduce heating temperatures are demonstrated at existing multi-family buildings. Thermal insulation reduces the building's heat load, allowing a reduction of heating temperatures with the existing radiators. A further temperature reduction is achieved by analyzing the required heating power per room and identifying critical, undersized radiators. In a studied building, the selective exchange of only 7\% of all radiators is sufficient to reduce heating temperatures from 75 {\degree}C/60 {\degree}C-55 {\degree}C/45 {\degree}C. This corresponds to a reduction of the electricity consumption by 40-42\%. However, the potential of these methods is specific for each building and depends particularly on its renovation state and installed radiator capacity. Nonetheless, an energy- and cost-efficient operation of heat pumps retrofitted in existing radiator heating systems is viable, if following the proposed system design method linking heat pump performance and reduction of space heating temperatures.},
annote={Many good references. Modelling with Dymola/Modelica with libraries Buildings, AixLib], and IBPSA. Quote: "The design heat load per room is calculated according to EN 12831-1:2017." Also EN ISO 13790:2008 / 5R2C. No (micro)zoning. Quote: "Every Kelvin of reduced [mean] heat pump temperature increases the SPF by 0.10-0.13 points [GSHP, ASHP]." Along with improved building envelope insulation ... Quote: "A large potential to reduce temperatures can be exploited by analyzing heat load and radiator capacity on room level with the aim to identify and exchange critical radiators, which limit a further reduction of system temperatures." ... "which can reduce heating costs of up to 24\%."},
}
@article{lariccia2023d3,
title={Healthcare Costs and Healthcare Utilization Outcomes of Vitamin D3 Supplementation at 5000 {IU} Daily During a 10.9 month Observation Period within a Pragmatic Randomized Clinical Trial},
author={Patrick J. LaRiccia and Teresa Cafaro and Dibato John and Noud van Helmond and Ludmil V. Mitrev and Brigid Bandomer and Tracy L. Brobyn and Krystal Hunter and Satyajeet Roy and Kevin Q. Ng and Helen Goldstein and Alan Tsai and Denise Thwing and Mary Ann Maag and Myung K. Chung},
doi={10.1101/2023.09.25.23296104},
url={https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2023.09.25.23296104},
urldate={2023-10-16},
year={2023},
month={09},
publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory},
annote={Quote: "Vitamin D3 supplementation reduced healthcare utilization in [including] hospitalizations for any reason..."},
}
@book{larsson1994yacht,
title={Principles of yacht design},
author={Lars Larsson and Rolf E Eliasson},
year={1994},
ISBN={0-7136-3740-4},
keywords={design, construction, yachting, yachts},
}
@article{laschewski2002health,
title={Effects of the thermal environment on human health: an investigation of 30 years of daily mortality data from SW Germany},
author={Laschewski, G and Jendritzky, G},
url={https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/cr/v21/cr021091},
urldate={2025-12-27},
howpublished={\url{https://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2002/21/c021p091.pdf}},
DOI={10.3354/cr021091},
journal={Climate Research},
volume={21},
ISSN={1616-1572},
publisher={Inter-Research Science Center},
year={2002},
month={05},
day={23},
pages={91--103},
abstract={The objective of this study is to investigate the climate sensitivity of health in a moderate climate of SW Germany. Daily mortality rates for the 30 yr period 1968-1997 for Baden-Wuerttemberg (SW Germany) have been investigated with regard to the possible impacts of the thermal environment. A complete heat budget model of the human being (Klima-Michel model with outcome 'perceived temperature') has been used to assess the atmospheric conditions of heat exchange. Mortality data show a marked seasonal pattern with a minimum in summer and a maximum in winter. During the seasonal minimum in summer, death rates rise sharply with increasing heat load, reaching highest values during pronounced heat waves. Under comfortable conditions, mortality data show the lowest rates. Increasing cold stress also causes death rates to rise. In addition, thermal changes on a time scale of 1 wk have been considered in comparison to short-term exposures. In all seasons changes towards 'warmer' conditions in terms of perceived temperature result in adverse effects, while changes to 'colder' conditions provide relief. This is unexpected for the winter. The daily correlation coefficients between the deviations of perceived temperature and the deviations of mortality rate from the smoothed values (Gaussian filter, 101 d) show a pronounced seasonal pattern with significant differences from zero between March and August. From the end of June to the beginning of July, about 25\% of the variance in the deviations of mortality rate from the smoothed values can be explained by the effects of the thermal environment. The winter values show only non-significant correlations, strong day-to-day variability, but marked time lags of 8 d and more, while in summer there is practically no difference in the results between the zero and 1 d lags. Cold spells lead to excess mortality to a relatively small degree, which lasts for weeks. The mortality increase during heat waves is more pronounced, but is followed by lower than average values in subsequent weeks.},
annote={[**CS1]},
}
@report{LCP2023installer,
title={Vaillant installer survey report: Aspiring to a green future},
author={LCP Delta},
year={2023},
month={04},
url={http://web.archive.org/web/20230515223307/https://www.vaillant.co.uk/for-installers/training/installer-survey/},
urldate={2024-03-18},
howpublished={\url{http://web.archive.org/web/20230515223307/https://www.vaillant.co.uk/for-installers/training/installer-survey/}},
abstract={This report summarises the findings of a survey carried out to understand the immediate views of heating engineers, and the appetite for transitioning to become an air source heat pump installer. 1,136 installers, registered to our Vaillant Advance loyalty scheme, responded to our survey with positive results. We received a high level of responses, illustrating how engaged gas installers are with this topic, and how there is a significant growth and interest in heat pump technologies.},
annote={From the landing page: "... 82\% of installers surveyed currently not installing heat pumps. Encouragingly, the majority of those who took part in the survey recognised a need to train, with 87\% of installers answering 'yes' or 'maybe' when asked if they were interested in undertaking air source heat pump training in the next 12 months. The top three motivators of these installers looking to undertake heat pump training were future-proofing their business or career development, personal financial benefits from installing a diverse range of heating technologies, and the benefits for the environment by supporting the net zero agenda. These motivators were largely similar for the 18\% of installers who were already installing heat pumps ..." and "Vaillant estimates that heat pump training for an existing heating engineer can take up to 9.5 days - however, on average, the installers surveyed only needed a further 6.5 days training, as they already had some skills required to fit a heat pump. Time away from the tools also didn't appear to be an immediate barrier to undertaking heat pump training. Out of the 994 installers who expressed an interest in upskilling, almost two thirds (64\%) said they would still be interested in undertaking training after learning the required training time. ... 55\% of installers felt that they would prefer 'entirely in-person training' when it came to air-source heat pumps, whilst 'a combination of in-person and online' was preferred by 40\% of those surveyed."},
}
% url={https://www.vaillant.co.uk/for-installers/training/installer-survey/},
% urldate={2023-06-02},
% howpublished={\url{https://www.vaillant.co.uk/downloads/installer-survey/vaillant-installer-survey-2643811.pdf}},
@report{lebel2020quantifying,
title={Quantifying Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Water Heaters},
abstract={Methane emissions from natural gas appliances remain the least characterized portion of the fossil-fuel supply chain. Here we examine water heaters from 64 northern California homes to (1) quantify methane emissions from natural gas leaks and incomplete combustion while off, turning on or off, and in steady-state operation from 35 homes; and (2) characterize daily usage patterns over $\sim$1-2 months per water heater to estimate activity factors from 46 homes. Individual tankless water heaters emitted 2390 [95\% CI: 2250, 2540] g CH4 yr-1 on average, 0.93\% [0.87\%, 0.99\%] of their natural gas consumed, primarily from on/off pulses. Storage water heaters emitted 1400 [1240, 1560] g CH4 yr-1 on average, 0.39\% [0.34\%, 0.43\%] of their natural gas consumption. Despite higher methane emissions, tankless water heaters generate 29\% less CO2e20 than storage water heaters because they use less energy to heat a unit of water. Scaling our measured emissions by the number of storage and tankless water heaters in the United States (56.8 and 1.2 million, respectively), water heaters overall emitted an estimated 82.3 [73.2, 91.5] Gg CH4 yr-1, 0.40\% [0.35\%, 0.44\%] of all natural gas consumed by these appliances, comparable in percentage to the EPA's estimate of methane emissions from upstream natural gas production.},
author={Eric D. Lebel and Harmony S. Lu and Simone A. Speizer and Colin J. Finnegan and Robert B. Jackson},
doi={10.1021/acs.est.9b07189},
issn={15205851},
issue={9},
journal={Environmental Science and Technology},
volume={54},
year={2020},
url={https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.9b07189},
urldate={2022-12-15},
}
@article{levesque2004water,
title={Residential Water Heater Temperature: 49 or 60 Degrees {Celsius}?},
author={L{\'e}vesque, Beno{\^i}t and Lavoie, Michel and Joly, Jean},
url={https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2094925/},
urldate={2024-09-21},
DOI={10.1155/2004/109051},
ISSN={1918-1493},
journal={Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology},
number={1},
volume={15},
publisher={Wiley},
year={2004},
month={01},
pages={11--12},
annote={Quote: "There are two opposing risks when it comes to water temperature inside domestic water heaters; exposure to Legionella, the bacteria responsible for Legionnaires' disease (pulmonary legionellosis), and the risk of scalding."},
}
@report{LGA2022decarbonise,
title={Hard to decarbonise social homes},
author={{UK Local Government Association}},
institution={UK Local Government Association},
url={https://www.local.gov.uk/publications/hard-decarbonise-social-homes},
urldate={2023-02-06},
year={2022},
month={07},
abstract={This report examines the decarbonisation of social homes, looks at why some are harder to decarbonise than others and explores the changes required to make hard to treat social homes easier to decarbonise.},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
annote={Quote: "Changes are required to make hard to treat social homes easier to decarbonise. There is no silver bullet solution, but funding is likely to be the biggest single barrier for social housing providers. Financial assistance can reduce the number of hard to decarbonise homes based on the investment required. A 10 per cent reduction in heat pump cost reduces the proportion of homes with high investment by 45 per cent." Also: "Throughout this work we use the Parity Projects 'Portfolio' stock assessment tool on a dataset derived from the English Housing Survey (2016)."},
}
@article{li2023electrocaloric,
title={High cooling performance in a double-loop electrocaloric heat pump},
author={Li, Junning and Torell{\`o}, Alvar and Kovacova, Veronika and Prah, Uros and Aravindhan, Ashwath and Granzow, Torsten and Usui, Tomoyasu and Hirose, Sakyo and Defay, Emmanuel},
volume={382},
ISSN={1095-9203},
url={https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi5477},
urldate={2023-11-17},
DOI={10.1126/science.adi5477},
number={6672},
journal={Science},
publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)},
year={2023},
month={11},
pages={801--805},
}
@article{liao2005control,
title={On the control of heating systems in the UK},
journal={Building and Environment},
volume={40},
number={3},
pages={343-351},
year={2005},
issn={0360-1323},
doi={10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.05.014},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132304001842},
urldate={2023-05-16},
author={Z. Liao and M. Swainson and A.L. Dexter},
keywords={Heating system, Energy efficiency, Thermostatic radiator valve, Heating control, Boiler control},
abstract={This paper reviews current heating system control practice in the UK through surveys, computer simulation and experimental studies. It is evident from the survey results that both boiler and heat emitter controls in the UK are generally poor. Computer simulation of a heating system demonstrated that the use of poorly commissioned boiler controls and the use of thermostatic valves with limited flow control leads to buildings not maintaining the desired internal temperatures. This results in occupant discomfort when under-heating occurs and excess fuel consumption when over-heating occurs. Finally, an experimental study demonstrated that a newly developed boiler control algorithm can offer significant energy savings by controlling the boiler more appropriately and reducing the effect of poor thermostatic radiator valve use.},
annote={Modelling with EU CRAFT. Study buildings not dwellings. Quote: "The survey also found that 95\% of radiators were controlled using TRVs (thermostatic radiator valves). The survey revealed that more than 65\% of TRVs were performing very poorly. One of the problems was that they failed to reduce the heating output of radiators when the room temperature was greater than its desired value. As a result, the rooms overheated and energy was wasted. Discussions with building occupants indicated that most of them did not know what the function of the TRVs was or how they should be operated. During the walk-through surveys, 32\% of TRVs were found to be set at "MAX" and more than 65\% were found to be set higher than required. This suggests one cause of the overheating experienced in many buildings." Quote: "The majority of the heating systems surveyed were not operated efficiently due to incorrect control of both the boilers and heat emitters."},
}
@article{lichtenbelt2014humans,
title={Cold exposure - an approach to increasing energy expenditure in humans},
author={Lichtenbelt, Wouter van Marken and Kingma, Boris and van der Lans, Anouk and Schellen, Lisje},
volume={25},
ISSN={1043-2760},
url={https://www.cell.com/trends/endocrinology-metabolism/abstract/S1043-2760(14)00010-1},
urldate={2024-03-22},
DOI={10.1016/j.tem.2014.01.001},
number={4},
journal={Trends in Endocrinology \& Metabolism},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2014},
month={01},
day={23},
pages={165--167},
abstract={Obesity is a consequence of positive energy balance, which can be counterbalanced by eating less, increasing physical activity, or pharmacological approaches. However, weight maintenance is generally disappointing, and long-term use of pharmaceuticals has been limited because of lack of efficacy, poor long-term adherence rates, and serious adverse effects. These limitations indicate that, given our current knowledge and available technologies, insights from other fields of research will be necessary to permit exploration of new ideas and develop effective applications. We suggest that regular exposure to mild cold may provide a healthy and sustainable alternative strategy for increasing energy expenditure.},
}
@article{liebe2021persistent,
author={Ulf Liebe and Jennifer Gewinner and Andreas Diekmann},
doi={10.1038/s41562-021-01070-3},
issn={23973374},
issue={5},
journal={Nature Human Behaviour},
title={Large and persistent effects of green energy defaults in the household and business sectors},
volume={5},
year={2021},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-021-01070-3},
urldate={2022-12-15},
abstract={Non-monetary incentives that encourage pro-environmental behaviour can contribute to combating climate change. Here, we investigated the effect of green energy defaults in the household and business sectors. In two large-scale field studies in Switzerland of over 200,000 households and 8,000 enterprises, we found that presenting renewable energy to existing customers as the standard option led to around 80\% of the household and business sector customers staying with the green default, and the effects were largely stable over a time span of at least four years. Electricity consumption had only a weak effect on default acceptance. Our data do not indicate moral licensing: accepting the green default did not lead to a disproportionate increase in electricity consumption. Compared with men, women in both the household and business sectors were slightly more likely to accept the green default. Overall, non-monetary incentives can be highly effective in both the household and business sectors.},
}
@article{lim2025electricity,
title={How do we want to buy and sell electricity? Contrasting preferences from the United Kingdom and South Korea},
author={Lim, Eun Jin and Fell, Michael J. and Shipworth, David},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629625001537},
urldate={2025-04-29},
volume={125},
ISSN={2214-6296},
DOI={10.1016/j.erss.2025.104072},
journal={Energy Research \& Social Science},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2025},
month={07},
pages={104072},
}
@article{lingard2021residential,
title={Residential retrofit in the UK: The optimum retrofit measures necessary for effective heat pump use},
author={Lingard, Joseph},
journal={Building Services Engineering Research and Technology},
volume={42},
number={3},
pages={279--292},
year={2021},
publisher={SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England},
url={https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0143624420975707},
urldate={2023-04-21},
doi={10.1177/0143624420975707},
annote={DSM (dynamic simulation modelling); Integrated Environmental Solutions - Virtual Environment (IES-VE). Quote: "It is estimated that 80\% of today's buildings will be in operation by 2050." Quote: "When installed in poorly insulated buildings, heat pump size and electrical demand increases. This can lead to barriers in the uptake of heat pumps or require upgrades to electrical infrastructure, sometimes from single to three-phase supplies." Quote: "Imperial College London found the installation of an 8.5kWth heat pump (suitable for a typical household), increased electrical demand by 3kW. Electrical network design for a typical 3-bedroom household with gas central heating uses an After Diversity Maximum Demand (ADMD) of 1.5 kW." Quote: "... the daily peak in heat pump use does not coincide with the daily peak of the rest of the dwelling." Quote: "In the UK, 22 million households (~85\%) are connected to the gas grid and will likely require retrofitting with a heat pump." Quote: "Considering the above figures, approximately 9.7 million dwellings will require some form of intervention regarding thermal insulation. Solid and cavity wall insulation are fundamental energy efficiency measures in the UK's net zero target, with both representing around a third of projected energy savings from residential building envelopes to 2035." Quote: "... upgrading the solid walled semi-detached dwelling group in line with the costs used in this study would require around {\pound}15bn when multiplied at a national level." Quote: "The cost-optimal solution is a mix of improved SWI and high specification glazing, which achieves similar reductions to a whole-house retrofit using Part L1B standards, with approximately 20\% less expenditure."},
}
@article{lintunen2024cognitive,
title={Cognitive abilities predict performance in everyday computer tasks},
author={Lintunen, Erik and Salmela, Viljami and Jarre, Petri and Heikkinen, Tuukka and Kilpel{\"a}inen, Markku and Jokela, Markus and Oulasvirta, Antti},
volume={192},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S107158192400137X},
urldate={2025-04-13},
DOI={10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103354},
ISSN={1071-5819},
journal={International Journal of Human-Computer Studies},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2024},
month={12},
pages={103354},
abstract={Fluency with computer applications has assumed a crucial role in work-related and other day-to-day activities. While prior experience is known to predict performance in tasks involving computers, the effects of more stable factors like cognitive abilities remain unclear. Here, we report findings from a controlled study (N = 88) covering a wide spectrum of commonplace applications, from spreadsheets to video conferencing. Our main result is that cognitive abilities exert a significant, independent, and broad-based effect on computer users' performance. In particular, users with high working memory, executive control, and perceptual reasoning ability complete tasks more quickly and with greater success while experiencing lower mental load. Remarkably, these effects are similar to or even larger in magnitude than the effects of prior experience in using computers and in completing tasks similar to those encountered in our study. However, the effects are varying and application-specific. We discuss the role that user interface design bears on decreasing ability-related differences, alongside benefits this could yield for functioning in society.},
annote={[**UA] agency and UX complexity, assuming at least more subtle and effective management of a heat pump alongside ToU tariffs is analagous. Quote: "Task Success was better predicted by cognitive abilities than by experience. This result is surprising, as competence in computer use is traditionally attributed to acquired skill." Quote: "Our main finding suggests that calls for design that takes individual abilities into account have not been heeded. Everyday tasks with computers are not only frustrating but so difficult that a person's cognitive abilities are predictive of their task completion rates. Our more detailed results suggest what to prioritize in efforts to address this. Specifically, our models suggest that design should focus on minimizing reliance on executive functions and working memory." Quote: "Our results suggest that today's interfaces rely on extensive scanning and exploration. They present vast amounts of information, of several types, all at once." Quote: "Beyond user interface design, user-centered design processes could be reconsidered. User groups should cover diverse abilities. Presently, user interfaces get designed mostly under a 'one size fits all' policy, often with focus on commercially interesting markets: groups who are likely to adopt new products early. Our results suggest that users with lower cognitive abilities need to be considered as a target segment. However, there are complexities in designing for diverse user groups. An improvement in one group may cause decreases in another. One promising avenue to tackle this is via stronger focus on learnability. The focus in design is often on ease-of-use, which may dismiss the opportunity to support the growth of skills over time."},
}
@article{liu2018mitigation,
title={Environmentally-extended input-output simulation for analyzing production-based and consumption-based industrial greenhouse gas mitigation policies},
journal={Applied Energy},
volume={232},
pages={69-78},
year={2018},
issn={0306-2619},
doi={10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.192},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261918315125},
urldate={2023-01-17},
author={Lirong Liu and Guohe Huang and Brian Baetz and Kaiqiang Zhang},
keywords={Environmentally-extended input-output simulation model, Production-consumption rate, Industrial GHG mitigation policies, Optimized emission reduction pathways, Canada},
abstract={Industrial GHG mitigation policies are prevalent across the world to realize global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions targets. It is essential to simulate the impacts of different policies on various industries in the socio-economic system to find out the most effective emission reduction pathways. In this study, an Environmentally-Extended Input-Output Simulation (EEIOS) model is developed to facilitate integrated GHG mitigation policy development for multiple industries from both production and consumption sides. In addition, a Production-Consumption Rate is proposed to reflect the differences between Production-Based Policies (PBP) and Consumption-Based Policies (CBP) for a certain industry, which further supports the optimized and systematic emission reduction strategy development. A special case study of the Province in Saskatchewan, Canada, is conducted to illustrate the applicability and superiority of the Environmentally-Extended Input-Output Simulation model. It is found that Production-Based Policies applied to primary industries will lead to larger GHG reductions, and that Consumption-Based Policies should be applied to industries that are located at the end of industrial chains. The results provide a solid scientific basis for supporting industrial greenhouse gas mitigation policy development for each industry and identifying the optimized emission reduction pathways for the entire socio-economic system.},
annote={Mentions economic I-O life cycle assessment (LCA) model.},
}
@article{liu2024decarbonisation,
title={Tackling fuel poverty and decarbonisation in a distributed heating system through a three-layer whole system approach},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261924003696},
urldate={2024-09-25},
DOI={10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.122986},
ISSN={0306-2619},
journal={Applied Energy},
volume={362},
publisher={{Elsevier {BV}}},
author={Liu, Xinyao and Bierkens, Floris and De Mel, Ishanki and Leach, Matthew and Short, Michael and Chitnis, Mona and Zheng, Boyue and Liu, Lirong},
year={2024},
month={05},
pages={122986},
}
@article{lizana2023storage,
title={A national data-based energy modelling to identify optimal heat storage capacity to support heating electrification},
journal={Energy},
volume={262},
pages={125298},
year={2023},
month={01},
issn={0360-5442},
doi={10.1016/j.energy.2022.125298},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036054422202182X},
urldate={2023-02-10},
author={Jesus Lizana and Claire E. Halloran and Scot Wheeler and Nabil Amghar and Renaldi Renaldi and Markus Killendahl and Luis A. Perez-Maqueda and Malcolm McCulloch and Ricardo Chacartegui},
keywords={Thermal energy storage, Energy flexibility, Heating, Demand-side response, Heat pump, Heating decarbonisation},
abstract={Heating decarbonisation through electrification is a difficult challenge due to the considerable increase in peak power demand. This research proposes a novel modelling approach that utilises easily accessible national-level data to identify the required heat storage volume in buildings to decrease peak power demand and maximises carbon reductions associated with electrified heating technologies through smart demand-side response. The approach assesses the optimal shifting of heat pump operation to meet thermal heating demand according to different heat storage capacities in buildings, which are defined in relation to the time (in hours) in which the heating demand can be provided directly from the heat battery, without heat pump operation. Ten scenarios (S) are analysed: two baselines (S1--S2) and eight load shifting strategies (S3--S10) based on hourly and daily demand-side responses. Moreover, they are compared with a reference scenario (S0), with heating currently based on fossil fuels. The approach was demonstrated in two different regions, Spain and the United Kingdom. The optimal heat storage capacity was found on the order of 12 and 24~h of heating demand in both countries, reducing additional power capacity by 30--37\% and 40--46\%, respectively. However, the environmental benefits of heat storage alternatives were similar to the baseline scenario due to higher energy consumption and marginal power generation based on fossil fuels. It was also found that load shifting capability below 4~h presents limited benefits, reducing additional power capacity by 10\% at the national scale. The results highlight the importance of integrated heat storage technologies with the electrification of heat in highly gas-dependent regions. They can mitigate the need for an additional fossil-based dispatchable generation to meet high peak demand. The modelling approach provides a high-level strategy with regional specificity that, due to common datasets, can be easily replicated globally. For reproducibility, the code base and datasets are found on GitHub.},
}
@www{LN2024podcasts,
title={Podcast Stats: How many podcasts are there?},
url={https://www.listennotes.com/podcast-stats/},
publisher={Listen Notes},
urldate={2024-05-24},
year={2024},
month={05},
day={25},
annote={As of 2024-05-25 Quote: "Podcast industry data through the lens of Listen Notes, the best podcast search engine and database. There are at least 3,354,697 podcasts and 197,162,822 episodes in the world."},
}
% https://archive.ph/4QHvb
@article{lomas2010transdisciplinary,
title={Carbon reduction in existing buildings: a transdisciplinary approach},
author={Lomas, K. J.},
volume={38},
ISSN={1466-4321},
url={https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09613210903350937},
DOI={10.1080/09613210903350937},
number={1},
journal={Building Research &amp; Information},
publisher={Informa UK Limited},
year={2010},
month={02},
pages={1--11},
}
@article{lomas2018domestic,
title={Do domestic heating controls save energy? {A} review of the evidence},
author={Lomas, Kevin J and Oliveira, Sonja and Warren, Peter and Haines, VJ and Chatterton, Tim and Beizaee, Arash and Prestwood, Emily and Gething, Bill},
journal={Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
volume={93},
pages={52--75},
year={2018},
publisher={Elsevier},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032118303381},
urldate={2023-05-16},
doi={10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.002},
annote={Quote: "The evidence for energy savings was low quality or non-existent for all controls except zonal controls and smart thermostats." (Low for TRVs.)) Quote: "There was high quality evidence that heating controls are difficult for people to use."},
}
@article{lomas2022zonal,
title={Energy savings from domestic zonal heating controls: Robust evidence from a controlled field trial},
author={Lomas, K.J. and Allinson, D. and Watson, S. and Beizaee, A. and Haines, V.J. and Li, M.},
volume={254},
ISSN={0378-7788},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778821008562},
urldate={2024-02-19},
DOI={10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111572},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2022},
month={01},
pages={111572},
abstract={Domestic zonal heating controls enable hydronic systems to heat rooms to different temperatures at different times. The first credible evidence known to the authors, of the in-use energy savings of such controls, is reported. The results and research methods are globally relevant. The energy demands and room temperatures in 68, gas-heated, owner-occupied, semi-detached homes, in the English Midlands were monitored for a year before zonal controls were fitted in 37 of the homes prior to the second year of monitoring. The other homes retained the existing heating controls and so provided a matched (control) group. Surveys and questionnaires characterised the dwellings, heating systems and households. In two thirds of the homes with zonal controls the annual gas demand decreased, in one third it increased. Overall, the mean gas demand decreased by 3.5\% relative to the homes that retained their existing controls. Savings were achieved primarily by reducing bedroom temperatures, especially in the evenings. Wireless, digital zonal controls are unlikely to provide an acceptable payback through reductions in energy bills at today's prices, but they offer households the flexibility to react to time-of-use energy pricing. A matched (control) group is essential for the reliable calculation of energy demand changes arising from interventions in occupied homes.},
}
@report{loukatou2020storage,
title={Potential Electricity Storage Routes to 2050},
author={Loukatou, Kelly},
institution={National Grid UK ESO},
url={https://www.nationalgrideso.com/document/273166/download},
urldate={2022-12-14},
year={2022},
}
@article{lovins1996negawatts,
title={Negawatts},
author={Lovins, Amory B},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0301421595001387},
urldate={2024-09-30},
ISSN={0301-4215},
DOI={10.1016/0301-4215(95)00138-7},
journal={Energy Policy},
volume={24},
number={4},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={1996},
month={04},
pages={331--343},
}
@article{lowe2020building,
title={Building decarbonisation transition pathways: initial reflections},
author={Lowe, Robert and Oreszczyn, Tadj},
journal={{CREDS} Policy brief},
institution={Centre for Research into Energy Demand Solutions, UK (CREDS)},
url={https://www.creds.ac.uk/publications/building-decarbonisation-transition-pathways/},
urldate={2024-03-11},
howpublished={\url{https://www.creds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/CREDS-decarb-transitions-brief-2020.pdf}},
number={013},
volume={13},
year={2020},
month={06},
day={28},
annote={Quote: "Although many dwellings would also benefit from additional insulation to increase health and comfort, the overall role of insulation in reducing emissions due to heating in the UK is likely to be secondary. High levels of insulation are not essential to the deployment of heat pumps and are only likely to be cost effective in easy-to-treat properties." Quote: "The combination of HPs with heat networks offers a number of advantages: ability to integrate heat storage at much larger scales than is possible in individual dwellings, and thereby addressing the problem that hot water cylinders have been removed from many UK dwellings..."},
}
@report{lowes2023decompression,
title={Decompression: Policy and regulatory options to manage the gas grid in a decarbonising UK},
author={Richard Lowes},
institution={Regulatory Assistance Project},
url={https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/2023-08_decomissioning_gas_FINAL.pdf},
urldate={2023-08-04},
year={2023},
month={08},
annote={Quote: "With over half of the gas demand in the UK used outside of power generation going to households, and with the vast majority of gas meters being associated with households and small businesses, the gas distribution network is fundamentally a heating asset."},
}
@inproceedings{lu2010smart,
title={The smart thermostat: using occupancy sensors to save energy in homes},
author={Lu, Jiakang and Sookoor, Tamim and Srinivasan, Vijay and Gao, Ge and Holben, Brian and Stankovic, John and Field, Eric and Whitehouse, Kamin},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 8th ACM conference on embedded networked sensor systems},
url={https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/1869983.1870005},
urldate={2025-11-18},
howpublished={\url{http://www.alice.virginia.edu/%7Estankovic/psfiles/sensys10-final169.pdf}},
doi={10.1145/1869983.1870005},
pages={211--224},
year={2010},
month={11},
day={03},
abstract={Heating, ventilation and cooling (HVAC) is the largest source of residential energy consumption. In this paper, we demonstrate how to use cheap and simple sensing technology to automatically sense occupancy and sleep patterns in a home, and how to use these patterns to save energy by automatically turning off the home's HVAC system. We call this approach the smart thermostat. We evaluate this approach by deploying sensors in 8 homes and comparing the expected energy usage of our algorithm against existing approaches. We demonstrate that our approach will achieve a 28\% energy saving on average, at a cost of approximately $25 in sensors. In comparison, a commercially-available baseline approach that uses similar sensors saves only 6.8\% energy on average, and actually increases energy consumption in 4 of the 8 households.},
annote={[**CS1] [**UF]},
}
@article{lu2025DES,
title={City-scale integration of distributed energy storage resources for an all-electric energy future},
author={Lu, Bin and Shaw, Marnie and Sturmberg, Bjorn and Nadolny, Anna and Weber, Timothy and Catchpole, Kylie},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148125015848},
urldate={2025-07-22},
DOI={10.1016/j.renene.2025.123920},
journal={Renewable Energy},
ISSN={0960-1481},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2025},
month={07},
day={01},
pages={123920},
abstract={Distributed energy storage (DES) resources, such as electric vehicle batteries and hot water storage, can provide significant, currently underutilised, demand flexibility to support the uptake of variable renewable energy sources. However, large-scale assessments of DES resources on a city level are scarce. In this research, a set of methods are developed for high-resolution temporal and spatial assessment using Geographic Information System-based models. An all-electric energy future is modelled for the Australian Capital Territory as a case study, which features one of the world's most rapid transitions towards net-zero emissions. The modelling results show that electric vehicle batteries and hot water storage can provide storage capacities of 43 kWh and 2.6 kWh per capita, respectively. The daily flexibility they provide can reach 3.8 kWh/day and 1.5 kWh/day per capita, equivalent to one-third of the average electricity consumption of 16 kWh/day per capita. The distribution of DES resources is highly dependent on population density and urban growth. Storage capacity varies dynamically with daily travel patterns, rising by 2\%--21\% during the weekday in workplace-dense districts. Integrating electric vehicles and electric water heating systems may increase electricity consumption by 48\% while raising peak load by 34\%, indicating an improvement in the utilisation of electricity grid infrastructure from transport and heating electrification. Additionally, various charging and heating strategies could modify the peak load growth to 37\%, 16\%, and 20\% with the daytime, overnight and flat profiles, respectively.},
annote={[**UA] Quote: "However, hot water demand varies significantly amongst different regions, households, and individuals. Meireles et al. conducted a literature survey on the domestic hot water consumption patterns in Europe and North America, and found that the average hot water demand per household ranged from 122 L/day in the UK, to 172--236 L/day in Canada and 193--237 L/day in the USA. The IEA's Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems Programme reported some monitored datasets showing that the average hot water consumptions per household were in the range of 100--120 L/day in Europe, and 200--250 L/day in the USA. These significant differences in hot water demand are due to a range of factors, including social (e.g., household sizes), economic (e.g., water and energy rates), meteorological (e.g., ambient temperatures), and energy policy (e.g., water efficiency standards)."},
}
@www{luo2022controlling,
title={Controlling Commercial Cooling Systems Using Reinforcement Learning},
author={Luo, Jerry and Paduraru, Cosmin and Voicu, Octavian and Chervonyi, Yuri and Munns, Scott and Li, Jerry and Qian, Crystal and Dutta, Praneet and Davis, Jared Quincy and Wu, Ningjia and Yang, Xingwei and Chang, Chu-Ming and Li, Ted and Rose, Rob and Fan, Mingyan and Nakhost, Hootan and Liu, Tinglin and Kirkman, Brian and Altamura, Frank and Cline, Lee and Tonker, Patrick and Gouker, Joel and Uden, Dave and Bryan, Warren Buddy and Law, Jason and Fatiha, Deeni and Satra, Neil and Rothenberg, Juliet and Waraich, Mandeep and Carlin, Molly and Tallapaka, Satish and Witherspoon, Sims and Parish, David and Dolan, Peter and Zhao, Chenyu and Mankowitz, Daniel J.},
doi={10.48550/ARXIV.2211.07357},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.07357},
urldate={2022-12-20},
keywords={Machine Learning (cs.LG), Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI), Systems and Control (eess.SY), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering},
publisher={arXiv},
year={2022},
month={12},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
abstract={This paper is a technical overview of DeepMind and Google's recent work on reinforcement learning for controlling commercial cooling systems. Building on expertise that began with cooling Google's data centers more efficiently, we recently conducted live experiments on two real-world facilities in partnership with Trane Technologies, a building management system provider. These live experiments had a variety of challenges in areas such as evaluation, learning from offline data, and constraint satisfaction. Our paper describes these challenges in the hope that awareness of them will benefit future applied RL work. We also describe the way we adapted our RL system to deal with these challenges, resulting in energy savings of approximately 9\% and 13\% respectively at the two live experiment sites.},
}
@article{lyden2024locational,
title={Impact of locational pricing on the roll out of heat pumps in the {UK}},
author={Lyden, Andrew and Alene, Samuel and Connor, Peter and Renaldi, Renaldi and Watson, Stephen},
volume={187},
ISSN={0301-4215},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421524000636},
urldate={2024-03-11},
DOI={10.1016/j.enpol.2024.114043},
journal={Energy Policy},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2024},
month=apr,
pages={114043},
annote={Quote: "Locational pricing results in geographical disparities in heat pump operating costs." Quote: "... regions with net electricity imports may witness slower uptake due to potentially higher operational costs."},
}
@article{ma2018seasonal,
title={Feasibility study of seasonal solar thermal energy storage in domestic dwellings in the UK},
author={Zhiwei Ma and Huashan Bao and Anthony Paul Roskilly},
journal={Solar Energy},
volume={162},
pages={489-499},
year={2018},
issn={0038-092X},
doi={10.1016/j.solener.2018.01.013},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038092X18300227},
urldate={2023-03-03},
keywords={Seasonal solar thermal energy storage, Heating demand, Useful solar heat, Domestic dwelling},
abstract={Seasonal solar thermal energy storage (SSTES) has been investigated widely to solve the mismatch between majority solar thermal energy in summer and majority heating demand in winter. To study the feasibility of SSTES in domestic dwellings in the UK, eight representative cities including Edinburgh, Newcastle, Belfast, Manchester, Birmingham, Cardiff, London and Plymouth have been selected in the present paper to study and compare the useful solar heat available on dwelling roofs and the heating demand of the dwellings. The heating demands of space and hot water in domestic dwellings with a range of overall heat loss coefficients (50~W/K, 150~W/K and 250~W/K) in different cities were calculated; then the useful heat obtained by the heat transfer fluid (HTF) flowing through tilted flat-plate solar collectors installed on the dwelling roof was calculated with varied HTF inlet temperature (30~{\degree}C, 40~{\degree}C and 50~{\degree}C). By comparing the available useful heat and heating demands, the critical solar collector area and storage capacity to meet 100\% solar fraction have been obtained and discussed; the corresponding critical storage volume sizes using different storage technologies, including sensible heat water storage, latent heat storage and various thermochemical sorption cycles using different storage materials were estimated.},
annote={Quote: "Cardiff, London and Plymouth have the greater potential to develop SSTES domestic application, the critical solar collector area and storage capacity were 33.51-34.29~m^2 and 6073.25-6336.35~kWh respectively in the case of 150~W/K overall heat loss coefficient and 40~{\degree}C HTF inlet temperature."},
}
@article{ma2023radiative,
author={Ma, Bingjie and Cheng, Yingying and Hu, Peiying and Fang, Dan and Wang, Jin},
title={Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling of Silica Aerogels},
journal={Nanomaterials},
volume={13},
year={2023},
number={3},
url={https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/13/3/467},
urldate={2023-03-05},
PubMedID={36770428},
ISSN={2079-4991},
abstract={Silica aerogels are one of the most widely used aerogels, exhibiting excellent thermal insulation performance and ultralow density. However, owing to their plenitude of Si-O-Si bonds, they possess high infrared emissivity in the range of 8--13 {\micro}m and are potentially robust passive radiative cooling (PRC) materials. In this study, the PRC behavior of traditional silica aerogels prepared from methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) and dimethyldimethoxysilane (DMDMS) in outdoor environments was investigated. The silica aerogels possessed low thermal conductivity of 0.035 W/m.K and showed excellent thermal insulation performance in room environments. However, sub-ambient cooling of 12 {\degree}C was observed on a clear night and sub-ambient cooling of up to 7.5 {\degree}C was achieved in the daytime, which indicated that in these cases the silica aerogel became a robust cooling material rather than a thermal insulator owing to its high IR emissivity of 0.932 and high solar reflectance of 0.924. In summary, this study shows the PRC performance of silica aerogels, and the findings guide the utilization of silica aerogels by considering their application environments for achieving optimal thermal management behavior.},
DOI={10.3390/nano13030467},
}
% ARTICLE-NUMBER = {467},
@article{macdonald2025insufficiency,
title={Reducing meat consumption with consumer insights and the nudge by proxy: the anomaly of asking, the power of protein, and illusions of insufficiency and availability},
author={Macdonald, Chris},
url={https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sustainable-food-systems/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1656336/full},
urldate={2025-10-24},
DOI={10.3389/fsufs.2025.1656336},
journal={Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems},
ISSN={2571-581X},
volume={9},
publisher={Frontiers Media {SA}},
year={2025},
month={09},
day={23},
abstract={High global meat consumption presents significant environmental challenges. Interventions to reduce meat consumption, such as carbon labelling, have shown modest and inconsistent results, a phenomenon potentially explained by an "environmentalist bias." This paper introduces and tests a consumer-centric "nudge by proxy" approach, which indirectly encourages choices that mitigate or obviate external costs by addressing consumers' internal motivations. First, a consumer survey of 1,500 UK students identified "protein" as the most significant perceived barrier to adopting a meat-free diet. Subsequently, two choice experiments (N~=~3,000) were conducted. Experiment 1 demonstrated that labelling the protein content significantly increased selection of the meat-free option over a meat-based counterpart when compared to both a control group (p~<~0.001) and a carbon label group (p~<~0.001). Experiment 2 confirmed the efficacy of the protein nudge, showing it had significantly increased the choice of a separate meat-free option by over 100\% compared to a control group (p~<~0.001). The paper concludes by discussing the importance of consumer engagement and addressing two illusions with future research: the "insufficiency illusion" whereby consumers falsely believe meat-free options to be lacking in a key area, and the "availability illusion," when meat-free options are available but are genuinely lacking. The author advocates for a practical dual-pronged approach that both reveals and creates better options for the consumer.},
annote={[**UA] Quote: "Experiment 1 demonstrated that labelling the protein content significantly increased selection of the meat-free option ..." Quote: "The most effective way to influence these choices is not necessarily to educate consumers about complicated external costs but to understand and address their immediate, personal motivations. The popular focus on carbon labelling appears to be a manifestation of an 'environmentalist bias,' leading to interventions that are more meaningful to their creators than to their target audience."},
}
@article{maivel2015return,
title={Heating system return temperature effect on heat pump performance},
author={Maivel, Mikk and Kurnitski, Jarek},
volume={94},
ISSN={0378-7788},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037877881500153X},
urldate={2024-07-28},
DOI={10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.02.048},
journal={Energy and Buildings}, publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2015},
month={05},
pages={71--79},
annote={Quote: "Low return temperature in a radiator heating system increased SPF by 9%."},
}
@article{makasis2021simplifications,
title={Impact of simplifications on numerical modelling of the shallow subsurface at city-scale and implications for shallow geothermal potential},
author={Makasis, N. and Kreitmair, M.J. and Bidarmaghz, A. and Farr, G.J. and Scheidegger, J.M. and Choudhary, R.},
volume={791},
ISSN={0048-9697},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721033076},
urldate={2024-03-13},
DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148236},
journal={Science of The Total Environment},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2021},
month=oct,
pages={148236},
annote={Quote: "Heated basements shown to increase volumetric ground temperature by up to 1.1{\degree}C [in Cardiff]." Quote: "... increases in ground temperatures in the range of 1 to 5.5{\degree}C within the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London, due to the presence of subway tunnels and heated basements."},
}
@article{makasis2023pavements,
title={Geothermal pavements: A city-scale investigation on providing sustainable heating for the city of Cardiff, {UK}},
author={Makasis, Nikolas and Gu, Xiaoying and Kreitmair, Monika J. and Narsilio, Guillermo A. and Choudhary, Ruchi},
volume={218},
ISSN={0960-1481},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148123011631},
urldate={2024-03-06},
DOI={10.1016/j.renene.2023.119248},
journal={Renewable Energy},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2023},
month=dec,
pages={119248},
annote={Quote: "Depending on ground conditions, 184--345 kWh annually/m road of heat can be provided. Geothermal pavements can reduce anthropogenic heat flux into the ground by 390 MWh/a. In low population density areas 100\% residential demand can be fulfilled, overall 23\%. Replacing traditional systems can reduce carbon emission by 75\%." Quote: "[in] Cardiff, UK ... results show that between 184 kWh and 345 kWh of thermal energy per metre length of pavement can be supplied annually, depending on soil profile."},
}
@article{mandal2024radiative,
title={Radiative cooling and thermoregulation in the earth's glow},
author={Mandal, Jyotirmoy and Anand, Jyothis and Mandal, Sagar and Brewer, John and Ramachandran, Arvind and Raman, Aaswath P.},
ISSN={2666-3864},
url={https://www.cell.com/cell-reports-physical-science/fulltext/S2666-3864(24)00334-5},
urldate={2024-06-30},
DOI={10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.102065},
journal={Cell Reports Physical Science},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2024},
month={06},
day={27},
annote={Quote: "A novel, passive radiative thermoregulation mechanism for walls and windows. Buildings lose narrowband heat to the sky but exchange broadband heat with the earth. Vertical [longwave infrared] emitters stay cooler than broadband ones in hot weather and warmer in cold. Thermoregulation by this simple and static design yields untapped energy savings." Quote: "...we explored both novel and known LWIR emitters, like metallized polypropene (PP), paint resins, and ceramics..." Quote: "The materials we propose are perhaps some of the most scalable selective emitters currently available, as indicated by the conveniently created or acquired samples (0.25 to 1 ft^2 large) in Figure 7A. PMP and PVF are already produced at scale, with the latter made in metallized forms for building facades. PMMA- and PDMS-based paint resins are well known for their long-standing use on building facades and could have an immediate impact on buildings. Among the new materials we show as selective emitters, PP and poly(ethene terephthalate) (PET) are the second and sixth most widely used plastics in the world, produced in their metallized forms at >108 m2 scales per year, and sufficiently common to be sourced from plastic waste. The spectrum for PP in Figure 7A was obtained from a discarded food container, which opens an intriguing possibility of extending lives of discarded plastics by repurposing them into building envelopes."},
}
@article{mandys2023cost,
title={Levelized cost estimates of solar photovoltaic electricity in the United Kingdom until 2035},
volume={4},
ISSN={2666-3899},
url={https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2666389923000752},
urldate={2024-03-27},
howpublished={\url{https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2666-3899%2823%2900075-2}},
DOI={10.1016/j.patter.2023.100735},
number={5},
journal={Patterns},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
author={Mandys, Filip and Chitnis, Mona and Silva, S. Ravi P.},
year={2023},
month=may,
pages={100735},
}
@inproceedings{manota2013servers,
title={Investigating the impacts of web servers on web application energy usage},
author={Manotas, Irene and Sahin, Cagri and Clause, James and Pollock, Lori and Winbladh, Kristina},
booktitle={2013 2nd International Workshop on Green and Sustainable Software (GREENS)},
url={https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6606417},
urldate={2024-05-26},
DOI={10.1109/greens.2013.6606417},
publisher={IEEE},
year={2013},
month={05},
annote={Quote: "To measure the amount of energy consumed by our subjects, we ran them on a Low Power Energy Aware Processing (LEAP)-based system [4]. Our LEAP system is an x86 platform based on an Intel Atom motherboard (D945GCLF2). It is currently configured with 1 GB of DDR2 RAM, a 320 GB 7200 RPM SATA disk drive (WD3200BEKT), and runs OpenSuse 12.1." Quote: "For example, running Scenario #16 of the Context edit feature consumes [approx] 230 J, 175 J, 225 J, and 200 J when run using Mongrel, Puma, Thin, and WEBrick, respectively."},
}
@article{march1989cloning,
title={Cloning and characterization of an Escherichia coli gene, pcnB, affecting plasmid copy number},
author={March, JB and Colloms, MD and Hart-Davis, Damon and Oliver, IR and Masters, M},
url={https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1989.tb00239.x},
urldate={2023-11-07},
howpublished={\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1989.tb00239.x}},
doi={10.1111/j.1365-2958.1989.tb00239.x},
issn={0950-382X},
journal={Molecular microbiology},
volume={3},
number={7},
pages={903--910},
year={1989},
month={07},
publisher={Wiley Online Library},
PubMedID={2677604},
abstract={A gene, pcnB, affecting the copy number of ColE1-related plasmids has been cloned and mapped to 3.6 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome between panD and fhu. The gene encodes a previously un-described 48 kD protein. Several independently isolated mutants exhibiting the same phenotye, reduced copy number, have been shown to be pcnB.},
}
@book{marchaj1993aerohydrodynamics,
title={Aero-hydrodynamics of sailing},
author={Czes{\l}aw A. Marchaj},
year={1993},
ISBN={0-7136-3740-4},
keywords={aerohydrodynamics, hydrodynamics, sailboats, yachting, yachts},
}
@www{mark2015homewise,
title={RIBA: UK homes are still too small},
author={Laura Mark},
year={2015},
month={12},
day={03},
url={https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/riba-uk-homes-are-still-too-small},
urldate={2025-10-17},
journal={Architects' Journal},
abstract={More than half of new-build homes are too small, according to a new RIBA report. The report, entitled #HomeWise --- Space Standards for Homes, suggests homes being built in the UK are still too small for families to live in comfortably.},
annote={Quote: "RIBA president Jane Duncan, said: 'Tiny rabbit-hutch new-builds should be a thing of the past. But sadly our research shows that for many people, a new home means living somewhere that's been built well below the minimum space standard needed for a comfortable home.'" That "rabbit-hutch" remark caused controversy, describing new-build homes the same size as mine built in the late 1960s, with mine merely described as 'modest' by the UK Secretary of State for the Department of Energy and Climate Change on visiting! Smaller homes need less energy to heat and otherwise maintain.},
}
@www{marsden2024street,
title={Clean heat: coordinating the switch street by street},
author={Andy Marsden and Kevin Wiley and Martina Kavan},
institution={Nesta},
url={https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/clean-heat-coordinating-the-switch-street-by-street/},
urldate={2024-12-09},
howpublished={\url{https://www.nesta.org.uk/documents/3013/Clean_heat_-_coordinating_the_switch_street_by_street.pdf}},
ISBN={978-1-916699-26-7},
year={2024},
month={06},
day={27},
abstract={Using open collaboration to create a blueprint for an ambitious, coordinated approach to decarbonising homes.},
annote={Quote: "There are many potential benefits to a coordinated approach. It may make it easier and more attractive for households to switch, and make people more likely to act if their neighbours are. It may reduce costs through economies of scale, and help to build supply chains. Schemes that would benefit from communal infrastructure, such as heat networks or networked ground source heat pumps, may face more barriers if the decarbonisation of household heat isn't coordinated locally." Also see https://www.nesta.org.uk/data-visualisation-and-interactive/clean-heat-coordinating-the-transition-to-low-carbon-heat/ },
}
@article{marshall2016combining,
title={Combining energy efficiency measure approaches and occupancy patterns in building modelling in the UK residential context},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
volume={111},
pages={98-108},
year={2016},
issn={0378-7788},
doi={10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.11.039},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778815304060},
urldate={2023-05-16},
author={Erica Marshall and Julia K. Steinberger and Valerie Dupont and Timothy J. Foxon},
keywords={Energy efficiency measures, Building energy modelling, Occupancy profiles, Energy service, Thermal comfort, TRNSYS},
abstract={The UK faces a significant retrofit challenge, especially with its housing stock of old, hard-to-treat solid walled dwellings. In this work, we investigate the delivery of heated thermal comfort with a lower energy demand through four types of energy efficiency interventions: passive system, conversion device, method of service control, and level of service demanded. These are compared for three distinct household occupancy patterns, corresponding to a working family, a working couple and a daytime-present couple. Energy efficiency measures are considered singly and in combination, to study whether multiple lower cost measures can achieve comparable savings to higher cost individual measures. Scenarios are simulated using engineering building modelling software TRNSYS with data taken from literature. Upgraded insulation of wall and roof resulted in highest savings in all occupancy scenarios, but comparable savings were calculated for reduced internal temperature and partial spatial heating in scenarios in which the house is not at maximum capacity. Zonal heating control is expected to achieve greatest savings for the working couple who had a flexible occupancy pattern. The results from this modelling work show the extent to which energy consumption depends on the appropriate matching between energy efficiency measures and occupant type.},
annote={TRNSYS modelling. Quote: "TRVs (D) enabled greater savings for cases with higher occupancy hours; 9\% for the couple present in the daytime whilst only 5\% for the working couple."},
}
@article{marshall2016efficiency,
title={Combining energy efficiency measure approaches and occupancy patterns in building modelling in the UK residential context},
author={Marshall, Erica and Steinberger, Julia K. and Dupont, Valerie and Foxon, Timothy J.},
volume={111},
ISSN={0378-7788},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778815304060},
urldate={2024-02-19},
DOI={10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.11.039},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2016},
month={01},
pages={98--108},
}
@article{marshall2017insitu,
title={Domestic building fabric performance: Closing the gap between the in situ measured and modelled performance},
author={Marshall, A. and Fitton, R. and Swan, W. and Farmer, D. and Johnston, D. and Benjaber, M. and Ji, Y.},
ISSN={0378-7788},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778817305200},
urldate={2024-07-30},
DOI={10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.06.028},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
volume={150},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2017},
month={09},
day={01},
pages={307--317},
}
@article{martin2024hydrogen,
title={A review of challenges with using the natural gas system for hydrogen},
author={Martin, Paul and Ocko, Ilissa B. and Esquivel-Elizondo, Sofia and Kupers, Roland and Cebon, David and Baxter, Tom and Hamburg, Steven P.},
ISSN={2050-0505},
url={https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.1861},
urldate={2024-08-22},
howpublished={\url{https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.1861}},
DOI={10.1002/ese3.1861},
journal={Energy Science \& Engineering},
publisher={Wiley},
year={2024},
month={08},
day={18},
abstract={Hydrogen, as an energy carrier, is attractive to many stakeholders based on the assumption that the extensive global network of natural gas infrastructure can be repurposed to transport hydrogen as part of a zero-carbon energy future. Therefore, utility companies and governments are rapidly advancing efforts to pilot blending low-carbon hydrogen into existing natural gas systems, many with the goal of eventually shifting to pure hydrogen. However, hydrogen has fundamentally different physical and chemical properties to natural gas, with major consequences for safety, energy supply, climate, and cost. We evaluate the suitability of using existing natural gas infrastructure for distribution of hydrogen. We summarize differences between hydrogen and natural gas, assess the latest science and engineering of each component of the natural gas value chain for hydrogen distribution, and discuss proposed solutions for building an effective hydrogen value chain. We find that every value chain component is challenged by reuse. Hydrogen blending can circumvent many challenges but offers only a small reduction in greenhouse gas emissions due to hydrogen's low volumetric energy density. Furthermore, a transition to pure hydrogen is not possible without significant retrofits and replacements. Even if technical and economic barriers are overcome, serious safety and environmental risks remain.},
}
@article{masia2023cheese,
title={The impact of different bacterial blends on texture and flavour development in plant-based cheese},
author={Carmen Masi{\'a} and Raquel Fern{\'a}ndez-Varela and Poul Erik Jensen and Saeed Rahimi Yazdi},
doi={10.1016/j.fufo.2023.100250},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666833523000369?via%3Dihub},
urldate={2023-11-17},
year=2023,
month={12},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
volume={8},
pages={100250},
journal={Future Foods},
}
@article{mattioli2017poverty,
title={Transport poverty and fuel poverty in the UK: From analogy to comparison},
journal={Transport Policy},
volume={59},
pages={93-105},
year={2017},
issn={0967-070X},
doi={10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.07.007},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X17304869},
author={Giulio Mattioli and Karen Lucas and Greg Marsden},
keywords={Fuel poverty, Transport affordability, UK, Energy, Social exclusion, Indicators},
abstract={The notion of 'fuel poverty', referring to affordable warmth, underpins established research and policy agendas in the UK and has been extremely influential worldwide. In this context, British researchers, official policymaking bodies and NGOs have put forward the notion of 'transport poverty', building on an implicit analogy between (recognised) fuel poverty and (neglected) transport affordability issues. However, the conceptual similarities and differences between 'fuel' and 'transport' poverty remain largely unaddressed in the UK. This paper systematically compares and contrasts the two concepts, examining critically the assumption of a simple equivalence between them. We illustrate similarities and differences under four headings: (i) negative consequences of lack of warmth and lack of access; (ii) drivers of fuel and transport poverty; (iii) definition and measurement; (iv) policy interventions. Our review suggests that there are important conceptual and practical differences between transport and domestic energy consumption, with crucial consequences for how affordability problems amongst households are to be conceptualised and addressed. In a context where transport and energy exhibit two parallel policy worlds, the analysis in the paper and these conclusions reinforce how and why these differences matter. As we embark on an ever closer union between our domestic energy and transport energy systems the importance of these contradictions will become increasingly evident and problematic. This work contributes to the long-term debate about how best to manage these issues in a radical energy transition that properly pays attention to issues of equity and affordability.},
}
@article{mattioli2023flies,
title={Who flies but never drives? Highlighting diversity among high emitters for passenger transport in England},
journal={Energy Research \& Social Science},
volume={99},
pages={103057},
year={2023},
issn={2214-6296},
doi={10.1016/j.erss.2023.103057},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629623001172},
urldate={2023-04-21},
author={Giulio Mattioli and Milena B{\"u}chs and Joachim Scheiner},
keywords={Air travel, Car use, Modality styles, Long-distance travel, Excess travel, Energy justice},
abstract={Energy research is paying increasing attention to inequalities in climate emissions and to the disproportionate contribution of 'high emitters' to national emissions, notably from transport. While the individual and household factors associated with high overall emissions are well-known, there is a need for a more nuanced understanding of who 'high emitters' across different domains are and what drives their emissions. This paper highlights diversity within the group of 'high emitters' for transport, based on survey data on English residents' car and air travel. We define groups characterised by high emissions from car travel, air travel, or both. We focus in particular on individuals with 'dissonant' profiles - i.e., combining low emissions for one mode and high emissions for the other. These nuances have been overlooked to date, but they are important from a policy perspective. We describe the identified groups with bivariate and multivariate methods, considering socio-economic attributes, neighbourhood characteristics, social network dispersion, and environmental attitudes. We find that individuals with 'dissonant' emission patterns account for up to 20 \% of the population, and up to 30~\% of emissions from car and air travel. Those who combine low car emissions with high emissions from air travel are more likely to be urban residents, higher-income groups, younger adults, females, migrants, and people with dispersed social networks. Individuals with the opposite profile of high car and low air travel emissions tend to be male, middle-aged, and long-distance commuters living in car-dependent areas. We conclude by discussing implications for climate policy in the transport sector.},
}
@article{mccarthy2023founder,
title={The impact of founder personalities on startup success},
author={Paul X. McCarthy and Xian Gong and Fabian Braesemann and Fabian Stephany and Marian-Andrei Rizoiu and Margaret L. Kern},
doi={10.1038/s41598-023-41980-y},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-41980-y},
urldate={2023-10-19},
year=2023,
month={10},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
volume={13},
number={1},
journal={Scientific Reports},
}
@article{mckenna2018selfconsumption,
title={Solar photovoltaic self-consumption in the UK residential sector: New estimates from a smart grid demonstration project},
author={McKenna, Eoghan and Pless, Jacquelyn and Darby, Sarah J.},
volume={118},
ISSN={0301-4215},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302222?via%3Dihub},
DOI={10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.006},
journal={Energy Policy},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2018},
month=jul,
pages={482--491},
}
@report{MCS2020guide,
title={Domestic Heat Pumps --- A Best Practice Guide},
author={{MCS (UK Microgeneration Certification Scheme)}},
institution={MCS (UK Microgeneration Certification Scheme)},
year={2020},
month={07},
day={14},
url={https://mcscertified.com/standards-tools-library/},
urldate={2024-02-27},
howpublished={\url{https://mcscertified.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Heat-Pump-Guide.pdf}},
annote={Quote: "6.1.2.1 Ideally, some form of temperature control should be available in all rooms either by thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs) in the case of radiators or zone control valves for UFH." Quote: "6.1.2.2. Radiators Typically, individual radiators will have trimming control of the room temperature via TRVs. These are a relatively low cost, passive methods of providing user comfort control, whilst also conserving energy by reducing the risk of overheating the space." Quote: "6.1.3. Weather Compensation Weather compensation (more accurately described as Ambient Air Temperature Load Correction) endeavours to improve the efficiency of the heat pump during seasonal operation by recognising that the output of most heat emitters does not need to be set at maximum during low load conditions. This means that the flow temperature can be reduced, which in turn will ordinarily increase the efficiency of the unit." Quote: "MCS requires weather compensation to be available on all space heating systems but does not stipulate how this must be set up." Quote: "7.2.4. Temperature Set Point It is advisable that when designing the controls for any heat pump space heating system consideration should be given to the provision of 'weather compensation' ..."},
}
@report{MCS2021MIS3005I,
title={The Heat Pump Standard (Installation)},
author={{MCS (UK Microgeneration Certification Scheme)}},
institution={MCS UK (Microgeneration Certification Scheme)},
year={2021},
month={12},
day={01},
url={https://mcscertified.com/standards-tools-library/},
urldate={2024-02-27},
number={MIS-3005-I},
howpublished={\url{https://mcscertified.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/MIS-3005-I-Heat-Pump-Installation-Issue-1.0.pdf}},
annote={Quote: "6.3.9. Where it can optimise system efficiency with the maximum possible gradient, weather compensation should be enabled."},
}
@article{menegazzo2022technology,
title={State of the Art, Perspective and Obstacles of Ground-Source Heat Pump Technology in the European Building Sector: A Review},
author={Davide Menegazzo and Giulia Lombardo and Sergio Bobbo and Michele De Carli and Laura Fedele},
doi={10.3390/en15072685},
url={https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/7/2685},
urldate={2023-11-05},
year=2022,
month={04},
publisher={{MDPI} {AG}},
volume={15},
number={7},
pages={2685},
journal={Energies},
}
@www{miara2021renovated,
title={Does a house have to be renovated first in order to install a heat pump?},
author={Marek Miara},
url={https://blog.innovation4e.de/en/2021/02/24/does-a-house-have-to-be-renovated-first-in-order-to-install-a-heat-pump/},
urldate={2023-03-30},
year={2021},
month={02},
annote={Quote: "For various reasons, (full) refurbishment of buildings is sometimes not possible in the short term. Fortunately, houses do not have to be extensively renovated in order to allow for an installation of a heat pump." Quote: "A very recent evaluation of 20 air-to-water heat pump systems, continuously monitored by Fraunhofer ISE, has shown the following: The average outdoor air temperature for the evaluated heat pump systems was -3.6{\degree}C during this very cold period (there have only been 5 months with average temperatures below -3.5{\degree}C in Germany in the last 50 years). The efficiency of 17 systems (the three best in fully renovated buildings were not taken into account) was 2.3 during this period, with a range between 1.6 and 2.8. That is to say: even with such cold weather, more than twice as much heat could be extracted from the ambient air with each kilowatt-hour of electricity. The device with the lowest efficiency had to operate with the lowest average outside air temperature of -10.2{\degree}C. Additional electric back-up heaters were used in only five plants and were taken into account when determining efficiency. The desired heating energy was provided by all plants."},
}
@article{michanowicz2022home,
author={Michanowicz, Drew R. and Dayalu, Archana and Nordgaard, Curtis L. and Buonocore, Jonathan J. and Fairchild, Molly W. and Ackley, Robert and Schiff, Jessica E. and Liu, Abbie and Phillips, Nathan G. and Schulman, Audrey and Magavi, Zeyneb and Spengler, John D.},
title={Home is Where the Pipeline Ends: Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds Present in Natural Gas at the Point of the Residential End User},
journal={Environmental Science \& Technology},
volume={56},
number={14},
pages={10258-10268},
year={2022},
doi={10.1021/acs.est.1c08298},
url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c08298},
annote={PMID: 35762409},
abstract={The presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in unprocessed natural gas (NG) is well documented; however, the degree to which VOCs are present in NG at the point of end use is largely uncharacterized. We collected 234 whole NG samples across 69 unique residential locations across the Greater Boston metropolitan area, Massachusetts. NG samples were measured for methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and nonmethane VOC (NMVOC) content (including tentatively identified compounds) using commercially available USEPA analytical methods. Results revealed 296 unique NMVOC constituents in end use NG, of which 21 (or approximately 7\%) were designated as hazardous air pollutants. Benzene (bootstrapped mean = 164 ppbv; SD = 16; 95\% CI: 134--196) was detected in 95\% of samples along with hexane (98\% detection), toluene (94\%), heptane (94\%), and cyclohexane (89\%), contributing to a mean total concentration of NMVOCs in distribution-grade NG of 6.0 ppmv (95\% CI: 5.5--6.6). While total VOCs exhibited significant spatial variability, over twice as much temporal variability was observed, with a wintertime NG benzene concentration nearly eight-fold greater than summertime. By using previous NG leakage data, we estimated that 120--356~kg/yr of annual NG benzene emissions throughout Greater Boston are not currently accounted for in emissions inventories, along with an unaccounted-for indoor portion. NG-odorant content (tert-butyl mercaptan and isopropyl mercaptan) was used to estimate that a mean NG-CH4 concentration of 21.3~ppmv (95\% CI: 16.7--25.9) could persist undetected in ambient air given known odor detection thresholds. This implies that indoor NG leakage may be an underappreciated source of both CH4 and associated VOCs.},
}
@article{millar2025consumption,
title={Electricity consumption in net zero ready homes with ASHP and PV and its effect on power networks. A case study in the UK},
author={Millar, Michael-Allan and Weng, Kui and Mateo-Garcia, Monica and Boyd, David},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778825013246},
urldate={2025-11-19},
DOI={10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116594},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
volume={349},
ISSN={0378-7788},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2025},
month={12},
day={15},
pages={116594},
abstract={Low-carbon homes with enhanced insulation and airtightness, heat pumps and renewables are expected to be more energy-efficient. However, their real operational performance remains uncertain until inhabited. The performance gap between modelled and implemented energy systems is well documented. There is relatively little work showing the performance gap in practice for operational domestic heat pumps, particularly when combined with PV generation. This study examines the performance of 7 low-carbon homes constructed according the UK's Future Homes Standard. It offers a comprehensive assessment of the operational impacts of low carbon dwellings on local power infrastructures, representing some of the earliest implementations of these new building regulations for future homes in the UK. A whole year of energy consumption data is analysed using a combination of regression techniques, graphical representations, and tabular data analysis to investigate operational energy performance, heat pump efficiency, peak power demand, and renewable energy utilization, providing novel insight to the implications of heat pumps on local power networks. The study reveals that measured diversified peak demand was just 14.6\% of the total design capacity. Heating and cooking accounted for more than 80\% of the peak power. While an average of 65\% of solar energy generated was utilized within the homes, there remains scope to enhance PV energy integration by expanding the area of PV panels. These findings underscore that relying solely on theoretical or installed capacity could significantly overestimate actual network requirements and reinforces the importance of diversity-based planning and the role of occupancy patterns in shaping peak demand.},
annote={[**CS1] [**UF] [**UA] Also see https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/nov/19/heat-pump-homes-put-less-strain-on-grid-than-expected-study-shows },
}
@report{miller2020scaling,
title={Scaling up retrofit 2050: Why a nationwide programme to upgrade the existing housing stock is the only way for the UK to achieve its carbon saving goals},
institution={IET and Nottingham Trent University},
author={Richard Miller and Marjan Sarshar},
url={https://www.theiet.org/media/8758/retrofit.pdf},
urldate={2023-01-04},
year={2020},
abstract={Domestic energy consumption accounts for about 30\% of the UK's total energy budget, and 20\% of UK greenhouse gas emissions. Reduction in carbon emissions from domestic properties is essential to achieve the goals of the 2008 Climate Change Act. Over three-quarters of household energy demand is for space and hot water heating. We must decarbonise or reduce heating demand. Since 80\% of the homes we will be living in by 2050 have already been built, a nationwide programme of deep retrofits and refurbishment of the existing stock is the only way to deliver the required carbon savings. Deep retrofitting to 2050 standards is complex and costly but early pioneers are attempting this transformation. There are a number of cases across Europe where retrofit development at scale has already been achieved or is being delivered, several of which are highlighted in section 4 of this report. This document focuses on how to scale up these attempts.},
}
@article{milner2023mortality,
title={Impact on mortality of pathways to net zero greenhouse gas emissions in England and Wales: a multisectoral modelling study},
author={James Milner and Grace Turner and Andrew Ibbetson and Patricia Eustachio Colombo and Rosemary Green and Alan D Dangour and Andy Haines and Paul Wilkinson},
doi={10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00310-2},
issn={2542-5196},
journal={The Lancet Planetary Health},
year={2023},
month={01},
publisher={Elsevier},
url={https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00310-2},
annote={See also at Carbon Brief https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-how-the-uks-push-to-reach-net-zero-could-deliver-key-health-benefits/ "Of the separate actions we modelled, the greatest contribution to health improvement was from home energy efficiency measures, such as wall and loft insulation (over 800,000 life years gained by 2050), assuming that adequate ventilation requirements are met."},
}
@article{miner2024car,
title={Car harm: A global review of automobility's harm to people and the environment},
author={Miner, Patrick and Smith, Barbara M. and Jani, Anant and McNeill, Geraldine and Gathorne-Hardy, Alfred},
volume={115},
ISSN={0966-6923},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966692324000267},
DOI={10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2024.103817},
journal={Journal of Transport Geography},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2024},
month=feb,
pages={103817},
annote={Quote: "... 1 in 34 deaths are caused by cars and automobility with 1,670,000 deaths per year. Cars and automobility have killed 60--80 million people since their invention."},
}
@article{miranda2023cooling,
author={Miranda, Nicole D. and Lizana, Jesus and Sparrow, Sarah N. and Zachau-Walker, Miriam and Watson, Peter A. G. and Wallom, David C. H. and Khosla, Radhika and McCulloch, Malcolm},
title={Change in cooling degree days with global mean temperature increasing from 1.5{\degree}C to 2.0{\degree}C},
journal={Nature Sustainability},
year={2023},
month={07},
day={13},
abstract={Limiting global mean temperature rise to 1.5{\degree}C is increasingly out of reach. Here we show the impact on global cooling demand in moving from 1.5{\degree}C to 2.0{\degree}C of global warming. African countries have the highest increase in cooling requirements. Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Norway (traditionally unprepared for heat) will suffer the largest relative cooling demand surges. Immediate and unprecedented adaptation interventions are required worldwide to be prepared for a hotter world.},
issn={2398-9629},
doi={10.1038/s41893-023-01155-z},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-023-01155-z},
urldate={2023-07-13},
}
@article{mirletz2023toxicity,
title={Unfounded concerns about photovoltaic module toxicity and waste are slowing decarbonization},
author={Heather Mirletz and Henry Hieslmair and Silvana Ovaitt and Taylor L. Curtis and Teresa M. Barnes},
doi={10.1038/s41567-023-02230-0},
url={https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41567-023-02230-0},
urldate={2023-10-17},
year=2023,
month={10},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
volume={19},
number={10},
pages={1376--1378},
journal={Nature Physics},
abstract={Unsubstantiated claims that fuel growing public concern over the toxicity of photovoltaic modules and their waste are slowing their deployment. Clarifying these issues will help to facilitate the decarbonization that our world depends on.},
annote={Quote: "We globally produce and manage approximately the same mass of coal ash per month as the amount of PV module waste we expect to produce over the next 35 years. Compared another way, globally we will generate up to 440-1,300 times more mass of municipal waste than PV module waste by 2050."},
}
@report{monschauer2022future,
title={The Future of Heat Pumps},
author={Yannick Monschauer and Daniel Wetzel},
institution={{International Energy Agency}},
year={2022},
month={11},
url={https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-heat-pumps},
urldate={2023-11-02},
howpublished={\url{https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/4713780d-c0ae-4686-8c9b-29e782452695/TheFutureofHeatPumps.pdf}},
}
@article{najjar2019loss,
title={A framework to estimate heat energy loss in building operation},
author={Najjar, Mohammad K. and Figueiredo, Karoline and Hammad, Ahmed W.A. and Tam, Vivian W.Y. and Evangelista, Ana Catarina Jorge and Haddad, Assed},
volume={235},
ISSN={0959-6526},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652619323650},
urldate={2024-02-23},
DOI={10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.026},
journal={Journal of Cleaner Production},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2019},
month=oct,
pages={789--800},
}
@inproceedings{naylor2014HTTPS,
title={The Cost of the "S" in HTTPS},
url={https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2674005.2674991},
author={Naylor, David and Finamore, Alessandro and Leontiadis, Ilias and Grunenberger, Yan and Mellia, Marco and Munaf{\`o}, Maurizio and Papagiannaki, Konstantina and Steenkiste, Peter},
urldate={2024-05-26},
DOI={10.1145/2674005.2674991},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 10th ACM International on Conference on emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies},
publisher={ACM},
year={2014},
month={12},
series={CoNEXT '14},
}
% collection={CoNEXT '14},
@report{NBS2024greening,
title={How low-cost finance supports the greening of UK homes},
author={{Nationwide Building Society, UK}},
institution={{Nationwide Building Society, UK}},
year={2024},
month={10},
number={45905},
url={https://www.nationwidemediacentre.co.uk/news/nationwide-customers-can-borrow-up-to-gbp-20-000-interest-free-to-green-their-homes},
urldate={2024-10-24},
howpublished={\url{http://www.nationwide.co.uk/green-lending}},
annote={Quote: "We made eight key findings: 1. The public believe responsibility for funding energy efficiency lies primarily with the Government. 2. Customer barriers to retrofitting are numerous and complex, finance is just one of these barriers. 3. Many homeowners judge retrofit success by a reduction in bills. 4. Finance sits too late in customer retrofit journeys to drive new demand --- low-cost finance is just a component in a retrofit journey. 5. 0\% interest Green Additional Borrowing appeals to those already interested and planning a retrofit change. 6. Brokers are largely not aware of the home decarbonisation challenge, and the relatively small loan sizes associated with retrofit mean the procuration fee is not sufficient to motivate them to promote it. 7. Homeowners would value more support in identifying tradespeople. 8. Well-known technologies are being installed to fix perceived issues." Quote: "Take-up of the 0\% interest Green Additional Borrowing product from 1 June 2023 to end of September 2024, was around 2,200 applications, with around 1,900 applications completing over the period, totalling {\pound}21.1 million in lending. The average loan size was around {\pound}12,300. The product represents around 8\% of our total additional borrowing applications. Whilst the rate of take-up has been over three times that of our previous low-rate Green Additional Borrowing product, its impact remains limited suggesting that the cost of finance is not the primary barrier to green retrofit." Quote: "The top three reasons for energy efficient improvements to a home are: 23\% of people aim to save money, 19\% seek to make their homes more comfortable, and 14\% want to contribute to environmental sustainability. Well-known technologies are being installed to address these perceived issues, with 50\% opting for solar panels and 47\% choosing window replacements."},
}
@report{NEED2021,
title={National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (NEED): Summary of Analysis, Great Britain, 2021},
author={Hiten Shah},
institution={UK BEIS},
url={https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1008681/need-report-2021.pdf},
urldate={2022-01-25},
year={2021},
month={06},
day={24},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={This report presents analysis of domestic energy consumption using the latest version of the National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (NEED). The pattern of average consumption by household and property attributes remains broadly stable over time. Energy consumption (both gas and electricity) tends to be lower for smaller properties, and newer properties tend to consume less gas. The estimated median savings in gas consumption in 2019, from energy efficiency measures installed in England and Wales in 2018, ranges from 4 per cent for loft insulation to 18 per cent for solid wall insulation. Solar PV installations result in an estimated 14 per cent median saving in electricity consumption. While gas savings from cavity wall insulation remain stable in the 5 years following installation, the annual gas savings from both new condensing boilers and loft insulation decline by around 10 per cent over the first 5 years. The electricity savings from solar PV decline by around 20 per cent in the 5 years following installation. This analysis is based on the measures installed in England and Wales over the years 2011 to 2014 and may reflect changes in physical structures and occupant behaviour.},
annote={Notes some decline in savings after installation of loft insulation and condensing boilers. Gas consumption increases strongly with floor area of home, but also with number of adults and age of property. Electricity use does not icrease with property age as not much used for space heat: "It is estimated that only 14 per cent of properties are off the gas grid and use non-gas fuel sources, including electricity to heat their homes." And "Detached properties tend to have the highest gas and electricity consumption, which partly reflects the fact that they tend be the largest properties (see Figures 2.5 and 2.6). As flats are generally the smallest properties, they tend to have the lowest gas and electricity consumption. In 2019 converted flats had a median gas consumption 28 per cent higher than purpose-built flats, despite the fact that both property types tend to be similar sizes. This reflects the fact that most converted flats are in dwellings originally built before 1919," see Figure 2.6. Owner-occupied homes tend to have the highest gas consumption, then privately rented, with council and housing association the lowest.},
}
@dataset{NEEDdataset,
title={National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (NEED)},
institution={UK BEIS},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/national-energy-efficiency-data-need-framework},
urldate={2023-11-17},
abstract={The National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (NEED) was set up to provide a better understanding of energy use and energy efficiency in domestic and non-domestic buildings in Great Britain. The data framework matches gas and electricity consumption data, collected for BEIS sub-national energy consumption statistics, with information on energy efficiency measures installed in homes, from the Homes Energy Efficiency Database (HEED), Green Deal, the Energy Company Obligation (ECO) and the Feed-in Tariff scheme. It also includes data about property attributes and household characteristics, obtained from a range of sources.},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
}
@report{NESO2024clean,
institution={{NESO (GB National Energy System Operator)}},
title={Clean Power 2030: Advice on achieving clean power for Great Britain by 2030},
url={https://www.neso.energy/publications/clean-power-2030},
urldate={2024-11-08},
year={2024},
month={11},
day={05},
howpublished={\url{https://www.neso.energy/advice-achieving-clean-power-2030}},
address={Gallows Hill, Warwick, CV34 6DA, UK},
abstract={Clean power is a huge challenge but is achievable for Great Britain by 2030. Clean power will require doing things differently. It will only be achieved with bold action and sustained momentum, across every area and every step of the way between now and 2030. Achieving clean power by 2030 will put Great Britain in a strong position.},
annote={Quote: "HM Government has an ambition for Great Britain to be supplied with clean power by 2030. National Energy System Operator (NESO) was formally commissioned by the Secretary of State and the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) to provide independent advice on the pathway towards the 2030 ambition. We developed a range of pathways, with expert analysis of the location and type of new investment and infrastructure needed to deliver it. Clean power by 2030 is a huge challenge that will only be met by doing things differently, by prioritising pace over perfection, and by working together across the industry towards a shared vision. Our engagement went beyond the energy sector, ensuring we took a whole system view" (from Web landing page). Quote: "Offshore wind must be the bedrock of that system, providing over half of Great Britain's generation, with onshore wind and solar providing another 29\%." Quote: "Flexibility is vital in a system with more variable renewables. There are large opportunities to increase flexibility in both demand and supply, across residential and commercial applications, and in industry. However, flexibility is not currently valued in full and faces multiple barriers." Quote: "Our clean power pathways see Great Britain become a net exporter of power and reduce the share of unabated gas generation to below 5\%." Quote: "Our clean power pathways see a four-to-fivefold increase in demand flexibility (excluding storage heaters), an increase in grid connected battery storage from 5 GW to over 22 GW, more pumped storage and major expansions in onshore wind (from 14 GW to 27 GW) and solar (from 15 GW to 47 GW) along with nuclear plant life extensions. Our work identifies two primary clean power pathways. In addition to the elements outlined above, one pathway successfully builds 50 GW of offshore wind by 2030, but no new dispatchable power from hydrogen or gas with CCS. The other pathway delivers new dispatchable plants (totalling 2.7 GW) and 43 GW offshore wind." Quote: "We describe clean power as at least as much power being generated from clean sources as Great Britain consumes across the year, and when unabated gas generation makes up less than 5\% of Great Britain's generation in a typical weather year." Quote: "Under this description, our analysis shows grid carbon intensity drops below 20 gCO2/kwh (excluding BECCS)." Quote: "We assume projects with regulatory approval deliver by 2030 in line with their regulatory delivery dates, increasing capacity from 8 GW in 2023 to 12 GW in 2030." Quote: "Delivery of a clean power system in 2030 will require an installed generation and storage capacity of around 210-220 GW..." Quote: "Our clean power pathways will require demand side flexibility at peak to grow by 4 - 5 times current levels."},
}
@report{NESO2025pathways,
title={Future Energy Scenarios (FES): Pathways to Net Zero V5},
url={https://www.neso.energy/document/364541/download},
urldate={2025-12-27},
howpublished={\url{https://www.neso.energy/document/364541/download}},
year={2025},
month={11},
day={21},
number={FES 2025},
edition={5},
institution={{NESO (GB National Energy System Operator)}},
address={Gallows Hill, Warwick, CV34 6DA, UK},
abstract={Future Energy Scenarios (FES): Pathways to Net Zero provides an independent view of a range of future pathways for the whole energy system, exploring a range of routes to net zero in 2050 for energy demand and supply.},
annote={p110 Quote: "Data centre demand in Great Britain is estimated at 7.6 TWh from the 2.4 GW connected facilities, mainly for traditional services such as banking ..." Quote: "46\% of global data centre demand comes from the USA, followed by Germany and the UK, both requiring around 4\%" p112 Quote: "Data centre growth and electrification of heating are the key influencers of change for commercial sector demand." Implies that electricity demand for datacentres predicted to treble by 2035. See also "Electricity Demand Summary (ED1) 2025" - "Data Centre Demand" 2023--2050 https://api.neso.energy/dataset/2c15c755-d8fe-4229-9169-3b6dd7c88fec/resource/300c07b9-baeb-4411-bc40-987cbb4aec0b/download/fes2025_ed1_v001.csv},
}
@report{NESOFES,
institution={{NESO (GB National Energy System Operator)}},
title={Future Energy Scenarios (FES)},
url={https://www.neso.energy/publications/future-energy-scenarios-fes},
urldate={2025-07-15},
address={Gallows Hill, Warwick, CV34 6DA, UK},
abstract={Future Energy Scenarios (FES): Pathways to Net Zero provides an independent view of a range of future pathways for the whole energy system, exploring a range of routes to net zero in 2050 for energy demand and supply.},
annote={No separate top-level URL for each year.},
}
@article{neubert2022multifamily,
title={Analysis of the Operation Characteristics of a Hybrid Heat Pump in an Existing Multifamily House Based on Field Test Data and Simulation},
author={Daniel Neubert and Christian Gl{\"u}ck and Julian Schnitzius and Armin Marko and Jeannette Wapler and Constanze Bongs and Clemens Felsmann},
doi={10.3390/en15155611},
url={https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fen15155611},
urldate={2023-10-31},
year=2022,
month={08},
publisher={{MDPI} {AG}},
volume={15},
number={15},
pages={5611},
journal={Energies},
annote={Quote: "The thermostatic radiator valves control the operative temperature onto the user set point Ttrv,set for each zone..." Quote: "Due to the unrenovated state of the building, a weather compensation control (WCC) with 76{\degree}C flow temperature at -15{\degree}C outdoor temperature was applied..."},
}
@article{neugarten2024biodiversity,
title={Mapping the planet's critical areas for biodiversity and nature's contributions to people},
author={Neugarten, Rachel A. and Chaplin-Kramer, Rebecca and Sharp, Richard P. and Schuster, Richard and Strimas-Mackey, Matthew and Roehrdanz, Patrick R. and Mulligan, Mark and van Soesbergen, Arnout and Hole, David and Kennedy, Christina M. and Oakleaf, James R. and Johnson, Justin A. and Kiesecker, Joseph and Polasky, Stephen and Hanson, Jeffrey O. and Rodewald, Amanda D.},
volume={15},
ISSN={2041-1723},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-43832-9},
urldate={2024-02-28},
howpublished={\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-43832-9.pdf}},
DOI={10.1038/s41467-023-43832-9},
number={1},
journal={Nature Communications},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
year={2024},
month={01},
}
@article{neumaier2023refrigerant,
author={Neumaier, Lisa and Roskosch, Dennis and Schilling, Johannes and Bauer, Gernot and Gross, Joachim and Bardow, Andr{\'e}},
title={Refrigerant Selection for Heat Pumps: the Compressor Makes the Difference},
journal={Energy Technology},
keywords={compressor model, computer-aided molecular design, heat pump, PC-SAFT equation of state, piston compressor, refrigerant screening},
doi={10.1002/ente.202201403},
url={https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ente.202201403},
howpublished={\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ente.202201403}},
year={2023},
month={02},
day={08},
abstract={Increasingly stringent regulations and new applications require selecting improved refrigerants for heat pumps. The selected refrigerants should be environmentally friendly and maximize the performance of the heat pump process. Systematic refrigerant selection methods usually model the compressor with one fixed isentropic efficiency identical for all refrigerants. However, compressor studies indicate that the isentropic efficiency may be highly refrigerant-dependent. This work investigates the need for a refrigerant-dependent compressor model for refrigerant selection. For this purpose, a refrigerant-dependent compressor model is combined with an integrated design of refrigerant and heat pump process. To guarantee a comparable nominal heating power among refrigerants, the compressor design is tailored to the refrigerant by expanding the refrigerant-dependent compressor model toward compressor sizing. Integrating compressor design into systematic refrigerant selection is enabled by a computationally efficient model implementation. Accounting for refrigerant-dependent compression substantially changes the resulting refrigerant ranking compared to the widely used assumption of identical isentropic efficiencies for all refrigerants: The best-performing refrigerant is not even identified among the best ten refrigerants when assuming identical isentropic efficiencies. Consequently, compression is identified as the main driver for differences in refrigerant performance. Therefore, integrating refrigerant-dependent compressor models is crucial for systematic refrigerant selection.},
}
@article{ngarambe2019sleep,
title={Effects of Changing Air Temperature at Different Sleep Stages on the Subjective Evaluation of Sleep Quality},
author={Ngarambe,Jack and Yun, Geun Young and Lee, Kisup and Hwang, Yeona},
volume={11},
url={https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/5/1417},
urldate={2026-01-13},
DOI={10.3390/su11051417},
journal={Sustainability},
ISSN={2071-1050},
publisher={{MDPI} {AG}},
number={5},
year={2019},
month={03},
day={07},
pages={1417},
abstract={The thermal environment in bedrooms is important for high-quality sleep. Studies confirm that, even during sleep, the human body remains sensitive to the ambient air temperature. This study assesses how changing indoor air temperatures at different sleep stages affects the subjective evaluation of sleep quality. We compare reports from two identical sleeping environments with different thermal control systems: an IoT-based control system that adjusts the indoor air temperature according to the sleep stage and a fixed control system that maintains a constant temperature throughout the night. Ten subjects participated in the experiments and completed a questionnaire about their sleep quality. Our results show that, overall, the subjects experienced better sleep in the room with the IoT-based control system than in the one with a fixed thermal control. The mean differences in sleep satisfaction levels between the two sleeping environments were generally statistically significant in favor of the room with the IoT-based thermal control. Our results thus illustrate the suitability of using the IoT to control the air conditioning in bedrooms to provide improved sleep quality.},
annote={[**CS1] better sleep when cooler, and when variable to match sleep state.},
}
@www{NGESO2021intensity,
title={Carbon Intensity Forecast Methodology},
author={Alasdair R. W. Bruce, Lyndon Ruffa, James Kellowaya, Fraser MacMillana, Alex Rogers},
institution={National Grid UK ESO},
url={https://www.nationalgrideso.com/future-energy/future-energy-scenarios/bridging-the-gap-to-net-zero},
howpublished={\url{https://github.com/carbon-intensity/methodology/raw/master/Carbon%20Intensity%20Forecast%20Methodology.pdf}},
urldate={2023-12-12},
year={2021},
month={01},
abstract={National Grid Electricity System Operator (ESO), in partnership with Environmental Defense Fund Europe and WWF, has developed a series of Regional Carbon Intensity forecasts for the GB electricity system, with weather data provided by the Met Office.},
}
@report{NGESO2023bridging,
title={Future Energy Scenarios: Bridging the Gap to Net Zero},
institution={National Grid UK ESO},
url={https://www.nationalgrideso.com/future-energy/future-energy-scenarios/bridging-the-gap-to-net-zero},
howpublished={\url{https://www.nationalgrideso.com/document/277131/download}},
urldate={2023-03-20},
year={2023},
month={03},
abstract={Continuing with the theme of flexibility and taking a whole system view, we have this year delved into more detail on two important providers of flexibility in our Future Energy Scenarios (FES): domestic end consumers and hydrogen. Both are assumed to be available at scale to assist with operating the system in all the Net Zero scenarios in FES. However, both are currently at negligible levels. So, what is needed to ensure that end-consumers' demand side response will be sufficient to reduce peak demand in winter 2035? And what are the key barriers to be resolved so that hydrogen can play an important role in both demand and supply flexibility?},
annote={Quote: "By 2035, FES tells us that smart charging of electric vehicles as well as demand side response (DSR) in domestic households are required to lower overall peak demand. For this to happen, householders will need to have some or all of the following: an energy tariff or service to incentivise demand shifting, the right infrastructure connected to their homes, smart appliances, new heating systems and energy storage. The enabler to all of this is a higher level of consumer awareness and engagement in energy and Net Zero."},
}
@dataset{NGMdataset,
title={Great Britain Non-gas Map},
author={{Kiln}},
institution={UK BEIS},
url={https://www.nongasmap.org.uk/},
urldate={2023-02-09},
year={2014},
abstract={The non-gas map is a detailed map of Great Britain showing the distribution of properties without a gas grid connection across local authorities, LSOAs (lower-level super output areas) and, for registered users, postcodes. It also provided a wealth of other information about each properties and residents, from the type of house or flat to the type of heating and tenure.},
annote={Data from up to ~2014, and 2011 census?},
}
@report{NHBC2023design,
title={Heat pump design and specification},
author={{UK NHBC (National House-Building Council)}},
institution={UK NHBC (National House-Building Council)},
year={2023},
month={01},
number={8.2/01},
pages={5},
url={https://www.nhbc.co.uk/binaries/content/assets/nhbc/tech-zone/nhbc-standards/tech-guidance/8.2/tg-8.2-01-heatpumpdesign.pdf},
urldate={2023-04-26},
abstract={What are the design considerations for low temperature space heating when using heat pumps?},
annote={design temperatures, ventilation, thermal bridging, weather compensation},
}
@dataset{NHMdataset,
institution={UK BEIS},
title={National Household Model},
url={https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/957eadbe-43b6-4d8d-b931-8594cb346ecd/national-household-model},
urldate={2023-11-14},
year={2017},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={The National Household Model (NHM) is delivered by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS). It was developed on behalf of BEIS by the Centre for Sustainable Energy (CSE) as an open-source tool for projecting the effects of policy and other legislative changes on the energy and emissions of the UK domestic housing stock by the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC). In order to be able to set up scenarios model users need to learn a specialist scenario language based on S-expressions (such as those used in the Lisp language) using the instruction manual found on the BEIS GitHub site. This will allow them to run the model which acts on the data in the various UK housing surveys. UK Data Archive stores the datasets for this model on behalf of the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG). Users need to register at UK Data Archive in order to access the raw data and run a conversion program to create a full dataset. The NHM team encourages feedback on all aspects of the model and documentation.},
annote={Last updated 26 October 2017.},
}
@article{nicholson2024red,
title={Roles of the Red List of Ecosystems in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework},
author={Nicholson, Emily and Andrade, Angela and Brooks, Thomas M. and Driver, Amanda and Ferrer-Paris, Jos{\'e} R. and Grantham, Hedley and Gudka, Mishal and Keith, David A. and Kontula, Tytti and Lindgaard, Arild and Londono-Murcia, Maria Cecilia and Murray, Nicholas and Raunio, Anne and Rowland, Jessica A. and Sievers, Michael and Skowno, Andrew L. and Stevenson, Simone L. and Valderrabano, Marcos and Vernon, Clare M. and Zager, Irene and Obura, David},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-023-02320-5},
urldate={2025-03-18},
DOI={10.1038/s41559-023-02320-5},
journal={Nature Ecology \& Evolution},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
ISSN={2397-334X},
volume={8},
number={4},
year={2024},
month={02},
day={08},
pages={614--621},
}
@dataset{NIHSreport,
title={Northern Ireland Housing Statistics},
abstract={Quarterly and annual compendium publications of housing statistics, biannual homelessness statistics and the ongoing review of data included in these publications and their proposed changes.},
institution={Northern Ireland Executive},
address={Belfast, UK},
url={https://www.communities-ni.gov.uk/topics/housing-statistics},
urldate={2023-11-17},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
}
% author={{Professional Services Unit}},
@article{nijsse2023solar,
title={The momentum of the solar energy transition},
author={Nijsse, Femke J. M. M. and Mercure, Jean-Francois and Ameli, Nadia and Larosa, Francesca and Kothari, Sumit and Rickman, Jamie and Vercoulen, Pim and Pollitt, Hector},
ISSN={2041-1723},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41971-7},
urldate={2024-09-02},
DOI={10.1038/s41467-023-41971-7},
journal={Nature Communications},
number={1},
volume={14},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
year={2023},
month={10},
day={17},
abstract={Decarbonisation plans across the globe require zero-carbon energy sources to be widely deployed by 2050 or 2060. Solar energy is the most widely available energy resource on Earth, and its economic attractiveness is improving fast in a cycle of increasing investments. Here we use data-driven conditional technology and economic forecasting modelling to establish which zero carbon power sources could become dominant worldwide. We find that, due to technological trajectories set in motion by past policy, a global irreversible solar tipping point may have passed where solar energy gradually comes to dominate global electricity markets, without any further climate policies. Uncertainties arise, however, over grid stability in a renewables-dominated power system, the availability of sufficient finance in underdeveloped economies, the capacity of supply chains and political resistance from regions that lose employment. Policies resolving these barriers may be more effective than price instruments to accelerate the transition to clean energy.},
annote={Quote: "These projections and sensitivities give us some confidence to suggest that realistic energy model baselines should, from now on, include substantially larger shares of solar energy than what is commonly assumed, as they make coal and gas-dominated baseline scenarios largely unrealistic." Quote: "... our model suggests that the allocation of storage costs to the grid and charged directly to consumers incentivises more renewables diffusion than requiring renewables to carry the full burden of storage needs [], leading to lower overall system costs." Quote: "We conclude that achieving zero-carbon power systems likely requires policies of a different kind than have traditionally been discussed by the energy modelling community. The carbon price required to achieve cost break-even between renewables and fossil fuels may soon be zero. Instead, it is policies that address the above barriers---grid resilience, access to finance, management of material supply chains and political opposition---that may enable success in reaching net-zero energy emissions."},
}
@article{niva2023migration,
title={World's human migration patterns in 2000--2019 unveiled by high-resolution data},
author={Niva, Venla and Horton, Alexander and Virkki, Vili and Heino, Matias and Kosonen, Maria and Kallio, Marko and Kinnunen, Pekka and Abel, Guy J. and Muttarak, Raya and Taka, Maija and Varis, Olli and Kummu, Matti},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-023-01689-4},
urldate={2024-11-14},
howpublished={\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-023-01689-4.pdf}},
DOI={10.1038/s41562-023-01689-4},
journal={Nature Human Behaviour},
volume={7},
number={11},
ISSN={2397-3374},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
year={2023},
month={09},
day={07},
pages={2023--2037},
}
@article{nordahl2023composting,
title={Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollutant Emissions from Composting},
author={Nordahl, Sarah L. and Preble, Chelsea V. and Kirchstetter, Thomas W. and Scown, Corinne D.},
url={https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9933540/},
urldate={2024-08-17},
DOI={10.1021/acs.est.2c05846},
volume={57},
ISSN={1520-5851},
number={6},
journal={Environmental Science \& Technology},
publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)},
year={2023},
month={01},
day={31},
pages={2235--2247},
annote={Quote: "The values reported to date suggest that CH4 is the single largest contributor to 100-year global warming potential (GWP100) for yard waste composting, comprising approximately 80% of the total GWP100." Quote: "... composting still presents as the favorable option for handling OFMSW [Organic Fraction Of Municipal Solid Waste], with a per-tonne CH4 emission factor (8.79*10-4 kg of CH4 per wet kg of OFMSW) that is two orders of magnitude lower than that assumed by WARM or found in Behera et al. (2010) for landfilling."},
}
@article{norman2024echolocation,
title={Changes in primary visual and auditory cortex of blind and sighted adults following 10 weeks of click-based echolocation training},
author={Norman, Liam J and Hartley, Tom and Thaler, Lore},
url={https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/34/6/bhae239/7696241},
urldate={2024-11-24},
DOI={10.1093/cercor/bhae239},
journal={Cerebral Cortex},
volume={34},
ISSN={1460-2199},
number={6},
publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)},
year={2024},
month={06},
day={20},
}
@article{nwaiwu2023geothermal,
title={Development of an Improved Decision Support Tool for Geothermal Site Selection in Nigeria Based on Comprehensive Criteria},
author={Nwaiwu, Uchechukwu and Leach, Matthew and Liu, Lirong},
volume={16},
ISSN={1996-1073},
url={https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/22/7602},
urldate={2024-03-20},
DOI={10.3390/en16227602},
number={22},
journal={Energies},
publisher={MDPI AG},
year={2023},
month=nov,
pages={7602},
}
@article{oconnor2024habitat,
title={Habitat Suitability of European Land Systems for Terrestrial Vertebrates},
author={O'Connor, Louise M. J. and Renaud, Julien and Dou, Yue and Karger, Dirk Nikolaus and Maiorano, Luigi and Verburg, Peter H. and Thuiller, Wilfried},
ISSN={1466-8238},
url={https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.13903},
urldate={2024-10-14},
howpublished={\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/geb.13903}},
DOI={10.1111/geb.13903},
journal={Global Ecology and Biogeography},
publisher={Wiley},
year={2024},
month={08},
day={19},
}
@misc{OEMhpV1,
title={Open Energy Monitor Dynamic heat pump simulator: V1},
url={https://openenergymonitor.org/tools/dynamic_heatpump_v1.html},
urldate={2025-07-06},
number={1},
howpublished={\url{https://github.com/openenergymonitor/tools/tree/main/www/tools/dynamic_heatpump_v1}},
}
@report{ofcom2024listening,
title={Audio listening in the UK},
institution={Ofcom, UK},
url={https://www.ofcom.org.uk/research-and-data/tv-radio-and-on-demand/audio-listening-in-the-uk},
urldate={2024-04-20},
howpublished={\url{https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0036/282798/Ofcom-Audio-Report.pdf}},
year={2024},
month={04},
day={16},
abstract={This report outlines the findings from Ofcom research into people's audio habits: what they listen to, how they're listening and why.},
annote={Quote: "A fifth of adults listen to podcasts each week, with reach higher among the under 35s and those in higher socioeconomic groups. Those who do listen to podcasts listen to an average of five per week."},
}
@www{ofgem2023TDCV,
title={Decision for Typical Domestic Consumption Values 2023},
author={Andrew Milligan},
institution={Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem), {UK}},
abstract={Decision on revised Typical Domestic Consumption Values for gas and electricity and Economy 7 consumption split},
url={https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/decision/decision-typical-domestic-consumption-values-2023},
urldate={2024-05-13},
year={2023},
month={04},
day={25},
howpublished={\url{https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2023-05/TDCV%202023%20Decision%20Letter.pdf}},
annote={Gas annual kWh TDCVs low 7.500, medium 11,500, high 17,000},
}
@www{ofgem2024FMAR,
title={Ofgem lays the groundwork for consumer friendly flexible energy use},
author={{Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem), {UK}}},
institution={Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem), {UK}},
url={https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/press-release/ofgem-lays-groundwork-consumer-friendly-flexible-energy-use},
urldate={2024-07-29},
year={2024},
month={07},
day={29},
annote={Quote: "launched a consultation on a proposed common Flexibility Market Asset Registration (FMAR) solution. This streamlined new system would provide a single point of registration for flexible consumer assets such as EV (Electric Vehicle) chargers, heat pumps and home battery storage systems to participate in all local and national flexibility markets."},
}
@www{ofgemcap,
title={Energy price cap},
author={{Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem), {UK}}},
institution={Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem), {UK}},
abstract={The energy price cap is the maximum amount energy suppliers can charge you for each unit of energy and standing charge if you're on a standard variable tariff.},
url={https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/energy-price-cap},
urldate={2024-05-13},
annote={Quote: "Between 1 April to 30 June 2024 the energy price cap is set at {\pound}1,690 per year for a typical household who use electricity and gas and pay by Direct Debit. This is {\pound}238 lower than the cap set between 1 January to 31 March 2024 ({\pound}1,928)." 1 April to 30 June 2024 Electricity 24.50 pence per kWh, 60.10 pence daily standing charge. Figures are rounded to two decimal places and based on the England, Scotland and Wales average for people who pay by Direct Debit. These include VAT.},
}
@phdthesis{oikonomou2022insitu,
title={Understanding the drivers affecting the in-situ performance of domestic heat pumps in the UK},
author={Oikonomou, Eleni},
url={https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10150776/},
urldate={2024-07-30},
year={2022},
abstract={The UK Government views heat pumps (HPs) as an increasingly important technology able to contribute significantly towards the decarbonisation of domestic stock, with the Government committing to the annual installation of 600,000 HPs by 2028. However, there appears to be a performance gap between predicted and real-life HP performance. A number of studies have highlighted several possible causes of the performance gap but have not investigated these in a structured way. Given the important role of HPs in a Net Zero future and the potential to improve their performance, the aim of this study is to characterise the socio-technical parameters affecting heat pump performance in the field and discuss the implications for their future take up in the UK. A sample of 21 case studies were selected from 700 domestic HPs monitored across the UK via the government's Renewable Heat Premium Payment Scheme for the collection of qualitative and quantitative socio-technical data. The data collection process involved in-depth interviews and direct observational methods. The collected material was inductively analysed and corroborated with pre-visit material, including monitored HP performance data. Using systems thinking as an integrating framework, the results were fed into a series of interlinked causal loop diagrams, specifically focusing on the parameters and feedback processes that are likely to be linked to poor HP performance. The systems model revealed complex mechanisms that are likely to influence HP performance in seven interconnected areas relating to the (i) household space heating practices (ii) household domestic hot water heating practices, (iii) bill affordability, (iv) ventilation patterns and indoor humidity, (v) building thermal characteristics, (vi) technical characteristics of the installation and (vii) technical problem resolution and control optimisation processes. These impact HP performance through different, direct, and indirect paths, the majority of which converge at two points, namely HP space heating demand and continuity of HP operation. The systems analysis identified four leverage points, i.e., places to intervene within a complex system, where small shifts can cause a big impact: ensuring both quality installations and appropriate control through behavioural change, allowing the incorporation of smart controls, carefully reconsidering the rules governing the HP installations and enabling system feedback. The findings have important implications for policy makers, HP manufacturers and installers by identifying barriers to the performance of domestic HPs in the field. This work can inform future HP related government schemes and incentives, installer, and manufacturer standards, as well as the installation and monitoring practices of future field trials.},
}
@dataset{ONS2021census,
title={Census 2021},
institution={UK Office for National Statistics (ONS)},
url={https://www.ons.gov.uk/census},
urldate={2023-11-12},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={The census takes place every 10 years. It gives us a picture of all the people and households in England and Wales.},
}
@dataset{ONS2021heated,
title={Census 2021: how homes are heated in your area},
institution={UK Office for National Statistics (ONS)},
url={https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/census2021howhomesareheatedinyourarea/2023-01-05},
urldate={2023-11-12},
year={2023},
month={01},
day={05},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={As more than half of adults report worry about keeping warm this winter, we explore how homes are heated across England and Wales.},
}
@dataset{ONSdwelling,
title={Dataset: Dwelling stock by tenure, UK},
author={{UK Office for National Statistics (ONS)}},
institution={UK Office for National Statistics (ONS)},
url={https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/datasets/dwellingstockbytenureuk},
urldate={2023-11-12},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={The number of dwellings in the UK, and dwelling stock data by tenure for the UK's constituent countries, where available. These statistics were formerly produced by the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities.},
}
@www{ONShousing,
title={Housing: Property price, private rent and household statistics},
institution={UK Office for National Statistics (ONS)},
url={https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing},
urldate={2023-11-12},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
}
@dataset{ONSlocal,
title={Explore local statistics (beta)},
institution={UK Office for National Statistics (ONS)},
url={https://explore-local-statistics.beta.ons.gov.uk/},
urldate={2024-04-08},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={Find, compare and visualise statistics about places in the United Kingdom.},
}
@inproceedings{oquab2021video,
title={Low Bandwidth Video-Chat Compression Using Deep Generative Models},
author={Oquab, Maxime and Stock, Pierre and Haziza, Daniel and Xu, Tao and Zhang, Peizhao and Celebi, Onur and Hasson, Yana and Labatut, Patrick and Bose-Kolanu, Bobo and Peyronel, Thibault and Couprie, Camille},
booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops},
url={https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content/CVPR2021W/MAI/html/Oquab_Low_Bandwidth_Video-Chat_Compression_Using_Deep_Generative_Models_CVPRW_2021_paper.html},
urldate={2024-07-13},
month={06},
year={2021},
pages={2388-2397},
abstract={To unlock video chat for hundreds of millions of people hindered by poor connectivity or unaffordable data costs, we propose to authentically reconstruct faces on the receiver's device using facial landmarks extracted at the sender's side and transmitted over the network. In this context, we discuss and evaluate the benefits and disadvantages of several deep adversarial approaches. In particular, we explore quality and bandwidth trade-offs for approaches based on static landmarks, dynamic landmarks or segmentation maps. We design a mobile-compatible architecture based on the first order animation model of Siarohin et al. In addition, we leverage SPADE blocks to refine results in important areas such as the eyes and lips. We compress the networks down to about 3MB, allowing models to run in real time on iPhone8. This approach enables video calling at a few kbits per second, an order of magnitude lower than currently available alternatives.},
}
@www{orso2023census,
title={What does the latest census data reveal about how homes are heated across England and Wales?},
author={Lauren Orso and Andrew Sissons},
url={https://www.nesta.org.uk/blog/what-does-the-latest-census-data-reveal-about-how-homes-are-heated-across-england-and-wales/},
urldate={2023-01-11},
year={2023},
month={01},
annote={Quote: "Most households in England and Wales (74\%) reported that they use gas central heating as the only way to heat their homes; this is down from 78\% in 2011," and "in Richmond Upon Thames, as many as 80\% of households reported that they were heated by mains gas only," and "In total, only 98,730 households in England and Wales said their central heating was powered completely by renewable energy, such as heat pumps. A further 134,650 had multiple sources of central heating that included renewables, but both figures each represent less than 1\% of all households."},
}
@dataset{ORSStracker,
title={{Open RSS} Issues},
author={{Open RSS}},
publisher={{Open RSS}},
url={https://openrss.org/issues},
urldate={2024-10-12},
abstract={Reported issues and bugs from the [Open RSS] community. Open RSS is a nonprofit organization that provides free RSS feeds for websites that don't have them.},
annote={Interesting RSS issue tracker, including of client misbehaviour.},
}
@phdthesis{osz2016improvisatory,
title={Improvisatory home heating: the gap between intended and actual use of radiators and TRVs},
url={https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/thesis/Improvisatory_home_heating_the_gap_between_intended_and_actual_use_of_radiators_and_TRVs/9355778},
urldate={2024-06-15},
howpublished={\url{https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/288371827.pdf}},
author={Katalin Oszn},
year={2016},
month={01},
school={Loughborough University},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International},
}
@inproceedings{ou2012ARM,
author={Ou, Zhonghong and Pang, Bo and Deng, Yang and Nurminen, Jukka K. and Yl{\"a}-J{\"a}{\"a}ski, Antti and Hui, Pan},
booktitle={2012 12th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (ccgrid 2012)},
title={Energy- and Cost-Efficiency Analysis of ARM-Based Clusters},
doi={10.1109/CCGrid.2012.84},
url={https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6217412},
urldate={2024-05-26},
year={2012},
month={05},
pages={115--123},
keywords={Workstations, Power demand, Throughput, Web servers, Power measurement, Energy consumption, energy-efficiency, cost-efficiency, scale-out, ARM cluster},
annote={Quote: "For concrete experimentation, we use ARM-based Cortex A9 MPCore processor as a representative of embedded processors and Intel Core2-Q9400 as a representative of general-purpose processors. We build a cluster consisting of four PandaBoard development boards with dual-core Cortex A9 MPCore processors and compare it against an Intel workstation with quad-core Core2-Q9400 processor." Quote: "For static Web measurements, six different file sizes have been measured, including 1 KB, 4 KB, 10 KB, 30 KB, 50 KB and 100 KB."},
}
@www{overleafBibtexStyles,
title={Bibtex bibliography styles},
url={https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Bibtex_bibliography_styles},
urldate={2022-11-30},
}
@article{ozkalay2025photovoltaic,
title={Three decades, three climates: environmental and material impacts on the long-term reliability of photovoltaic modules},
author={{\"O}zkalay, Ebrar and Quest, Hugo and Gassner, Anika and Virtuani, Alessandro and Eder, Gabriele C and Vorstoffel, Stefanie and Buerhop-Lutz, Claudia and Friesen, Gabi and Ballif, Christophe and Bucher, Christof and Burri, Matthias},
url={https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/el/d4el00040d},
urldate={2026-01-25},
howpublished={\url{https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/el/d4el00040d}},
DOI={10.1039/d4el00040d},
number={4},
journal={{EES} Solar},
volume={1},
ISSN={3033-4063},
publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry {(RSC)}},
year={2025},
month={05},
day={30},
pages={580--599},
abstract={As the world has entered the terawatt age of photovoltaic (PV) deployment, ensuring long-term reliability is more critical than ever for the global energy transition. This study analyses the long-term performance of six PV systems in Switzerland over three decades, with more than 20 years of high-quality monitoring data. The plants feature modules from the same family (AM55 and SM55) installed across varying altitudes and climates, providing a unique dataset to compare performance trends under different operating conditions. Using the multi-annual year-on-year (multi-YoY) approach, system-level performance loss rates (PLR) were assessed, averaging just -0.24 +/- 0.16\% per year, well below the commonly reported range of -0.75\% to -1\% per year in the literature. Laboratory analyses further revealed that higher thermal stress in low-altitude systems (up to 20 {\degree}C warmer) accelerated encapsulant degradation and acetic acid formation, contributing to localised corrosion and higher performance losses. Importantly, the bill of materials (BOM) is identified as the most critical factor in ensuring PV module longevity --- with modules manufactured with lower-quality materials showing markedly higher degradation rates --- followed by climatic influences. Indoor laboratory measurements confirmed that most modules retained over 80\% of their initial nominal power after 30--35 years in the field. These findings highlight the durability of early 1990s module designs featuring EVA encapsulants, Tedlar backsheets, and robust framed glass/foil structures, supporting lower levelised cost of energy (LCOE), reduced carbon footprints, and extended performance warranties.},
}
@article{paletta2023forecasting,
title={Omnivision forecasting: Combining satellite and sky images for improved deterministic and probabilistic intra-hour solar energy predictions},
journal={Applied Energy},
volume={336},
pages={120818},
year={2023},
issn={0306-2619},
doi={10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120818},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261923001824},
author={Quentin Paletta and Guillaume Arbod and Joan Lasenby},
keywords={Solar energy, Nowcasting, Computer vision, Deep learning, Satellite observations, Sky images},
abstract={Integrating large proportions of intermittent renewable energy sources into electric grids is challenging. A well-established approach aimed at addressing this difficulty involves the anticipation of the upcoming energy supply variability to adapt the response of the grid. In solar energy, short-term changes in electricity production caused by occluding clouds can be predicted at different time scales from all-sky cameras (up to 30-min ahead) and satellite observations (up to 6~h ahead). In this study, we integrate these two complementary points of view on the cloud cover in a single machine learning framework to improve intra-hour (up to 60-min ahead) irradiance forecasting. Both deterministic and probabilistic predictions are evaluated in different weather conditions (clear-sky, cloudy, overcast) and with different input configurations (sky images, satellite observations and/or past irradiance values). Our results show that the hybrid model benefits predictions in clear-sky conditions and improves longer-term forecasting. This study lays the groundwork for future innovative approaches of combining sky images and satellite observations in a single learning framework to advance solar nowcasting.},
annote={Quote: "According to the IEA utility-scale solar power accounts for an increasing share of the yearly capacity additions. Contrary to residential photovoltaic electricity production whose spread out spatial distribution lessens the effects of local intermittency caused by clouds, output of large solar farms can be heavily impacted by local cloud cover changes."},
}
@report{pauker2026improvement,
title={A Plan for Places: Transforming Housing and Lowering the Cost of Living Through Home Improvement Corporations},
author={Madeleine Pauker and Donal Brown},
url={https://www.common-wealth.org/publications/a-plan-for-places},
urldate={2026-02-26},
DOI={10.25377/sussex.31242124},
year={2025},
month={02},
day={26},
abstract={Millions of households live in cold and damp homes that are increasingly expensive to heat and cause health problems. At the same time, heating homes accounts for about 18 per cent of the country's greenhouse gas emissions. Around 3.5 million occupied homes in England fail to meet minimum decent homes standards, and nearly 12 million require retrofitting to achieve a basic level of energy efficiency. The burden of cold, damp and unsafe homes falls most heavily on underserved communities --- yet existing retrofit programmes have prioritised reducing emissions from individual properties over improving the overall quality of homes and neighbourhoods. The Warm Homes Plan provides an opportunity to change course, but the approach taken by government prioritises heat pumps and solar panels over ensuring that homes reach basic standards of health and energy efficiency. Though expanding access to clean energy technologies is essential, the plan risks missing those most in need --- people living in homes that need substantial repairs to be ready for green upgrades, those struggling with energy bills but with incomes above grant eligibility thresholds, or living in older homes that require navigating more complex interventions and planning restrictions. A neighbourhood-based retrofit strategy --- which combines lowering energy bills with addressing homes in need of repair, protecting tenants and bringing empty homes back into use --- can shift the narrative that climate policy has failed to improve daily life.},
annote={[**UF] Also see: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/feb/26/calls-to-move-england-home-insulation-scheme-into-council-workers-hands},
}
@www{PBJ2024creation,
title={Podcast creation [archive 2024-04-19]},
url={http://web.archive.org/web/20240507170339/https://podcastbusinessjournal.com/data/podcast-creation/},
publisher={The Podcast Business Journal},
urldate={2024-05-24},
year={2024},
month={04},
day={19},
annote={Quote: "The Podcast Index produces daily data about podcasting. It reports that there are 4,183,032 podcasts in its directory, with a total of 138,193,781 podcast episodes (an average of 33.0 episodes per show). Spotify has more podcasts in its directory ... Total podcasts updated in the last week: 207,775. Total podcasts updated in the last 30 days: 352,807."},
}
@article{pekar2022SARSCOV2,
title={The molecular epidemiology of multiple zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2},
author={Pekar, Jonathan E. and Magee, Andrew and Parker, Edyth and Moshiri, Niema and Izhikevich, Katherine and Havens, Jennifer L. and Gangavarapu, Karthik and Malpica Serrano, Lorena Mariana and Crits-Christoph, Alexander and Matteson, Nathaniel L. and Zeller, Mark and Levy, Joshua I. and Wang, Jade C. and Hughes, Scott and Lee, Jungmin and Park, Heedo and Park, Man-Seong and Ching Zi Yan, Katherine and Lin, Raymond Tzer Pin and Mat Isa, Mohd Noor and Noor, Yusuf Muhammad and Vasylyeva, Tetyana I. and Garry, Robert F. and Holmes, Edward C. and Rambaut, Andrew and Suchard, Marc A. and Andersen, Kristian G. and Worobey, Michael and Wertheim, Joel O.},
url={https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abp8337},
urldate={2026-03-09},
DOI={10.1126/science.abp8337},
number={6609},
journal={Science},
volume={377},
ISSN={1095-9203},
publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)},
year={2022},
month={07},
day={26},
pages={960--966},
abstract={Understanding the circumstances that lead to pandemics is important for their prevention. We analyzed the genomic diversity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We show that SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity before February 2020 likely comprised only two distinct viral lineages, denoted "A" and "B." Phylodynamic rooting methods, coupled with epidemic simulations, reveal that these lineages were most probably the result of at least two separate cross-species transmission events into humans. The first zoonotic transmission likely involved lineage B viruses around 18 November 2019 (23 October to 8 December), and the separate introduction of lineage A likely occurred within weeks of this event. These findings indicate that it is unlikely that SARS-CoV-2 circulated widely in humans before November 2019 and define the narrow window between when SARS-CoV-2 first jumped into humans and when the first cases of COVID-19 were reported. As with other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 emergence likely resulted from multiple zoonotic events.},
}
@article{penasco2023assessing,
title={Assessing the effectiveness of energy efficiency measures in the residential sector gas consumption through dynamic treatment effects: Evidence from England and Wales},
journal={Energy Economics},
volume={117},
pages={106435},
year={2023},
issn={0140-9883},
doi={10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106435},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988322005643},
urldate={2023-01-06},
author={Cristina Pe{\~n}asco and Laura D{\'i}az Anad{\'o}n},
keywords={Energy efficiency, Residential energy consumption, Gas consumption, Heating, Staggered diff-in-diff, Energy policy},
abstract={Improving energy efficiency (EE) is vital to ensure a sustainable, affordable, and secure energy system. The residential sector represents, on average, 18.6\% of the total final energy consumption in the OECD countries in 2018, reaching 29.5\% in the UK (IEA, 2020a). Using a staggered differences-in-differences approach with dynamic treatment effects, we analyse changes in residential gas consumption five years before and after the adoption of energy efficiency measures. The analysis includes energy efficiency interventions involving the installation of new heating-related insulation equipment---i.e., of loft insulation and cavity walls, supported by energy efficiency programmes in England and Wales between 2005 and 2017---using a panel of 55,154 households from the National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (NEED). We control for, among other factors, energy prices and the extent to which gas consumption changes are dependent on household characteristics and variations in weather conditions. Our results indicate that the adoption of EE measures is associated with significant reductions in household residential gas consumption one year after their implementation. However, the effect does not last in the long run and energy savings disappear four years after the retrofitting of cavity wall insulation measures and after two years following the installation of loft insulation. The disappearance of energy savings in the longer run could be explained by the energy performance gap, the rebound effect and/or by concurrent residential construction projects and renovations associated with increases in energy consumption. Notably, for households in deprived areas, the installation of these efficiency measures does not deliver energy savings. These results confirm the existence of effects that reduce the energy savings from the adoption of these efficiency technologies over time and indicates that, for some groups, these net savings do not seem to materialize.},
annote={Lack of persistence of savings from even purely-technical, eg insulation, efficiency improvements. Based on National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (NEED): 717,002 observations corresponding to than 55,154 households from 2005 to 2017. Quote: "Recent estimates suggest that 12 million dwellings will need to be retrofitted with energy efficiency technical improvements like insulation in the next 30 years," and "Recent synthetic academic work notes that there is little evidence (in the UK or beyond) on the impact of policies for the installation of residential efficiency measures on heating use in buildings," and "there seems to be a need for additional behavioural changes to realize the full saving potential of the adoption of EE improvements," and "...the introduction of EE technical improvements seems to procure a more stable pattern in gas consumption in the years following implementation."},
}
@inproceedings{pereira2017languages,
title={Energy efficiency across programming languages: how do energy, time, and memory relate?},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Software Language Engineering},
author={Pereira, Rui and Couto, Marco and Ribeiro, Francisco and Rua, Rui and Cunha, J{\'a}come and Fernandes, Jo{\~a}o Paulo and Saraiva, Jo{\~a}o},
url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3136014.3136031},
DOI={10.1145/3136014.3136031},
howpublished={\url{https://greenlab.di.uminho.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/sleFinal.pdf}},
publisher={ACM},
year={2017},
month={10},
series={SPLASH '17},
}
% collection={SPLASH '17},
@unpublished{pergantis2024predictive,
title={Field demonstration of predictive heating control for an all-electric house in a cold climate},
author={Pergantis, Elias N. and {Priyadarshan} and Theeb, Nadah Al and Dhillon, Parveen and Ore, Jonathan P. and Ziviani, Davide and Groll, Eckhard A. and Kircher, Kevin J.},
doi={10.48550/ARXIV.2402.07032},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.07032},
urldate={2024-02-15},
keywords={Systems and Control (eess.SY), FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering},
publisher={arXiv},
year={2024},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
annote={Thermal comfort, Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD).},
}
@www{pettigrew2024supergrid,
title={Transforming the supergrid of the 1950s to a network built on an electrified future for generations to come},
author={John Pettigrew},
institution={National Grid, UK},
url={https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/transforming-supergrid-1950s-network-built-future-come-john-pettigrew-jpbcf/},
urldate={2024-08-14},
year={2024},
month={03},
day={26},
annote={Group CEO at National Grid, UK. Quote: "... we find ourselves with a network that's constrained. Demand on the grid is growing dramatically, and forecast to double by 2050 as heat, transport and industry continue to electrify. Future growth in foundational technologies like artificial intelligence and quantum computing will mean larger scale, energy-intensive computing infrastructure. Demand from commercial data centres will increase six-fold, just in the next ten years, and in homes, there will be an increasing shift towards heat pumps and electric vehicles."},
}
@article{phoung2024telework,
title={Forecasting macro-energy demand accounting for time-use and telework},
author={Phoung, Sinoun and Hittinger, Eric and Guhathakurta, Subhrajit and Williams, Eric},
volume={51},
ISSN={2211-467X},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X23002146},
DOI={10.1016/j.esr.2023.101264},
journal={Energy Strategy Reviews},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2024},
month={01},
pages={101264},
}
%howpublished={\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X23002146/pdf}},
@article{piantella2025harvesting,
title={Harvesting Light, Cultivating Care: Exploring Intermittence As Framework for Infrastructuring and Stewardship},
author={Benedetta Piantella and Syeda N. Anjum and Aakruti Lunia and Alex Nathanson and Tega Brain and Kayla DesPortes},
url={https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UoD7_io9-g-JXIgQ3x5GL53tp8mErrhM/view},
urldate={2025-10-16},
doi={10.1145/3757410},
journal={Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
keywords={Care, infrastructuring, intermittence, maintenance and repair, limits, sociotechnical systems, stewardship, sustainable HCI},
year={2025},
month={11},
abstract={In response to growing environmental concerns within the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Design communities, recent efforts in both industry and academia have focused on addressing the sustainability and environmental impact of technological interventions. This paper engages with this discourse by investigating the lived experiences of volunteers stewarding solar powered servers within the Solar Protocol experimental network, a distributed collaborative design provocation that merges creative practice, sustainable computing, ecological awareness, and community-based care. Through interview analysis, triangulated with additional data sources (observations, memos, communications, etc.), we examine how stewards of cyber-physical systems interdependent with built and natural environments across varied geographies confront and adapt to infrastructural intermittency. We foreground the sociotechnical dimensions involved in this reinfrastructuring process, as the system's design influences collective maintenance efforts. Our findings highlight how stewarding systems that are intermittently powered fosters stewards' deeper understanding of infrastructural interdependencies and environmental rhythms, positioning intermittence as a generative framework for sustainable infrastructural awareness and adaptation.},
}
@report{piddington2020housing,
title={The Housing Stock of The {United} {Kingdom}},
institution={{BRE Trust}},
author={Justine Piddington and Simon Nicol and Helen Garrett and Matthew Custard},
url={https://files.bregroup.com/bretrust/The-Housing-Stock-of-the-United-Kingdom_Report_BRE-Trust.pdf},
urldate={2022-11-30},
year={2020},
month={02},
annote={Quote: "In 2020, the UK had 29.3 million domestic properties, 36\% of which were built before World War Two."},
}
@article{plinke2026VAT,
title={"Environmental impacts from European food consumption can be reduced with carbon pricing or a value-added tax reform"},
author={Charlotte Plinke and Michael Sureth and Matthias Kalkuhl},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-025-01284-y},
urldate={2026-01-20},
doi={10.1038/s43016-025-01284-y},
journal={Nature Food},
year={2026},
month={01},
day={20},
abstract={Food consumption generates substantial environmental externalities that remain insufficiently addressed by public policies. Here we explore the global environmental footprints induced by food consumption in the European Union (EU27) based on a multi-regional input--output model, and assess the potential of tax policies for mitigation. Using household expenditure data, we estimate country-specific demand systems for food products and link these to the footprints for the policy analysis. We find that removing current VAT reductions on meat products has the potential to decrease food consumption-related greenhouse-gas emissions, water consumption, land use, biodiversity loss, and the nitrogen and phosphorus footprints of EU27 household food consumption by 3.5\%--5.7\%. A greenhouse-gas emission price of ~EUR52 per tCO2e on all food products leads to equivalent emission reductions with higher associated environmental co-benefits. The mean net welfare costs of the two policies amount to EUR12--26 per year per household.},
annote={Also see https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/news/latest-news/full-value-added-tax-on-meat-a-first-step-towards-pricing-the-environmental-damages-caused-by-diets},
}
@dataset{podcast-standard,
title={Podcast de facto Standard},
author={Niko Abeler},
url={https://podcast-standard.org/},
urldate={2024-09-22},
abstract={This website is dedicated to providing guidance and information on the conventions and standards used in podcasting. Its goal is to help podcasters and hosters understand which conventions are being followed in the podcasting community, and to provide developers with insights on which standards they can rely on to be adopted by most podcasts. With this information, podcasters can make informed decisions about their own content, and developers can create tools that better support the podcasting community. The website aims to be a valuable resource for anyone involved in podcasting, from creators and hosts to developers and listeners alike.},
}
@dataset{podcastindustryinsights,
title={Podcast Industry Insights},
author={Daniel J. Lewis},
url={https://podcastindustryinsights.com/},
urldate={2024-10-29},
year={2018},
abstract={We give you the data, stats, and insights to help you make sense of the podcast industry. The latest insights from the top podcast sources.},
annote={2024-10-29 numbers: There are 4,315,070 podcasts and counting! Apple Podcasts Statistics: 100,323,931 total episodes available in feeds, 85% active in last 90 days, 92% in last 30 days, 95% in last 7 days, 98% in last 3 days, out of 2,734,050 valid podcasts total; 43% of podcasts have 10+ episodes, 23% have just 1. Podcast Index shows 107,460,105 episodes across 4,315,070 valid podcasts.},
}
@www{podcasting2,
title={Podcasting 2.0},
author={Daniel J. Lewis},
url={https://podcasting2.org/},
urldate={2024-09-20},
abstract={Podcasting 2.0 is a set of new features and standards that make podcasting better for everyone. Podcasting 2.0 extends the RSS standard - the core technology that makes podcasting possible - to add new features. None of these features break any existing podcast feeds or podcast players, but, where supported, they enable podcasters to do more things, and enhance the experience for the audience. Some of these new features, like recommendations for other podcasts your audience might like, can be added to podcast feeds simply by adding the appropriate RSS tags. Many publishing tools and hosting providers make this as simple as filling in additional field. Other features, like accepting messages and payments from your audience as they listen, require additional tools and a few more initial steps.},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
}
@www{podnews2024gzip,
author={James Cridland},
title={Podnews ... A saving bandwidth special!},
publisher={Podnews},
url={https://podnews.net/update/podlp-cloud-phone},
urldate={2024-06-17},
year={2024},
month={06},
day={17},
annote={Quote: "Podnews wasn't supporting Gzip for our RSS feed (a mistake); it was accounting for 3.86GB of data per day. We turned it on last week; our bandwidth bill for our RSS feed has more than halved, and is now 1.22GB. We also now fetch feeds with gzip where we can."},
}
@dataset{podnews2024testing,
author={James Cridland},
title={Podcast RSS feed testing},
publisher={Podnews},
url={https://podnews.net/article/rss-tests},
urldate={2024-11-11},
year={2024},
month={11},
day={11},
abstract={RSS feeds are how podcasting works - but most podcast apps rely on repeatedly polling RSS feeds. Podnews publishes just one podcast ourselves, but that podcast's RSS feed is requested more than 42,000 times a day. We wondered who supports compression in feeds like gzip or brotli (which saves around 80\% of bandwidth); and also who supports lastmodified headers and/or etag (i.e. how easy it is to spot whether a feed has been updated.) We tested a set of feeds - the most popular 100 hosts or so - from our podcast sample; we've linked to the specific RSS feed we tested. To test compression, we requested the content using an Accept-Encoding header.},
annote={A significant fraction (about 14\%?) did not support any of gzip (or br) nor last-modified (or etag). About 9\% supported all of them.},
}
@dataset{podnewsRSS,
author={James Cridland},
title={Podnews: Our {RSS} Stats},
publisher={Podnews},
url={https://podnews.net/about/rss-stats},
urldate={2024-09-21},
abstract={This is data from Podnews's server [], showing currently used useragents for our RSS feed, which is used for our podcast. It's updated daily. We use and contribute to OPAWG's RSS useragent list. This page shows all our podcast RSS feeds (we give some destinations some bespoke versions).},
}
@article{poskela2024cleaning,
title={Impact of Textured Surfaces and Cleaning on Solar Panel Glass Transmittance},
author={Poskela, Aapo and Varjopuro, Julianna and Jokikyyny, Tommi and Kamppinen, Aleksi and Palonen, Heikki and Miettunen, Kati},
DOI={10.4229/EUPVSEC2024/3AV.1.17},
ISBN={3-936338-90-6},
url={https://userarea.eupvsec.org/proceedings/EU-PVSEC-2024/3av.1.17},
urldate={2025-01-15},
keywords={Photovoltaic Modules and BoS Components, PV Module Design and Manufacturing},
language={en},
publisher={WIP-Munich},
year={2024},
month={01},
abstract={In outdoor conditions, solar panels face several factors that prevent optimal operation through lowered absorbed light intensity. Luckily, steps can be taken to minimise their effect. In this work we focus on two of these steps: panel cleaning to reduce impact of soiling and textured glass surfaces to improve transmission of high incidence angle light. Removing soiling is relatively simple task, but how do the cleaning chemicals impact the anti-reflection coating on the surface of the solar panel glass? To test this, we apply a series of common cleaning chemicals to the surface of solar panel glass pieces and measure how the transmittance of solar panel glass samples changes. The results suggest that the glass coatings can be safely cleaned using most cleaning liquids, with the exception of dishwashing detergent. The second section of this study investigates how well textured solar panel glass surfaces can improve transmittance on high light incidence angles. Earlier studies suggest that increased haze and light-trapping of a textured glass surface can be used to guide more light to the solar cell when the light source is in a large angle from the panel surface normal, but our results demonstrate that flat glass surface outperforms textured surfaces on all incidence angles.},
}
@report{pout2017controls,
title={Evidence Gathering - Compensation and {TPI} Heating Controls},
institution={BRE},
author={Christine Pout},
url={https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/heating-controls-compensation-and-time-proportional-and-integral-tpi-controls},
urldate={2023-10-04},
howpublished={\url{https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a81f66ced915d74e62350ca/heating-controls-compensation-tpi-bre.pdf}},
year={2017},
month={10},
number={1178/06/2016},
edition={3},
abstract={Quote: "The overall aim of this study was to collect, analyse and synthesise available evidence on weather compensation, load compensation and Time Proportional and Integral (TPI) heating controls, as applied to domestic boilers (fuelled by gas, oil and LPG). ... rough estimates based on stakeholder responses suggest that the current market shares are around 12\% for TPI control, and around 2\% for both weather and load compensation."},
annote={Quote: "The definitions of these ErP (Energy related Products) control type can be summarised as follows: Class I represents standard on/off temperature controller which would be sufficient to meet with Building Regulation requirements. Class II and Class III are weather compensating controls, for modulating boilers and on/off boilers, respectively. These are not prevalent in the UK compared to other European countries as they do not include a room thermostat. The amount of heat supplied by these controls is determined solely by the external temperature sensor. Class IV is a TPI temperature controller for use with an on/off boiler. Class V is a load compensating controller. Class VI is a weather compensation controller for use with modulating boilers with a room thermostat, whilst Class VII is a variant that uses time proportion control to facilitate control of the boiler output temperature by switching the boiler on or off rather than modulating the output. Finally Class VIII is a more sophisticated form of load compensating controller where the boiler flow temperature is determined by the aggregated heat load determined from multiple room thermostats."},
}
@article{prata2021podcast,
title={Podcast: a research trajectory and emerging themes},
author={Prata, Nair and Avelar, Kamilla and Cordeiro Martins, Henrique},
url={https://journals.ipl.pt/cpublica/article/view/67},
urldate={2024-09-13},
doi={10.34629/CPUBLICA.67},
keywords={podcast, systematic review, research trajectory, emerging themes},
language={en},
publisher={Comunica{\c{c}}{\~a}o P{\'u}blica},
year={2021},
month={12},
day={15},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International},
annote={Quote: "Podcast is a neologism created by the union of the words pod(of the MP3 player, iPod) and cast. In the same period of the birth of the P2P networks, automated distribution systems of digital audio files, starting from feeds like RSS and Atom, began to be used. Soon, aggregating programs such as iPodder and iTunes came into light, both aiming to organizethe access to the contents signed by the netizens. This is the scenario from which emerged the podcast, an audio transmission service that was first used in 2004 by the ex-VJ of the American MTV, Adam Curry, who being inspired by thepractice of blogging, created the iPodder software. This software allows you to download recordings from the Internet and play them on portable devices, using them in the RSS format and/or as an aggregated element of content."},
}
@article{quagraine2026targets,
title={As we breach 1.5C, we must replace temperature limits with clean-energy targets},
author={Quagraine, Kwesi A. and Lynas, Mark and Ellis, Erle C.},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00246-z},
urldate={2026-01-28},
doi={10.1038/d41586-026-00246-z},
journal={Nature},
ISSN={1476-4687},
volume={649},
number={8099},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
year={2026},
month={01},
day={26},
pages={1103--1106},
annote={Quote: "To fulfil this mandate, the world needs one clear number with which to measure climate progress during a transition that ends the use of fossil fuels. We think the most promising metric is one we term the 'clean-energy shift'. Building on a concept initially proposed by Bloomberg New Energy Finance founder Michael Liebreich (see go.nature.com/3zr5y1), we define it as the growth rate in clean-energy generation minus the growth rate in total energy demand for a given time interval."},
}
@article{quenel2023lift,
title={Propane-isobutane mixtures in heat pumps with higher temperature lift: an experimental investigation},
author={Quenel, Julian and Anders, Maurits and Atakan, Burak},
year={2023},
month={03},
doi={10.31224/2864},
url={https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/2864},
urldate={2023-05-04},
}
@article{quintana2022meta,
title={A guide for calculating study-level statistical power for meta-analyses},
author={Daniel Quintana},
institution={Department of Psychology, University of Oslo},
city={Oslo, Norway},
url={https://osf.io/js79t/},
urldate={2022-12-28},
year={2022},
doi={10.31219/osf.io/js79t},
abstract={Meta-analysis is a popular approach in the psychological sciences for synthesizing data across studies. However, the credibility of meta-analysis outcomes depends on the evidential value of studies included in the body of evidence used for data synthesis. One important consideration for determining a study's evidential value is the statistical power of the study's design and statistical test combination for detecting hypothetical effect sizes of interest. Studies with a design/test combination that cannot reliably detect a wide range of effect sizes are more susceptible to questionable research practices and exaggerated effect sizes. Therefore, determining the statistical power for design/test combinations for studies included in meta-analyses can help researchers make decisions regarding confidence in the body of evidence. As the one true population effect size is unknown when hypothesis testing, an alternative approach is to determine statistical power for a range of hypothetical effect sizes. This tutorial introduces the metameta R package and web app, which facilitates the straightforward calculation and visualization of study-level statistical power in meta-analyses for a range of hypothetical effect sizes. Readers will be shown how to re-analyze data using information typically presented in meta-analysis forest plots or tables and how to integrate the metameta package when reporting novel meta-analyses. A step-by-step companion screencast video tutorial is also provided to assist readers using the R package.},
}
@www{RAB2009RSS,
title={{RSS} 2.0 Specification},
author={{{RSS} Advisory Board}},
url={https://www.rssboard.org/rss-specification},
urldate={2024-04-02},
number={2.0.11},
year={2009},
month={03},
day={30},
}
@article{radke2025probabilistic,
title={Probabilistic refunds increase beverage container recycling behaviour in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada},
author={Radke, Jade and Argentopoulos, Stella and Dunn, Elizabeth and Zhao, Jiaying},
ISSN={0956-053X},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X25003654},
urldate={2025-07-09},
howpublished={\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X25003654/pdfft}},
DOI={10.1016/j.wasman.2025.114954},
journal={Waste Management},
volume={204},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2025},
month={08},
day={01},
pages={114954},
annote={[**UA] Same may be applicable to energy saving with heat pumps: turn down thermostat today at the right time and sometimes win 1000x value to the grid rather than a few pence off a future bill?},
abstract={Of the two trillion beverage containers produced globally every year, most are not recycled. To increase recycling rates, the bottle deposit refund system has been proposed and implemented in some regions of the world with varying degrees of success. To improve the refund system, we leverage a classic decision-making phenomenon where low-probability high rewards are preferred over small certain rewards with the same expected payoff. Specifically, we turned an established certain but small refund for recycling beverage containers (i.e., 100 \% chance of getting $0.10 per bottle) into a probabilistic one (e.g., 0.01 \% chance of getting $1,000 per bottle) with the same expected payoff. In three pre-registered field and lab studies (N = 975 total), we showed that participants preferred a probabilistic refund option (0.01 \% chance of getting $1,000) over the certain option (100 \% chance of getting $0.10), felt happier about the opportunity to get money when they chose the probabilistic refund option, and brought 47 \% more bottles to recycle when the probabilistic refund was offered. These findings highlight the value of probabilistic refunds in increasing recycling behaviour and provide theoretical and practical implications for recycling policies and programs.},
}
@article{raftery2024hydronic,
title={Insights from hydronic heating systems in 259 commercial buildings},
author={Raftery, Paul and Singla, Rupam and Cheng, Hwakong and Paliaga, Gwelen},
volume={321},
ISSN={0378-7788},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778824006595},
urldate={2024-09-15},
DOI={10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114543},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2024},
month={10},
day={15},
pages={114543},
annote={Highlights: "Systems typically operate 81\% of hours annually, far more frequently than expected. Loads are very low relative to equipment capacity, causing inefficient operation. Typical condensing boilers spend few hours at low return temp., reducing efficiency." Quote: "... hydronic heating system, often called a heating hot water system (HHW) in the US..." Quote: "This paper's primary goals are to: 1) share a large dataset of building automation system data for heating hot water systems in commercial buildings, 2) analyze it to better understand how these systems operate in practice, and 3) identify opportunities for reducing the emissions these systems generate." Quote: "Almost all buildings (146 of 152) have right-skewed HW load distributions when operating. Fig. 6 (a) shows the load distribution for three example buildings, selected based on low, median and high skewness. Though skewness is expected for these distributions, the degree is typically quite high (median: 1.1), meaning that the majority of these systems spend most of the time operating at low loads, with rare periods at high loads. Thus, ensuring a system can operate efficiently at low load is a key aspect of performance. However, few systems are designed to operate efficiently below 10\% of design capacity despite the fact that loads are frequently below this." Quote: "... multiple pieces of smaller, accurately sized and appropriately staged heating equipment with good turn-down capability (e.g. 10:1 or more) are key components of a heating system design that can efficiently serve the loads it encounters. Without due care and attention, the combined issues of oversizing and poor turn-down can yield very low operating efficiency (e.g. < 40\%)."},
}
@report{RAJAR2024summer,
title={RAJAR's Audio Survey 'MIDAS' Summer 2024},
publisher={{RAJAR (Radio Joint Audience Research)}},
year={2024},
month={10},
day={01},
url={https://www.rajar.co.uk/news},
urldate={2024-10-15},
howpublished={\url{https://www.rajar.co.uk/docs/news/MIDAS_Summer_2024.pdf}},
abstract={The RAJAR Audio MIDAS Survey is designed to provide context and insight into how, when and where audio content is being consumed within this liberated environment; including device usage, activities, location, who listened with. Includes Audio Types such as Podcasts, Live and Catch Up Radio, On Demand Music Services.},
annote={Quote: "On Demand Music services and Podcasts have become increasingly popular..." Quote: "23\% of the UK population tune in to podcasts in an average week and those listen for around 7 hours per person. ... Podcasts are mainly consumed via apps on Smartphone (82\%) but some listening does take place using computers (9\%), tablets (5\%) and smart speakers (2\%). Almost a third of young adults (15-24) tune into Podcasts in an average week..." 62\% listen at home.},
}
@report{rand2023queued,
title={Queued Up: Characteristics of Power Plants Seeking Transmission Interconnection As of the End of 2022},
author={Joseph Rand and Rose Strauss and Will Gorman and Joachim Seel and Julie Mulvaney Kemp and Seongeun Jeong and Dana Robson and Ryan Wiser},
institution={Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory},
url={https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/queued_up_2022_04-06-2023.pdf},
urldate={2023-04-06},
year={2023},
month={04},
annote={Quote: "Most (~1260 GW) proposed generation is zero-carbon." Quote: "The average time projects spent in queues before being built has increased markedly. The typical project built in 2022 took 5 years from the interconnection request to commercial operations, compared to 3 years in 2015 and <2 years in 2008." Quote: "Interest in hybrid plants has increased over time: Hybrids comprise 52\% of active storage capacity (358 GW), 48\% of solar (457 GW), and 8\% of wind (24 GW)." Quote: "As of the end of 2022, there were over 10,200 projects seeking grid interconnection across the U.S., representing over 1,350 GW of generation and an estimated 680 GW of storage." Quote: "Ultimately, much of this proposed capacity will not be built. Historically only ~21\% of projects (and only 14\% of capacity) requesting interconnection from 2000-2017 have reached commercial operations."},
}
@article{rankin2024embodied,
title={Embodied GHG of missing middle: Residential building form and strategies for more efficient housing},
author={Rankin, Keagan Hudson and Arceo, Aldrick and Isin, Kaan and Saxe, Shoshanna},
ISSN={1530-9290},
url={https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jiec.13461},
urldate={2024-05-15},
DOI={10.1111/jiec.13461},
journal={Journal of Industrial Ecology},
publisher={Wiley},
year={2024},
month={03},
annote={Quote: "On average, multi-unit missing middle buildings have significantly lower embodied GHG per bedroom than single-family and mid/high-rise buildings, but variability within forms is greater than between forms, indicating a large potential to reduce embodied GHG through building design. Best-in-class design strategies include reducing substructure size and indoor parking, limiting mid/high-rise slab thickness, and choosing low-GHG insulation products. Building missing middle homes in the 1st quartile of embodied GHG efficiency with minimum insulation emissions factors could reduce future embodied residential emissions in Ontario, Canada by 46.7\%."},
}
@www{ransohoff2024removal,
title={Quick carbon removal demand math},
author={Nan Ransohoff},
url={https://nanransohoff.substack.com/p/quick-carbon-removal-demand-math},
urldate={2024-10-25},
year={2024},
month={10},
day={08},
abstract={Carbon removal demand continues to be a much-discussed topic within the field. This is understandable. The numbers for carbon removal get very big, very fast. And, despite significant progress over the last few years, the question of "are all of these voluntary market efforts going to be a bridge to nowhere?" still looms large.},
annote={Quote: "In total, the world needs to do $\sim$1 teraton of carbon removal over the next $\sim$100 years to effectively stabilize global temperatures around 1.5C ... Another $\sim$2 teratons of removal if we want to turn back the clock to pre-industrial temperatures ... It's not completely crazy to imagine that the world would pay $\sim$USD100T total to do carbon removal over the next $\sim$100 years."},
}
@article{rawat2025acoustic,
title={Improving classroom air quality and ventilation with IoT-driven acoustic and visual CO2 feedback system},
author={Rawat, Nidhi and Kumar, Prashant and Hama, Sarkawt and Williams, Natalie and Zivelonghi, Alessandro},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969725011842},
urldate={2025-05-07},
DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179543},
journal={Science of The Total Environment},
volume={980},
ISSN={0048-9697},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2025},
month={06},
day={10},
pages={179543},
annote={[**UA] Quote: "Ventilation behaviour induced by the visual alarm reduced classroom CO2 by 19.5 \%. Ventilation behaviour induced by the visual-acoustic alarm reduced classroom CO2 by 19 \%." Quote: "The effect of data visualisation methods (graphics or sound) which is different from usual representation of the CAQ and teachers' ventilation behaviour has not been studied in detail."},
}
@report{RBK2019energy,
title={Kingston Energy Masterplan},
author={Burohappold Engineering},
institution={The Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames Council},
address={Kingston-upon-Thames, London, UK},
city={London, UK},
year={2019},
month={02},
url={https://www.kingston.gov.uk/downloads/file/1820/200115-kingston-emp-final-draft-02},
urldate={2023-03-11},
abstract={Brief: "Establish an Energy Master Plan (EMP) for Decentralised Energy for the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames (RBK), including opportunity areas identified in the Kingston Regeneration and Development Plan."},
annote={Many details have changed by 2023, given for example that the CRE (Cambridge Road Estate) redevelopment has started, but the "heat from Hogsmill sewage" plan is still live.},
}
@report{RBK2022climate,
title={Kingston's Climate Action Plan},
institution={The Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames Council},
address={Kingston-upon-Thames, London, UK},
city={London, UK},
year={2022},
month={03},
url={https://www.kingston.gov.uk/downloads/download/442/kingston-s-climate-action-plan},
urldate={2023-02-09},
howpublished={\url{https://www.kingston.gov.uk/downloads/file/1694/kingston-s-climate-action-plan}},
annote={Quote: "We will now aim to be carbon neutral in operations by the challenging target of 2030, and to widen our actions to help move our borough to carbon neutrality by 2038." Theme 1 is Efficient Homes and Buildings. 1.2 is "Explore options to invest in a low carbon local district heating network supplying effluent sourced waste water heat from the Hogsmill water treatment plant." 1.7 is "No new council-led housing schemes will be designed with gas boilers." Theme 5 is Sustainable Council. 5.1 is "Evaluate the Council's buildings to create and cost a delivery plan to reduce energy consumption, adopt low carbon technologies (heat pumps and district heating networks) and increase renewable energy generation." 5.20 is "Install automatic meter readers across the Council's buildings and facilities to improve data on how we use energy. ..." 5.23 is "Replace gas boilers in Council buildings with low or no carbon alternatives, using electric alternatives where we can. ..."},
}
@dataset{RBKdata,
title={Kingston Data},
url={https://data.kingston.gov.uk/},
urldate={2022-12-24},
institution={The Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames Council},
address={Kingston-upon-Thames, London, UK},
city={London, UK},
abstract={The Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames Council has brought together a wide range of local data and information to give you an insight into the borough and how it compares both locally and nationally.},
}
@article{rees2014geothermal,
title={National Deployment of Domestic Geothermal Heat Pump Technology: Observations on the UK Experience 1995--2013},
author={Rees, Simon and Curtis, Robin},
volume={7},
ISSN={1996-1073},
url={https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/7/8/5460},
urldate={2023-04-12},
DOI={10.3390/en7085460},
number={8},
journal={Energies},
publisher={MDPI AG},
year={2014},
month={08},
pages={5460--5499},
annote={Quote: "A further technical issue related to system control is that of dynamic cycling behavior of heat pumps and the application of buffer tanks. ... in the dynamic start-up phases of operation the system operates inefficiently until the proper pressures are established and the compressor runs with less than ideal lubricating conditions. If cycling is excessive (in terms of cycle duration or a high number of cycles per hour) this results in a deterioration of SPF but also some concern as to reduced compressor life. One approach to maximizing cycle times is to include a buffer tank at the outlet of the heat pump from which the heating system draws warm fluid as demanded and to which the heat pump adds heat according to tank temperature. It is evident from the UK trials that industry practice as to the inclusion of buffer tanks varies considerably. The value of configuring the heating system in this way, and the relationship to TRV operation, was investigated following the first phase of the UK field trials in a combined modeling and experimental study. This study showed that operation of TRVs in systems with small numbers of radiators could exacerbate frequent cycling in some situations and that a small buffer tank could be beneficial. Higher frequency cycling was shown to result in modest reductions in system efficiency." Quote: "The predominance of hydronic heating systems using natural gas boilers is also reflected in the national skills and knowledge base. The absence of demand for domestic air conditioning has meant that skills and training in small-scale refrigeration systems is very limited. This is similarly reflected in the education and training that has been demanded by, and delivered to, the domestic heating industry." Quote: "...the EST field trial report concluded that user behavior did have an impact of performance levels and that there was a need for clearer and simpler user advice." Quote: "Revision of the MCS heat pump installation standard (MIS 3005 version 3.1) introduced a requirement to match the heat pump capacity to 100\% of the house design heat loss (for mono-energetic systems). This is a rather different approach to that taken in other parts of Europe where common practice is to size to allow the final 10\%--20\% of peak load to be met by electrical resistance heating. The latter practice can be more optimal in terms of capital cost and not very damaging to running costs if the number of hours in the year when peak loads are approached is small. The relationship between heat pump capacity and design load depends on how loads are calculated and the design temperatures chosen. In the revised UK standard 99th percentile coldest temperatures from typical year climate data are defined and so, arguably, there may be short periods where heat pump capacity is exceeded."},
}
@article{reguis2021challenges,
author={Reguis, Antoine and Vand, Behrang and Currie, John},
title={Challenges for the Transition to Low-Temperature Heat in the {UK}: A Review},
journal={Energies},
volume={14},
year={2021},
number={21},
url={https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/21/7181},
urldate={2023-03-01},
issn={1996-1073},
abstract={To reach net-zero emissions by 2050, buildings in the UK need to replace natural gas boilers with heat pumps and district heating. These technologies are efficient at reduced flow/return temperatures, typically 55/25~{\degree}C, while traditional heating systems are designed for 82/71~{\degree}C, and an oversized heating system can help this temperature transition. This paper reviews how heating systems have been sized over time in the UK and the degree of oversizing in existing buildings. It also reviews if lessons from other countries can be applied to the UK's building stock. The results show that methods to size a heating system have not changed over time, but the modern level of comfort, the retrofit history of buildings and the use of margin lead to the heating system being generally oversized. It is not possible to identify a specific trend by age, use or archetype. Buildings in Scandinavia have a nascent readiness for low-temperature heat as they can use it for most of the year without retrofit. Limitations come primarily from the faults and malfunctions of such systems. In the UK, it is estimated that 10\% of domestic buildings would be ready for a supply temperature of 55~{\degree}C during extreme external conditions and more buildings at part-load operation. Lessons from Scandinavia should be considered with caution. The building stock in the UK generally underperforms compared to other EU buildings, with heating systems in the UK operating at higher temperatures and with night set-back; the importance of providing a low-return temperature does not exist in the UK despite being beneficial for condensing boiler operation. Sweden and Denmark started to develop district heating technologies with limitations to supply temperatures some 40 years ago whereas the UK is only just starting to consider similar measures in 2021. Recommendations for policy makers in this context have been drawn from this review in the conclusions.},
DOI={10.3390/en14217181},
annote={Quote: "This is particularly true for non-domestic buildings, as they use weather-compensation control to reduce flow temperature during mild weather, combined with TRVs to trim local temperatures. Both weather-compensation and TRVs are mandatory equipment in non-domestic buildings. In domestic buildings, weather-compensated controls were not recommended in 2008, as they were deemed not to be cost effective, but TRV's have become mandatory since the 1990s. In 2017, weather-compensated controls represented only a 2\% share of the domestic market, and in domestic buildings, it is common practice that the flow temperature of the heating circuit is set manually by the occupant with the adjustment of a dial on the boiler." Quote: "A well-balanced hydraulic heating system provides a uniform temperature drop across all radiators. This temperature drop, at nominal conditions, is expected to be 5~{\degree}C, 10--12~{\degree}C or 20~{\degree}C depending on the boiler type or the system type; typically, it is 5~{\degree}C for systems where a pump is installed, 10--12~{\degree}C for systems with gravity flow and 20~{\degree}C when there a condensing boiler is installed or higher with a connection to district heating. Most recommendations from radiator manufacturers are 10--12~{\degree}C." Quote: "Achieving net-zero emissions from the building sector in the UK involves replacing all gas boilers with new technologies such as heat pumps or low-temperature district heating commonly called fourth generation district heating (4GDH)." Quote: "The current radiator connection type BBOE [Both Bottom Opposite Ends] should not be allowed as this reduces the output capacity of radiators by 5 to 15\%, limiting the ability to provide a low return temperature. "},
}
%ARTICLE-NUMBER = {7181},
@article{reiners2021district,
title={Heat pump efficiency in fifth generation ultra-low temperature district heating networks using a wastewater heat source},
journal={Energy},
volume={236},
pages={121318},
year={2021},
issn={0360-5442},
doi={10.1016/j.energy.2021.121318},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544221015668},
urldate={2023-02-17},
author={Tobias Reiners and Michel Gross and Lisa Altieri and Hermann-Josef Wagner and Valentin Bertsch},
keywords={ULTDH network, Ultra low temperature district heating network, Heat pump, Decentral heat pumps, 5GDH, Space heating, Domestic hot water, Heat pump efficiency, Testing rig},
abstract={Ultra-low district heating (ULTDH) networks are operated at temperatures below 30~{\degree}C. However, the temperatures supplied are still too low for direct heating of the consumers. Heat pumps use the heating network as a source and can supply the consumers with space heating and domestic hot water as needed. Although individual manufacturers provide performance figures for the source temperature of 20~{\degree}C, these are usually derived from extrapolation from standard conditions with source temperatures of 0~{\degree}C and 10~{\degree}C. Up to now practical measurements are missing how efficiently heat pumps work in an ULTDH network environment and how the network temperature spread affects the performance. In this paper test rigs are used to investigate heat pumps under the conditions in ULTDH networks at a network supply temperature of 20~{\degree}C. It is shown that heat pumps can operate up to twice as efficient as with a geothermal probe. Furthermore, the network temperature spread has a significant influence on the performance of the heat pump. Heat pumps operate significantly better with a low source temperature spread.},
}
@book{reinertsen2009principles,
title={The principles of product development flow: second generation lean product development},
author={Reinertsen, Donald G},
ISBN={9781935401001},
year={2009},
month={05},
day={29},
edition={1},
url={http://lpd2.com/},
urldate={2024-10-11},
publisher={Celeritas Redondo Beach},
abstract={The dominant paradigm for managing product development is wrong; not just a little wrong, but wrong to its very core. Stagnant piles of idle work lengthen cycle time, delay vital feedback and destroy process efficiency. Yet today, these queues remain unmanaged. This landmark book defines a new approach, one based on solid economics and real science. It focuses on controlling the invisible and unmeasured queues that undermine all aspects of product development performance. This is the first book that comprehensively describes the underlying principles that create flow in product development processes, principles that have produced 5 to 10 times improvements, even in mature processes. It combines a detailed explanation of the real science behind flow and a rich set of practical methods. Its 175 underlying principles are organized into eight major areas. It begins where other books on product development end, and is guaranteed to change the way you think about product development.},
}

% volume={62},
@article{rempel2022passive,
title={Improving the passive survivability of residential buildings during extreme heat events in the Pacific Northwest},
journal={Applied Energy},
volume={321},
pages={119323},
year={2022},
issn={0306-2619},
doi={10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119323},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261922006729},
urldate={2023-07-13},
author={Alexandra R. Rempel and Jackson Danis and Alan W. Rempel and Michael Fowler and Sandipan Mishra},
keywords={Shading control, Natural ventilation control, Cooling load reduction, Cool semi-arid climates, High desert climates, Climate-responsive design},
abstract={Extreme heat events are becoming more frequent and more severe in the Pacific Northwest and in comparable dry-summer climates worldwide, increasing the occurrence of heat-related illness and death. Much of this risk is attributed to overheating in multifamily dwellings, particularly in neighborhoods with abundant asphalt, few trees, and limited financial resources. Air-conditioning expansion is problematic, however, because it creates vulnerability to operational costs and power outages, while expelled hot air intensifies urban heat island effects. In contrast, passive cooling strategies that deflect solar radiation and recruit the cool night air typical of Mediterranean, semi-arid, and arid climates are quite promising, but their abilities to improve residential survivability during extreme heat have not yet been explored. To understand this potential, here we investigate the extent to which well-controlled shading and natural ventilation, in some cases with fan assistance, could have diminished the hours in which indoor heat index levels exceeded 'caution', 'extreme caution', 'danger', and 'extreme danger' thresholds during the June 2021 heat wave in the Pacific Northwest; building thermal performance was simulated in EnergyPlus under conditions experienced by Vancouver BC, Seattle WA, Spokane WA, Portland OR, and Eugene OR. Strikingly, we find that in Portland, where the highest temperatures occurred, integrated shading and natural ventilation eliminated all hours above the danger threshold during the 3-day event, lowering peak indoor air temperatures by approximately 14{\degree}C (25{\degree}F); without cooling, all 72h exceeded this threshold. During the encompassing 10-day period, these passive measures provided 130--150h of thermal relief; baseline conditions without cooling provided none. Additionally, passive cooling reduced active cooling loads by up to 80\%. Together, these results show the immediate, substantial value of requiring effective operable shading and secure operable windows in apartments in mild dry-summer climates with rising heatwave intensity, as well as public health messaging to support the productive operation of these elements.},
}
@article{revell2017energy,
title={When energy saving advice leads to more, rather than less, consumption},
author={Revell, Kirsten MA and Stanton, Neville A},
journal={International Journal of Sustainable Energy},
volume={36},
number={1},
pages={1--19},
year={2017},
publisher={Taylor \& Francis},
url={https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14786451.2014.999071},
urldate={2023-05-16},
}
@article{richardson2023earth,
title={Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries},
author={Richardson, Katherine and Steffen, Will and Lucht, Wolfgang and Bendtsen, J{\o}rgen and Cornell, Sarah E and Donges, Jonathan F and Dr{\"u}ke, Markus and Fetzer, Ingo and Bala, Govindasamy and Von Bloh, Werner and others},
journal={Science advances},
url={https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.adh2458},
urldate={2024-11-15},
howpublished={\url{https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/sciadv.adh2458}},
DOI={10.1126/sciadv.adh2458},
ISSN={2375-2548},
volume={9},
number={37},
pages={eadh2458},
year={2023},
month={09},
day={13},
publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science},
abstract={This planetary boundaries framework update finds that six of the nine boundaries are transgressed, suggesting that Earth is now well outside of the safe operating space for humanity. Ocean acidification is close to being breached, while aerosol loading regionally exceeds the boundary. Stratospheric ozone levels have slightly recovered. The transgression level has increased for all boundaries earlier identified as overstepped. As primary production drives Earth system biosphere functions, human appropriation of net primary production is proposed as a control variable for functional biosphere integrity. This boundary is also transgressed. Earth system modeling of different levels of the transgression of the climate and land system change boundaries illustrates that these anthropogenic impacts on Earth system must be considered in a systemic context.},
}
@article{rime2022podcast,
title={What is a podcast? Considering innovations in podcasting through the six-tensions framework},
author={Rime, Jemily and Pike, Chris and Collins, Tom},
url={https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/13548565221104444},
urldate={2024-04-01},
DOI={10.1177/13548565221104444},
journal={Convergence},
volume={28},
number={5},
pages={1260--1282},
year={2022},
publisher={SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England},
}
@article{rivers2020decarbonising,
title={Decarbonising buildings with heat pumps},
author={Will Rivers},
institution={Carbon Trust},
journal={Built Environment},
year={2020},
month={12},
url={https://ww3.rics.org/uk/en/journals/built-environment-journal/decarbonising-buildings-with-heat-pumps.html},
urldate={2023-02-01},
annote={Quote: "According the Committee on Climate Change's 2019 Net zero - technical report, the UK must install an estimated 19m heat pumps by 2050 to meet its emissions targets --- equivalent to 633,000 per year." See also [rivers2020retrofit].},
crossref={rivers2020retrofit},
}
@report{rivers2020retrofit,
title={Heat pump retrofit in London},
author={Will Rivers},
institution={Carbon Trust},
journal={Built Environment},
year={2020},
month={08},
url={https://www.carbontrust.com/our-work-and-impact/guides-reports-and-tools/heat-pump-retrofit-in-london},
urldate={2023-02-03},
abstract={The Mayor of London has set ambitious aims for London to be a net zero carbon city by 2030 and to have the best air quality of any major city. In addition, 28 London Boroughs have declared climate emergencies with over half of these committed to achieving net zero by 2030. The political will to deliver net zero carbon emissions in London has never been stronger. Reducing emissions from heat is London's biggest decarbonisation challenge. Natural gas (primarily used for space and water heating) accounts for 37\% of London's greenhouse gas emissions and 22\% of NOx emissions. Conventional electric heating also contributes significantly to CO2 emissions and increases the peak demand on local energy networks.},
keywords={London, heatpump, heat pump, retrofit, decarbonising},
annote={See also [rivers2020decarbonising].},
crossref={rivers2020decarbonising},
}
@article{roenneberg2019daylight,
title={Daylight Saving Time and Artificial Time Zones - A Battle Between Biological and Social Times},
volume={10},
ISSN={1664-042X},
url={https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2019.00944/full},
urldate={2024-04-26},
DOI={10.3389/fphys.2019.00944},
journal={Frontiers in Physiology},
publisher={Frontiers Media SA},
author={Roenneberg, Till and Winnebeck, Eva C. and Klerman, Elizabeth B.},
year={2019},
month={08},
}
@article{ronghui2024radiative,
author={Ronghui Wu and Chenxi Sui and Ting-Hsuan Chen and Zirui Zhou and Qizhang Li and Gangbin Yan and Yu Han and Jiawei Liang and Pei-Jan Hung and Edward Luo and Dmitri V. Talapin and Po-Chun Hsu },
title={Spectrally engineered textile for radiative cooling against urban heat islands},
journal={Science},
volume={384},
number={6701},
pages={1203-1212},
year={2024},
doi={10.1126/science.adl0653},
URL={https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl0653},
abstract={Radiative cooling textiles hold promise for achieving personal thermal comfort under increasing global temperature. However, urban areas have heat island effects that largely diminish the effectiveness of cooling textiles as wearable fabrics because they absorb emitted radiation from the ground and nearby buildings. We developed a mid-infrared spectrally selective hierarchical fabric (SSHF) with emissivity greatly dominant in the atmospheric transmission window through molecular design, minimizing the net heat gain from the surroundings. The SSHF features a high solar spectrum reflectivity of 0.97 owing to strong Mie scattering from the nano-micro hybrid fibrous structure. The SSHF is 2.3{\degree}C cooler than a solar-reflecting broadband emitter when placed vertically in simulated outdoor urban scenarios during the day and also has excellent wearable properties.},
}
@www{rose2021grass,
title={Ecotricity explains: Making gas from grass},
author={Olly Rose},
publisher={Ecotricity},
year={2021},
month={10},
day={20},
url={https://www.ecotricity.co.uk/our-news/2021/ecotricity-explains-making-gas-from-grass},
urldate={2024-10-12},
annote={Quote: "What would it cost to deliver green gas to the whole country? There are 22 million homes on the gas grid in Britain. The current thinking is that hydrogen will take 20\% of this load, leaving around 18m homes left to heat. Our calculations show that 3,000 gasmills will provide the gas needed for all these homes at a cost of just {\pound}30 billion. That might sound a lot but, for comparison, the total cost of installing heat pumps in every home, generating the electricity to power them and upgrading the grid to deliver that energy is approaching {\pound}300 billion."},
}
@article{rosenow2018remaining,
title={Remaining potential for energy efficiency in UK homes},
author={Jan Rosenow and Pedro Guertler and Steven Sorrell and Nick Eyre},
journal={Energy Policy},
volume={121},
pages={542--552},
year={2018},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030142151830421X},
urldate={2023-01-06},
issn={0301-4215},
doi={10.1016/j.enpol.2018.06.033},
abstract={Progress on improving energy efficiency of UK homes has stalled in recent years and the question arises how much more potential for further energy savings exist across the housing stock. Whilst there are some high-level estimates of the potential for buildings energy efficiency in the UK, a more granular assessment is needed to understand exactly where this potential lies and what form it takes. Our analysis fills this gap. It is based on the best available evidence on the remaining potential for energy efficiency improvements within UK residential buildings. Using UK government criteria for investment appraisal, we demonstrate that there is a significant resource of untapped energy-saving opportunities in UK homes. Specifically, our estimates suggest that: one quarter of the energy currently used in UK households could be cost effectively saved by 2035; and this could increase to one half if allowance is made for falling technology costs and the wider benefits of energy efficiency improvements. However, these estimates are sensitive to the assumptions made about capital, energy and carbon costs, and capturing this potential will require both significant policy change and large-scale investment.},
annote={Table 1 has estimated number and savings of measures available for improving the energy efficiency of existing UK housing stock including 23.0M heatpumps for 148.6TWh (per year) dwarfing each other measure, and ~20\% or nearly half the total available savings (~50\%) by 2035. But only 12\% of this is stated to be cost-effective to implement (eg see Fig 1).},
}
@article{rosenow2022heatpump,
title={Heating up the global heat pump market},
author={Jan Rosenow and Duncan Gibb and Thomas Nowak and Thomas Lowes},
journal={Nature Energy},
volume={7},
issue={10},
pages={901--904},
year={2022},
month={10},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-022-01104-8},
urldate={2023-01-18},
doi={10.1038/s41560-022-01104-8},
issn={2058-7546},
abstract={Heat pumps are widely recognized as a key clean energy technology in the energy transition. While the global heat pump market has expanded significantly, more than doubling in some countries in a single year, expanded policy support will be needed to build confidence in the technology and meet climate goals.},
}
@article{rosenow2022hydrogen,
author={Jan Rosenow},
title={Is heating homes with hydrogen all but a pipe dream? An evidence review},
journal={Joule},
volume={6},
number={10},
pages={2225-2228},
year={2022},
month={10},
issn={2542-4351},
doi={10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.015},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435122004160},
urldate={2023-03-01},
}
% abstract = {Dr. Jan Rosenow is a principal and director of European programs at the Regulatory Assistance Project (RAP), a global team of highly skilled energy experts. Jan has several board appointments including the European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy and the Coalition for Energy Savings. Jan also has a passion for energy research. He is an honorary research associate at Oxford University's Environmental Change Institute. In recognition of his work within the field, Jan was named one of the world's top 25 energy influencers and has been appointed special advisor to the House of Commons inquiry into decarbonizing heating.},
@article{rosenow2023clean,
title={Clean heating: Reforming taxes and levies on heating fuels in Europe},
journal={Energy Policy},
volume={173},
pages={113367},
year={2023},
issn={0301-4215},
doi={10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113367},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421522005869},
author={Jan Rosenow and Sam Thomas and Duncan Gibb and Ruben Baetens and Andries {De Brouwer} and Jan Cornillie},
keywords={Heating, Taxation, Levies, Total cost of ownership, Heat pumps, Fossil fuels},
abstract={How much tax should governments add to the prices of the energy that we consume? This question has come sharply into focus, as the reality of the need to decarbonise the buildings sector has become more urgent. Adding taxes and levies to energy prices encourages energy efficiency and raises revenues for governments, which can be dedicated to energy transition projects. But adding them disproportionately to electricity discourages us from investing in electrically powered heat pumps, a key technology in the buildings sector decarbonisation jigsaw. This paper shines a light on the imbalance in energy taxation across almost all European markets and makes the case for reform. We find that environmental costs are rarely well reflected in energy prices; and that the costs of energy transition programmes --- and occasionally broader social policies --- are overwhelmingly borne by electricity consumers. In this paper we explain the current structure of energy taxes and levies in five key European countries where reform would be beneficial, and set out four ways to rebalance energy taxes and levies, drawing on examples from around the continent.},
annote={Quote: "In all our five focus countries [UK, DE, ES, BE, IT], taxes on fossil gas, heating oil and biomass are significantly lower than the cost of the environmental damage they cause. Polluters are not paying. Meanwhile, electricity consumers are burdened with national tax rates that are double or more than triple their environmental damage costs, while also paying a carbon price through the EU (and UK) ETSs," and "Heating with electricity is often used in poorer households, as evidence from the UK [] and Austria [] shows. Reducing levies and taxes on electricity would help with energy poverty in that segment. However, the majority of low-income households heat with fossil fuels and more often live in poorly insulated homes, unable to keep warm."},
}
@article{rosenow2024gas,
title={The elephant in the room: How do we regulate gas transportation infrastructure as gas demand declines?},
ISSN={2590-3322},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590332224002653},
DOI={10.1016/j.oneear.2024.05.022},
journal={One Earth},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
author={Rosenow, Jan and Lowes, Richard and Kemfert, Claudia},
year={2024},
month={06},
}
@www{rosenow2024myths,
title={Factcheck: 18 misleading myths about heat pumps},
author={Jan Rosenow},
url={https://www.carbonbrief.org/factcheck-18-misleading-myths-about-heat-pumps/},
urldate={2024-03-22},
year={2024},
month={03},
day={21},
annote={Quote: "FALSE: 'Heat pumps don't work in existing buildings.' FALSE: 'Heat pumps only work in highly insulated buildings.' FALSE: 'Heat pumps only work with underfloor heating.' FALSE: 'Heat pumps won't work in flats.' FALSE: 'Heat pumps don't work when it's cold.' FALSE: 'Heat pumps will always need a backup heating system to keep you warm.' FALSE: 'Heat pumps won't keep you warm.' INCOMPLETE: 'You will freeze during a power cut and be better off with a gas boiler.' FALSE: 'Heat pumps are noisy.' INCOMPLETE: 'Heat pumps cost more to run and will increase heating bills.' FALSE. 'Turning gas to electricity to heat via a heat pump is less efficient than burning gas in a boiler.' FALSE: 'Heat pumps will never offset the carbon emissions resulting from making them.' FALSE: 'Heat pumps devalue properties.' INCOMPLETE: 'Heat pumps are unaffordable.' INCOMPLETE: 'The grid cannot cope with heat pumps.' INCOMPLETE: 'Heat pumps don't work with microbore piping.' FALSE: 'Heat pumps don't last long.' INCOMPLETE: 'Heat pumps are new and untested technology.'"},
}
@article{rosu-finsen2023ice,
author={Alexander Rosu-Finsen and Michael B. Davies and Alfred Amon and Han Wu and Andrea Sella and Angelos Michaelides and Christoph G. Salzmann},
title={Medium-density amorphous ice},
journal={Science},
volume={379},
number={6631},
pages={474-478},
year={2023},
doi={10.1126/science.abq2105},
url={https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abq2105},
urldate={2023-02-03},
howpublished={\url{https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.abq2105}},
abstract={Amorphous ices govern a range of cosmological processes and are potentially key materials for explaining the anomalies of liquid water. A substantial density gap between low-density and high-density amorphous ice with liquid water in the middle is a cornerstone of our current understanding of water. However, we show that ball milling "ordinary" ice Ih at low temperature gives a structurally distinct medium-density amorphous ice (MDA) within this density gap. These results raise the possibility that MDA is the true glassy state of liquid water or alternatively a heavily sheared crystalline state. Notably, the compression of MDA at low temperature leads to a sharp increase of its recrystallization enthalpy, highlighting that H2O can be a high-energy geophysical material.},
}
@www{rowe2025grid,
title={Grid impacts of heat pumps, EVs and solar revealed},
author={Will Rowe},
institution={{UK Energy Systems Catapult}},
year={2025},
month={08},
day={18},
url={https://es.catapult.org.uk/insight/grid-impacts-of-heat-pumps-evs-and-solar-revealed/},
urldate={2026-02-12},
abstract={As we transition to Net Zero, real-world smart-meter data from homes using low-carbon technologies (LCTs) delivers insights that theory and modelling alone can't match. From our 2,300 Living Lab participants who currently share their smart meter data with us, we identified 647 homes with over a year of high-quality data (excluding those bound by other trial terms), each with different LCT combinations. This dataset lets us isolate and compare the actual consumption impacts of individual technologies.},
annote={[**UA] Quote: "Heat pump consumption shows elevated demand throughout the day with two distinct peak periods: 3:30-6:30 and 12:30-15:30. This pattern suggests widespread adoption of time-of-use tariffs, with systems performing pre-heating and/or hot water cycles during lower-cost periods."},
}
@www{rowland2026HEMS,
title={Making home energy management work for consumers},
author={Claire Rowland},
institution={{UK Energy Systems Catapult}},
year={2026},
month={02},
day={12},
url={https://es.catapult.org.uk/insight/making-home-energy-management-work-for-consumers/},
urldate={2026-02-12},
abstract={As UK homes adopt more low-carbon technologies --- electric vehicles (EVs), heat pumps, batteries, and solar panels --- these devices increasingly need to coordinate with each other. Without this important coordination between devices, they can potentially work at cross-purposes. For example, importing expensive peak power for heating while simultaneously exporting battery power, misses an opportunity for self-consumption and bill savings. Home energy management systems (HEMS) exist to solve this.},
annote={[**UA] Quote: "At the technical layer, widespread adoption of emerging standards like Matter, PAS 1878, and OpenADR will create the foundation for reliable interoperability. At the experience layer, the industry needs automated, set-and-forget systems that work without constant user intervention. These need careful user experience (UX) design, tested with diverse users, not just early adopters, to ensure the consumer experience is not overwhelming. At the market layer, tariff structures and flexibility mechanisms must better align individual benefit with system benefit, rewarding behaviours like self-consumption rather than enabling perverse incentives. At the institutional layer, SSES-mandated standards for device permission transfer will reduce switching friction, once implemented. Service providers will need to invest in technical support, providing customer service staff equipped to diagnose multi-system problems and communicate transparently when systems behave unexpectedly."},
}
@article{roy2010getting,
title={Getting warmer: a field trial of heat pumps},
author={Roy, Robin and Caird, Sally and Potter, Stephen},
year={2010},
publisher={The Energy Saving Trust},
url={http://oro.open.ac.uk/31647/},
urldate={2023-05-22},
abstract={Given the lack of data on heat pump performance in customers' homes, the Energy Saving Trust in partnership with the Open University undertook the first large-scale heat pump field trial in the UK to determine how heat pumps perform in real-life conditions. The year-long field trial monitored technical performance and customer behaviour observed at 83 sites across the UK. The findings provide valuable information about the factors that affect the success of a domestic heat pump installation. Instead of revealing outcomes along statistical grounds, or acting as a "brand-vs-brand" competition, the field trial findings provide a discussion of key points of interest to potential consumers, including: * Measured coefficient of performance (COP) and system efficiency * Installation practices (both system design and performance) * Customer behaviour (contribution by the Open University) * Heating patterns and average internal temperatures * Economics This report makes recommendations for consumers, installers, manufacturers and policy makers, and identifies areas that require additional investigation and research.},
}
@article{ruan2024angle,
title={A new optimal PV installation angle model in high-latitude cold regions based on historical weather big data},
author={Ruan, Tianqi and Wang, Fuxing and Topel, Monika and Laumert, Bj{\"o}rn and Wang, Wujun},
volume={359},
ISSN={0306-2619},
url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.122690},
DOI={10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.122690},
journal={Applied Energy},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2024},
month={04},
pages={122690},
annote={Quote: "PV systems in practical application are typically installed at relatively shallow angles (15 to 20{\degree}) to reduce installation costs and mitigate shading effects. The geometrical angle [$\sim$40{\degree}] is calculated assuming a clear sky. It is based on an ideal weather condition, so the difference becomes relatively small compared with the commercial angle when accounting for the real weather conditions. Compared with the commercial angle, S1 achieves an average improvement of 4.8\%, corresponding to an increase of 2.3~kWh/m2 in power generation."},
}
@article{russo2024sharing,
title={Dangerous neighbours: Birds and bird-eating bats sharing tree cavities},
volume={14},
ISSN={2045-7758},
url={https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ece3.11098},
urldate={2024-02-21},
DOI={10.1002/ece3.11098},
number={3},
journal={Ecology and Evolution},
publisher={Wiley},
author={Russo, Danilo and M{\"a}enurm, Anne and Martinoli, Adriano and Cistrone, Luca},
year={2024},
month={03},
day={11},
annote={Quote: "This study documents the successful reproduction of Eurasian blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) nesting alongside a colony of approximately 25 greater noctules. This bird species is a prey species for greater noctules in Italy."},
}
@article{ryberg2018absolute,
title={How to bring absolute sustainability into decision-making: An industry case study using a Planetary Boundary-based methodology},
author={Ryberg, Morten W. and Owsianiak, Miko{\l}aj and Clavreul, Julie and Mueller, Carina and Sim, Sarah and King, Henry and Hauschild, Michael Z.},
DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.075},
url={https://findit.dtu.dk/en/catalog/5afb04145010df01592bb64d},
journal={Science of The Total Environment},
volume={634},
ISSN={0048-9697},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2018},
month={09},
pages={1406--1416},
keywords={LCA, Life cycle assessment, Life cycle impact assessment, Safe operating space},
abstract={The Planetary Boundaries concept has emerged as a framework for articulating environmental limits, gaining traction as a basis for considering sustainability in business settings, government policy and international guidelines. There is emerging interest in using the Planetary Boundaries concept as part of life cycle assessment (LCA) for gauging absolute environmental sustainability. We tested the applicability of a novel Planetary Boundaries-based life cycle impact assessment methodology on a hypothetical laundry washing case study at the EU level. We express the impacts corresponding to the control variables of the individual Planetary Boundaries together with a measure of their respective uncertainties. We tested four sharing principles for assigning a share of the safe operating space (SoSOS) to laundry washing and assessed if the impacts were within the assigned SoSOS. The choice of sharing principle had the greatest influence on the outcome. We therefore highlight the need for more research on the development and choice of sharing principles. Although further work is required to operationalize Planetary Boundaries in LCA, this study shows the potential to relate impacts of human activities to environmental boundaries using LCA, offering company and policy decision-makers information needed to promote environmental sustainability.},
}
@article{ryland2022economics,
title={Heating economics evaluated against emissions: An analysis of low-carbon heating systems with spatiotemporal and dwelling variations},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
volume={277},
pages={112561},
year={2022},
issn={0378-7788},
doi={10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112561},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778822007320},
urldate={2023-03-03},
author={Michael Ryland and Wei He},
keywords={Decarbonising, Low-carbon, Domestic, Residential, Heating},
abstract={An understanding of heating technologies from the consumers' perspective is critical to ensure low-carbon technologies are adopted for reducing their current associated emissions. Existing studies from the consumers' perspective do not compare and optimise the full range and combinations of potential heating systems. There is also little consideration of how spatiotemporal and dwelling variations combined alter the economic and environmental effectiveness of technologies. The novelty of this paper is the creation and use of a new comprehensive framework to capture the range of heating technologies and their viability for any specific dwelling's traits and climate from customers' perspective which is missing from current studies. The model optimises combinations of prime heaters, energy sources, ancillary solar technologies and sizes, thermal energy storage sizes and tariffs with hourly heating simulation across a year and compares their operation, capital, and lifetime costs alongside emissions to realise the true preferential heating systems for customers, which could be used by various stakeholders. Using the UK as a case study, the results show electrified heating is generally the optimum lifetime cost solution, mainly from air source heat pumps coupled with photovoltaics. However, direct electrical heating becomes more economically viable as dwelling demands reduce from smaller dwellings or warmer climates, as shorter durations of the ownership are considered, or with capital cost constraints from lower income households. Understanding this is of high importance, as without correctly targeted incentives, a larger uptake of direct electrical heating may occur, which will burden the electrical network and generation to a greater extent than more efficient heat pumps.},
annote={Quote: "Over the technologies' typical 20-year lifetime, most UK dwellings have a cost optimum low-carbon heating system using air source heat pumps." Quote: "The consumer's perspective is often overlooked in academic research with more focus being put onto the overall system analysis." Quote: "... for low-carbon heating, [] there is no single ideal technology and that it changes based on many factors." Quote: "All low-carbon heating technologies struggle against the economic competitiveness of current fossil fuel boilers which have low OpEx and CapEx."},
}
@techreport{sachs2012programmable,
title={Field Evaluation of Programmable Thermostats},
author={Sachs, O and Tiefenbeck, V and Duvier, C and Qin, A and Cheney, K and Akers, C and Roth, K},
abstract={Prior research suggests that poor programmable thermostats usability may prevent their effective use to save energy. We hypothesized that home occupants with a high-usability thermostats would be more likely to use them to save energy than people with a basic thermostat. We randomly installed a high-usability thermostat in half the 77 apartments of an affordable housing complex, installing a basic thermostat in the other half. During the heating season, we collected space temperature and furnace on-off data to evaluate occupant interaction with the thermostats, foremost nighttime setbacks. We found that thermostat usability did not influence energy-saving behaviors, finding no significant difference in temperature maintained among apartments with high- and low-usability thermostats.},
doi={10.2172/1059166},
url={https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1059166},
urldate={2024-02-19},
howpublished={\url{https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1059166}},
number={DOE/GO-102012-3804},
place={United States},
year={2012},
month={12},
}
@www{santana2020camel,
title={Why you should use camel case for your hashtags},
author={Santana, Jay},
year={2020},
month={08},
url={https://www.picklejarcommunications.com/blog/why-you-should-use-camel-case-for-your-hashtags/},
urldate={2022-12-04},
}
@report{santini2023clean,
title={Clean heat standards: New tools for the fossil fuel phaseout in Europe},
author={Marion Santini and Richard Cowart and Samuel Thomas and Duncan Gibb and Richard Lowes and Jan Rosenow},
year={2023},
month={03},
url={https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/clean-heat-standards-new-tools-for-fossil-fuel-phaseout-in-europe/},
howpublished={\url{https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/RAP-Santini-et-al-Clean-Heat-Standards-2023-6-Mar-TO-PUBLISH.pdf}},
urldate={2023-03-07},
institution={Regulatory Assistance Project},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International},
abstract={Europe is heavily reliant on fossil fuels in the heating sector. The EU has set itself a goal of deploying 30 million additional heat pumps by 2030. To advance the transition away from fossil fuels in the heating sector, the EU and its Member States have recently proposed or agreed on several heat-related policies. This includes an emissions trading scheme for greenhouse gases from heating and transport. The European Commission also announced that it will propose a revision of ecodesign rules for heating appliances, meaning a de facto ban on the sale of standalone fossil fuel boilers by 2029. Despite these positive actions, additional policy measures are needed to achieve rapid, effective and fair decarbonisation of heating. This paper explores how novel policy tools called 'clean heat standards' could reinforce the EU framework for heat decarbonisation. Clean heat standards place a quantitative target on market actors, such as energy network companies, energy suppliers and manufacturers of heating equipment, to decarbonise heating and provide some flexibility in how to achieve it. This definition captures different tools, including some already discussed or in use in France, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States. These tools can complement other clean transition policies, for instance appliance standards and bans can directly rule out certain technologies from the market, while clean heat standards could provide a positive target for market actors to meet.},
}
@report{santini2024standards,
title={Clean heat standards handbook},
author={Marion Santini and Samuel Thomas and Richard Lowes and Duncan Gibb and Richard Cowart and Jan Rosenow},
year={2024},
month={04},
url={https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/clean-heat-standards-handbook/},
urldate={2024-04-24},
howpublished={\url{https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/RAP-Santini-et-al-Clean-heat-standards-handbook-Apr-2024.pdf}},
institution={Regulatory Assistance Project},
abstract={Legislators around the world are developing innovative policy tools called clean heat standards. This handbook provides insights on the role these tools can play in national or regional climate policies, and contains detailed recommendations on how to design such instruments.},
}
@www{savage2024backlash,
title={Stop pushing heat pumps or face major backlash, green energy magnate tells Labour},
author={Michael Savage},
publisher={The Guardian},
url={https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/oct/12/stop-pushing-heat-pumps-backlash-green-energy-magnate-labour-ulez},
urldate={2024-10-12},
year={2024},
month={10},
day={12},
abstract={Party donor Dale Vince warns that urging homeowners to switch to clean-power technology risks political storm bigger than Ulez.},
annote={Quote: "Vince claimed that he was speaking in the 'national interest' in criticising heat pumps. He proposes an alternative --- green gas, or biomethane, made from organic material, which his company Ecotricity develops." See [[rose2021grass]].},
}
@article{schermer2023sadism,
title={A desire for a loud car with a modified muffler is predicted by being a man and higher scores on psychopathy and sadism},
ISSN={2353-561X},
url={https://cipp.ug.edu.pl/A-desire-for-a-loud-car-with-a-modified-muffler-is-predicted-by-being-a-man-and-higher,162006,0,2.html},
urldate={2024-04-22},
DOI={10.5114/cipp/162006},
journal={Current Issues in Personality Psychology},
publisher={Termedia Sp. z.o.o.},
author={Schermer, Julie},
year={2023},
month={04},
keywords={dark tetrad, dark personality, sex differences, cars},
}
@article{schien2025network,
title={Causal allocation of fixed impacts in product systems: Assessing the effect of data demand on network energy consumption},
author={Schien, Daniel and Shabajee, Paul and Krug, Louise and McSorley, Greg and Preist, Chris},
url={https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jiec.70057},
urldate={2025-12-08},
howpublished={\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jiec.70057}},
DOI={10.1111/jiec.70057},
journal={Journal of Industrial Ecology},
ISSN={1530-9290},
volume={29},
number={5},
publisher={Wiley},
year={2025},
month={07},
day={12},
pages={1618--1631},
abstract={Environmental assessments of digital services currently apply an accounting perspective, and for telecommunication networks (TN) allocate electrical energy consumption in proportion to data traffic. Yet, the power draw by wired TN infrastructure is almost independent of the volume of data traffic flowing through it. Previous assessments of the effect of data traffic on energy consumption thus tended to over-estimate the short-term impact on energy consumption. However, the growth of peak data traffic rates is a main driver of increasing TN bandwidth capacity and has an indirect impact on electrical energy consumption. This nuanced causal relationship has not been consistently represented in allocation approaches used for attributional carbon footprints. In this text, we apply a form of consequential system expansion by considering the long-term response to peak-traffic growth. This allows us to model long-run marginal changes to product system attributes that are fixed in the short-term. The outcome illustrates a causally consistent allocation approach that avoids contradicting the short-term behavior of the engineered system. Based on a causal inference graph of the drivers for the fixed baseload power draw by TN, we distinguish between the effects of different types of data as they contribute to traffic peaks. From this, we develop transform functions that re-allocate environmental burden to peak traffic. We present such functions for the specific case of periodically diurnal traffic in TN (including video-on-demand) and discuss the case of sporadic high-throughput events (including video streaming of life sport events and games downloads). The allocation model incentivizes a reduction of peak demand through avoidance or demand-shifting, to decelerate the long-term expansion of TN infrastructure.},
}
@www{schootbrugge2018robotframework,
title={A real life story about product testing with robotframework},
author={Alex van de Schootbrugge and Windel Bouwman},
year={2018},
month={02},
publisher={FOSDEM},
url={https://archive.fosdem.org/2018/schedule/event/robotframework_bosch/},
urldate={2023-06-11},
abstract={The residential heating division of Bosch thermotechnology is developing products for domestic hot water and central heating in homes. These products include an app (iOS and Android) connected smart room thermostat and a control unit for controlling a boiler appliances. During this presentation, we want to share our lessons learned by explaining our testing strategy and the usage of robotframework.},
}
@article{schuetz2020modelling,
title={Automated modelling of residential buildings and heating systems based on smart grid monitoring data},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
volume={229},
pages={110453},
year={2020},
issn={0378-7788},
doi={10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110453},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778820318119},
urldate={2023-02-25},
author={P. Schuetz and A. Melillo and F. Businger and R. Durrer and S. Frehner and D. Gwerder and J. Worlitschek},
keywords={Remote assessment of building/heating system, Data-based heating system modeling, Smart grid data valorisation},
abstract={More than 60\% of the energy is consumed in European households for space heating. Combined with the currently low renovation rate, the realization of the 2000~W society will be challenging. A fast and remote detection of optimal retrofitting targets may help to address this problem. In this contribution, a novel procedure to characterise a building and its heating systems from smart grid monitoring data is presented. The parameters of a simplified physical simulation model for the building and heating system are adjusted to match the simulated and the actual power consumption of the heat pump. The method is validated on three reference buildings with almost perfect reproduction of the heat consumption over the course of one year and good recovery of relevant building/heating system parameters. The application on five real-world buildings shows the possibility to reproduce the annual heat consumption within a maximal deviation of 5\% in four out of five cases. These convincing results enable also the application of the developed procedure as a load prediction tool.},
}
@article{sezen2022performance,
title={Performance analysis of air source heat pump according to outside temperature and relative humidity with mathematical modeling},
author={Sezen, Kutbay and Gungor, Afsin},
volume={263},
ISSN={0196-8904},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0196890422004988},
urldate={2024-12-31},
DOI={10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115702},
journal={Energy Conversion and Management},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2022},
month={07},
day={01},
pages={115702},
abstract={The paper investigates the performance effect of outdoor temperature and relative humidity on ASHP performance above frosting conditions, with the developed mathematical model. The model results are validated with the experimental data available in literature, of four ASHPs in the 2.7 kW--5.8 kW capacity range. 4 kW capacity ASHP is taken as reference. Constant heating (CH), constant work (CW) and variable heating (VH) modes are determined as operating modes. The model results reveal that relative humidity is a performance enhancing factor above frosting conditions. In VH mode, which is the most realistic operating mode for residences, raise in outdoor temperature from 7 {\degree}C to 14 {\degree}C increases the COP value by 30\%, and raise in the relative humidity from 0.6 to 1.0 provides an additional 5\% COP increase. In CH and CW modes, the contribution of relative humidity to performance increases with temperature, up to 10.7\% and 6.4\%, respectively. Correlations giving the COP change rate with respect to ambient temperature and relative humidity are derived with higher than 0.9839 R2 values for dry and humid conditions of the CH, CW and VH operating modes. These correlations can be useful for researchers who intends to analyze ASHP performance based on ambient conditions.},
}
@article{sharon2024parasocial,
title={"It's between me and myself": Inverse parasocial relationships in addressing (imagined) podcast listeners},
author={Sharon, Tzlil and John, Nicholas A.},
ISSN={1461-7315},
url={https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/14614448241287913},
urldate={2024-11-13},
DOI={10.1177/14614448241287913},
journal={New Media \& Society},
publisher={SAGE Publications},
year={2024},
month={10},
day={29},
}
@misc{sharpe2020podcast,
title={A review of metadata fields associated with podcast {RSS} feeds},
author={Sharpe, Matthew},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.12298},
urldate={2024-09-11},
doi={10.48550/ARXIV.2009.12298},
keywords={Information Retrieval (cs.IR), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences},
publisher={arXiv},
year={2020},
month={09},
day={29},
copyright={arXiv.org perpetual non-exclusive license},
}
@www{sharpe2025TRVs,
title={Heat Pumps and TRVs --- What installers need to know},
author={Joe Sharpe},
url={https://www.installeronline.co.uk/green-energy/heat-pumps-and-trvs-what-installers-need-to-know/},
urldate={2025-01-10},
year={2025},
month={01},
day={10},
annote={Quote: "A recent study by Damon Hart-Davis, Lirong Liu and Matthew Leach found that in most cases where installers are retrofitting heat pumps in UK properties, TRVs can offer significant comfort benefits, and the risk of increased energy consumption can be managed with proper control strategies in place."},
}
@dataset{SHCScollection,
title={Scottish House Condition Survey: Collection},
institution={Scottish Government},
url={https://www.gov.scot/collections/scottish-house-condition-survey/},
urldate={2023-11-14},
copyright={UK Open Government Licence v3.0},
abstract={This is the largest single housing research project in Scotland, and the only national survey to look at the physical condition of Scotland's homes as well as the experiences of householders. The survey fieldwork runs from January to December each year, with the survey now an integrated component of the Scottish Household Survey.},
}
@report{shen2016ASHP,
title={EnergyPlus Air Source Integrated Heat Pump Model},
author={Bo Shen and Mark Adams and Joshua R. New},
institution={Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US},
howpublished={\url{https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/files/Pub62144.pdf}},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778817321242},
urldate={2025-01-21},
number={ORNL/TM-2016/141},
doi={10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.09.064},
year={2016},
month={03},
day={30},
address={Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6283, US},
annote={[**CS1] Quote: "Control and operation of ASIHPs are more complicated than those of standard air source heat pumps because they have more operating modes, including: (1) space cooling (SC), (2) space heating (SH), (3) dedicated water heating (DWH), (4) combined space cooling and water heating with full condensing (SCWH), (5) combined space cooling and water heating with desuperheating (SCDWH), and (6) combined space heating and water heating with desuperheating (SHDWH)." Quote: "Space heating mode (SH) Coil object: Coil:Heating:DX:VariableSpeed contained in CoilSystem:IntegratedHeatPump:AirSource. Loop object: AirLoopHVAC:UnitaryHeatPump:AirToAir, which refers to the CoilSystem:IntegratedHeatPump:AirSource object. Load matching: the same as a regular variable-speed air source heat pump in heating mode"},
}
@www{shepheard2026WHP,
title={Hitting the targets: can the UK government realistically deliver the Warm Homes Plan's big ambitions?},
author={Marcus Shepheard and Daniel Lewis},
url={https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/hitting-the-targets/},
urldate={2026-02-08},
howpublished={\url{https://www.nesta.org.uk/documents/3389/Hitting_the_targets_final.pdf}},
year={2026},
month={01},
day={29},
abstract={The breadth of the Warm Homes Plan reflects the major challenges it is trying to solve: reducing energy bills, reducing fuel poverty, and reducing emissions from homes. The Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) has responded to these challenges by setting new delivery targets: grow heat pump supply chains to deliver 450,000 installations in 2030; install solar panels on three million homes over the next four years; upgrade five million homes by 2030. This analysis digs into the detail behind those targets and considers how and whether they will be fulfilled. Ultimately, we find that DESNZ makes a good case that the Warm Homes Plan can deliver its ambitions; but sticking the landing will not be easy.},
annote={[**CS1]},
}
@report{siberdt2025start,
title={Start at home for newly trained heat pump installers},
author={Benoit Siberdt and Robin Parker},
institution={{Nesta}},
year={2025},
month={03},
day={25},
url={https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/start-at-home-for-newly-trained-heat-pump-installers/},
urldate={2025-03-05},
howpublished={\url{https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/start-at-home-for-newly-trained-heat-pump-installers/full/}},
abstract={Helping heating professionals bridge the gap from heat pump training to real-world installation by starting in their own homes.},
}
@www{simoes2019listed,
title={The challenges and issues faced when updating heating systems in listed buildings},
author={David Simoes},
year={2019},
month={12},
url={http://web.archive.org/web/20230804090950/https://www.zehnder.co.uk/blogarticles/challenges-and-issues-faced-when-updating-heating-systems-listed-buildings},
urldate={2024-06-08},
annote={Quote: "Listed properties come in a vast range of shapes and sizes from small industrial workers cottages to castles, churches and cathedrals. One thing they all have in common is that they are often difficult to heat," and "Most modern heating systems are designed for buildings which have a different relationship between heat and moisture than older buildings. Traditionally constructed older buildings were built to be heated one room at a time and heat up and cool down more slowly," and "Understanding the relationship between airflow, heat and moisture in older properties is essential..."},
}
% Orginal but then went 404 urldate={2023-02-05},
@report{sissons2025cheaper,
title={Can time-of-use tariffs make heat pumps cheaper to run?},
author={Andrew Sissons and Andy Regan},
institution={{Nesta}},
year={2025},
month={02},
day={17},
url={https://www.nesta.org.uk/blog/can-time-of-use-tariffs-make-heat-pumps-cheaper-to-run/},
urldate={2025-03-05},
abstract={Using heat pumps flexibly --- running them when electricity is cheap and plentiful, and avoiding running them at peak times --- is a good thing. It reduces pressure on the electricity grid by smoothing out peaks in demand. It also offers the prospect of lower bills by using 'time-of-use' tariffs that offer cheaper electricity at off-peak times. If homes with heat pumps did this consistently day to day, then the National Energy System Operator (NESO) estimates we could avoid significant future energy system costs spread across everyone's bills.},
annote={Quote: "We commissioned energy experts Cornwall Insights to look at this question, and we found something we didn't expect: even if you don't flex your heat pump, you can still save money just by using a time-of-use tariff. In Cornwall's model, just being on a flexible tariff --- which is settled on a half-hourly basis --- saved heat pump users up to {\pound}600 per year compared to being on a standard tariff, which is settled on the standard profile classes."},
}
@inproceedings{skumatz2012makes,
title={What Makes a Good EUL? Analysis of Existing Estimates and Implications for New Protocols for Estimated Useful Lifetimes (EULs)},
author={Skumatz, Lisa A},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 2012 International Energy Program Evaluation Conference},
pages={016--11},
year={2012},
url={https://energy-evaluation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2012-iepec-skumatz-eul-v5-revised.pdf},
urldate={2022-12-22},
}
@article{smith2024attitudes,
title={Mapping the Landscape of Public Attitudes Towards Low-Carbon Heating Technologies},
author={Smith, William and Pidgeon, Nick and Demski, Christina and Becker, Sarah},
doi={10.5286/UKERC.EDC.000969},
url={https://ukerc.ac.uk/publications/public-attitudes-low-carbon-heat-technologies/},
publisher={UKERC},
year={2024},
howpublished={\url{https://ukerc.ac.uk/publications/public-attitudes-low-carbon-heat-technologies/download}},
}
@inproceedings{someren2023simultaneity,
title={Impact of Load Simultaneity and Battery Layout on Sizing of Batteries for Preventing Grid Overloading},
author={Someren, Christian van and Visser, Martien and Slootweg, Han},
url={https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10227444},
urldate={2025-04-17},
howpublished={\url{https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10227444}},
DOI={10.1109/cpe-powereng58103.2023.10227444},
booktitle={2023 IEEE 17th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG)},
publisher={IEEE},
year={2023},
month={06},
day={14},
pages={1--6},
abstract={Electrification of residential areas is increasingly common. Major areas of development include rooftop solar panels, electric vehicles and heat pumps. However, existing grid components may have insufficient network capacity to accommodate the resulting electricity flows. Battery energy storage (BES) can be used to prevent transformer overloading resulting from electrification. Ideally, BES should be sized and placed such that it can prevent overloading with a minimum amount of storage capacity, but it is unclear how load characteristics affect BES capacity requirements. This study investigated how load simultaneity affects the minimum BES capacity required to prevent transformer overloading, comparing a central with a distributed BES layout. It was found that as simultaneity increases, distributed storage requires relatively less capacity than central storage. This is likely due to the reduced ability of central BES to share capacity between connections as simultaneity increases, and the ability of distributed BES to better reduce transportation losses.},
}
@report{sorensen2023excess,
title={The world's largest untapped energy source: Excess heat},
author={Sara Vad S{\o}rensen},
institution={Danfoss},
number={2},
year={2023},
url={https://www.whyenergyefficiency.com/solutions/allsolutions/the-worlds-largest-untapped-energy-source-excess-heat},
urldate={2023-02-24},
abstract={Excess heat is the world's largest untapped source of energy. In the EU alone, excess heat amounts to 2,860 TWh/y, almost corresponding to the EU's total energy demand for heat and hot water in residential and service sector buildings. Much of this excess heat could instead be captured and reused. The solutions already exist. Heat recovery technologies exist that can use excess heat from industries, wastewater facilities, data centers, supermarkets, metro stations and commercial buildings. Excess heat can be reused to supply a factory with heat and warm water or exported to neighboring homes and industries through a district energy system. This paper presents concrete policy measures to accelerate the use of excess heat across sectors, benefitting citizens and businesses with lower energy costs and accelerating the green transition. Reusing excess heat is energy efficiency in its purest form. A global push for higher efficiency can help avoid almost 30 million barrels of oil per day (that corresponds to triple Russia's average production in 2021) and 650 bcm of natural gas per year - around four times what the EU imported from Russia in 2021.},
annote={Eg in London (~9.5TWh/y available, top 3 sites 4.8TWh/y) district heating from such sources may displace some in-home heat pumps?},
}
@article{sovacool2023poverty,
abstract={Tens of millions of households across Europe struggle to afford adequate electricity and heating services and reliable transportation, while recent high fuel prices could lead to an increase in excess winter deaths. Tackling energy and transport poverty is thus of paramount policy importance. Here we document the drivers and lived experiences of energy and transport poverty in the United Kingdom, based on public focus groups and expert interviews. We find a set of policies that resonate with both expert planners and members of the public, implying they have a level of political and social acceptability that other measures may be lacking, notably: mandatory landlord energy efficiency upgrades, increasing the extent of financial assistance to households, cheaper (or even free) bus and train fares and restarting and expanding bus services. We buttress these findings with further suggestions for energy and transport system redesign that better meets emerging principles of energy and social justice.},
author={Benjamin K Sovacool and Paul Upham and Mari Martiskainen and Kirsten E H Jenkins and Gerardo A Torres Contreras and Neil Simcock},
doi={10.1038/s41560-023-01196-w},
issn={2058-7546},
journal={Nature Energy},
title={Policy prescriptions to address energy and transport poverty in the United Kingdom},
url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01196-w},
urldate={2023-02-07},
year={2023},
annote={Transport and fuel poverty: "double energy vulnerability". Quote: "Electric heating, for example, could increase energy poverty vulnerabilities among low-income households. Heat pump adoption and energy efficiency retrofits tend to benefit those that can own their own homes but benefit less so those who rent their homes or live in temporary accommodation, such as students. Residential solar photovoltaics can result in homes with lower incomes subsidizing feed-in-tariffs for wealthier households, and problems such as inverters failing or panels breaking can become a financial burden for lower-income adopters," and "The United Kingdom is consequently a paradigmatic example of the twin challenges of decarbonizing energy and transport systems and meeting carbon targets but also ensuring the viability and profitability of energy firms."},
}
@article{staffell2022review,
title={A review of domestic heat pumps},
author={Staffell, Iain and Brett, Dan and Brandon, Nigel and Hawkes, Adam},
volume={5},
ISSN={1754-5706},
url={https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2012/ee/c2ee22653g},
urldate={2024-07-28},
DOI={10.1039/c2ee22653g},
number={11},
journal={Energy \& Environmental Science},
publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)},
year={2012},
month={09},
day={21},
}
%pages={9291},
@article{starr2023inequality,
title={Income-based U.S. household carbon footprints (1990--2019) offer new insights on emissions inequality and climate finance},
author={Jared Starr and Craig Nicolson and Michael Ash and Ezra M. Markowitz and Daniel Moran},
doi={10.1371/journal.pclm.0000190},
url={https://journals.plos.org/climate/article?id=10.1371/journal.pclm.0000190},
urldate={2023-09-17},
year={2023},
month={08},
publisher={Public Library of Science ({PLoS})},
volume={2},
number={8},
pages={e0000190},
editor={Marco Grasso},
journal={{PLOS} Climate},
annote={Quote: "We find significant and growing emissions inequality that cuts across economic and racial lines. In 2019, fully 40\% of total U.S. emissions were associated with income flows to the highest earning 10\% of households. Among the highest earning 1\% of households (whose income is linked to 15--17\% of national emissions) investment holdings account for 38--43\% of their emissions." There are wealthy super-emitters who manage put out as much in 15 days as the bottom 10\% of the population does in their entire lifetime.},
}
@article{starr2023outsized,
title={Assessing U.S. consumers' carbon footprints reveals outsized impact of the top 1\%},
journal={Ecological Economics},
volume={205},
pages={107698},
year={2023},
issn={0921-8009},
doi={10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107698},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800922003597},
author={Jared Starr and Craig Nicolson and Michael Ash and Ezra M. Markowitz and Daniel Moran},
keywords={Carbon footprint, Input-output analysis, Consumption-based accounting, Environmental justice, Economic inequality},
abstract={Unsustainable environmental degradation and extreme economic inequality are two of humanity's most pressing challenges. They are intimately linked. Climate-altering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are disproportionately driven by consumption among wealthy and socially privileged groups, yet poorer and socially marginalized peoples face disproportionate climate harms. Here we use the Eora MRIO database and Consumer Expenditure Surveys to quantify GHG emissions related to goods and services consumed by United States households between 1996 and 2019 --- including construction of a synthetic dataset to estimate top 1\% and top 0.1\% household emissions. Top 1\% households are of particular interest because their emissions have been largely missed or simplistically and inaccurately estimated in past analysis, yet they exert disproportionate political power in shaping U.S. climate policy. Results suggest significant GHG inequality across economic class and racial lines. In 2019, we estimate the U.S. top 0.1\% had emissions (955~t~CO2e) 57x higher than bottom decile U.S. households and 597x higher than an average low-income country household. White non-Hispanic household emissions were 1.3x higher than Black households. If climate policy does not account for such extreme emissions disparities, it will limit effectiveness, erode public support, and disproportionately harm economic and socially marginalized groups.},
}
@report{stephens2021streaming,
title={Carbon impact of video streaming},
author={Andie Stephens and Chloe Tremlett-Williams and Liam Fitzpatrick and Luca Acerini and Matt Anderson and Noor Crabbendam},
publisher={The Carbon Trust},
institution={The Carbon Trust},
url={https://www.carbontrust.com/our-work-and-impact/guides-reports-and-tools/carbon-impact-of-video-streaming},
urldate={2025-01-07},
howpublished={\url{https://ctprodstorageaccountp.blob.core.windows.net/prod-drupal-files/documents/resource/public/Carbon-impact-of-video-streaming.pdf}},
year={2021},
month={06},
abstract={At an individual level, the carbon footprint of viewing one hour of video-on-demand streaming (approximately 55gCO2e in Europe) is very small compared to other everyday activities. The viewing device is typically responsible for the largest part of the overall carbon footprint. Changes in video quality, such as moving from high-definition to standard-definition, affect the bitrate required to transmit video data, but were found to have only a very small impact on carbon emissions. Improvements in technology mean that network equipment required to deliver the internet is continually becoming more energy efficient and, coupled with increased procurement of renewable electricity, the carbon intensity of ICT services over time are expected to drive down.},
annote={Quote: "... the internet transmission and the home router use much the same energy whatever the data volumes are ..." though the power model in Figure 24 includes a small variable component for data centres and core networks and access networks; eg core power = 1.5W + 0.03 W/Mbps, access power = 5W + 0.02 W/bitrate\%.},
}
@report{stephenson2014life,
title={Life cycle impacts of biomass electricity in 2020},
author={Stephenson, Anna L and MacKay, DJ},
institution={UK Department of Energy and Climate Change},
year={2014},
month={07},
number={14D/243},
url={https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/349024/BEAC_Report_290814.pdf},
urldate={2022-12-27},
}
@article{steven2023solar,
title={Building and Monitoring a Solar-Powered Web Server},
author={Steven Peter},
doi={10.3929/ETHZ-B-000613264},
url={https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/613264},
urldate={2024-05-26},
language={en},
publisher={ETH Zurich},
year={2023},
month={04},
abstract={In this thesis we focus on building a solar-powered web server. We present existing websites which are fully or partially solar powered, introduce some background about battery state of charge estimation and how to determine the right solar panel and battery size. Reusing components from older projects, we host a static website on an exemplary setup, which is solely solar powered.},
annote={Quote: "The web server plays a key role in this project. The BeagleBone AI is a single-board com- puter (SBC) similar to the Raspberry Pi, but with additional machine learning capabilities (see Figure 3.3). It is based on the Texas Instruments AM5729, which is an Arm processor. For this project we use a version of Debian Buster as operating system, which is specifically adapted to run on this processor. ... We use NGINX as a web server to host a static website on the BeagleBone AI." Energy to serve files: 1kB 9.8mJ, 10kB 10.4mJ, 100kB 13.2mJ, 1MB 40.3mJ, 10MB 298.8mJ, 100MB 2730mJ. Quote: "From this we can derive that every request has an overhead of about 43.4ms regardless of the file size and the data transfer lasts approximately 0.09 ms/kB."},
}
@article{steven2025retrofitting,
title={A new approach to retrofitting FHE campus buildings using a whole life carbon assessment},
author={Steven, Robert and Liu, Xinyao and Liu, Lirong and Short, Michael and Gupta, Rajat and Bros-Williamson, Julio},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360544225037430},
DOI={10.1016/j.energy.2025.138101},
journal={Energy},
ISSN={0360-5442},
volume={335},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2025},
month={10},
day={30},
pages={138101},
abstract={Existing further and higher education (FHE) buildings urgently need effective retrofit strategies to meet net-zero targets, despite limited historical data. This research integrates LCA, techno-economic assessments, and modelling to identify optimal interventions balancing envelope improvements and low-carbon heating. It considers factors like cost, user comfort, climate change, and evolving energy grids to achieve significant carbon reductions. Considering the inherited occupant thermal comfort benefits of the proposed building retrofit options, the study outlines results that reduce not only operational carbon but also embodied carbon from retrofit work to the end-of-life of the building (60 Years). A fast carbon reduction approach, such as converting to heat pumps, can cut operational energy by 100--118\% and GWP by 97\%, but increase operational energy costs by 80--101\%. Although choosing between specifying synthetic over natural materials can impact project costs, the differences in whole-life carbon emissions provide a 27\% and 31\% reduction in carbon without considering a change in heating system (and fuel type). Over time, during replacements and maintenance periods, these can play a more relevant role. Switching to lower carbon heat pump refrigerants has shown marginal carbon reductions; however, it is hoped that this technology can find other improvements in lowering its embodied carbon footprint. This research has shown that implementing combined retrofits by integrating heat pumps and envelope improvements, offer optimal cost-effective, emission-cutting solutions for university buildings, enhancing comfort and prioritising natural materials and optimised heating technology. The study provides a detailed comparison of retrofit solutions to inform holistic decarbonisation strategies replicable across different building archetypes.},
annote={[**UF] Quote: "The study demonstrates the benefits of a combined approach, integrating building envelope improvements with low-carbon heating systems, to enhance occupant comfort and reduce emissions."},
}
@book{stevens2013sensory,
title={Sensory Ecology, Behaviour, and Evolution},
author={Stevens, M.},
isbn={9780199601783},
lccn={2012554461},
url={https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_uJ4BJ77bZAC},
year={2013},
publisher={OUP Oxford},
}
@incollection{stulz20112000W,
title={Chapter 16 - Swiss 2000-Watt Society: A Sustainable Energy Vision for the Future},
editor={Fereidoon P. Sioshansi},
booktitle={Energy, Sustainability and the Environment},
publisher={Butterworth-Heinemann},
address={Boston},
pages={477-496},
year={2011},
isbn={978-0-12-385136-9},
doi={10.1016/B978-0-12-385136-9.10016-6},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123851369100166},
urldate={2023-02-11},
author={Roland Stulz and Stephan Tanner and Ren{\'e} Sigg},
abstract={(Publisher Summary) This chapter presents the original vision that led to the concept of Swiss 2000-Watt Society and what it entails, including the institutional support for the implementation of the vision and the twin strategy of one tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) per capita. It also describes the fundamentals of the 2000-Watt Society including its technical feasibility and highlights the results of a number of ongoing projects where the feasibility of the concept are being empirically including a number of remaining hurdles and barriers to full implementation of the concept. The Swiss 2000-Watt Society started as a simple vision that seeks to make the current high living standards of Western countries universally available to everyone and attempts to accomplish this feat in a sustainable fashion. The important essential aspect of the 2000-Watt Society is that current high standards of living in industrialized countries can be maintained, including the provision of energy services needed to cover all basic human needs, amenities, services, and goods while recognizing that this requires a paradigm shift to an intelligent lifestyle.},
}
@article{su2021multigrade,
title={Opportunities and strategies for multigrade waste heat utilization in various industries: A recent review},
author={Su, Zixiang and Zhang, Mingliang and Xu, Peihang and Zhao, Zhongkai and Wang, Zhiping and Huang, Haozhong and Ouyang, Tiancheng},
url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113769},
DOI={10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113769},
journal={Energy Conversion and Management},
volume={229},
ISSN={0196-8904},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2021},
month={02},
day={01},
pages={113769},
}
@article{sullivan2019platforms,
title={The platforms of podcasting: Past and present},
author={Sullivan, John L},
DOI={10.1177/2056305119880002},
url={https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2056305119880002},
urldate={2024-04-02},
howpublished={\url{https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2056305119880002}},
keywords={podcasting, platform, Apple, RSS, distribution, audio, media industries},
journal={Social media+ society},
volume={5},
number={4},
year={2019},
publisher={Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England},
annote={Quote: "Because podcasting emerged as a technology at the beginning of the 21st century before the advent of social media and the cloud, its decentralized architecture is structured around RSS, also known as 'Really Simple Syndication.'"},
}
% pages={2056305119880002},
@conference{SusCC2024aesthetics,
title={Sustainability, Imagination and Aesthetics},
institution={Institute for Sustainability at University of Surrey},
address={Sustainability, Creativity and Communication research group, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK},
url={https://www.ias.surrey.ac.uk/event/sustainability-imagination-and-aesthetics/},
urldate={2024-06-26},
howpublished={\url{https://www.ias.surrey.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Workshop-Brochure-Sustainability-Imagination-and-Aesthetics.pdf}},
year={2024},
month={06},
editor={Carl Thompson},
abstract={How should literature, art, film and other creative media respond to the growing environmental crisis? How can they best assist the dual project of mitigating the threats we face and fashioning a more sustainable future? The poet William Blake proposes that before we can build such a future we must first imagine it. What is the nature and role of imagination and creativity in this context? What new imaginings do we need to inspire individuals, businesses and governments to take meaningful action against climate change and other environmental challenges? What work can be done in this regard by established artistic forms and literary genres, and where is there perhaps a need to develop more radically innovative, experimental forms and genres? And what lessons and potential strategies for communicating and promoting sustainability do creative engagements with this theme offer those working in other sectors such as education, conservation, heritage, science and technology? Can the arts and creative practices create democratic spaces for imagining sustainable futures and diversifying mainstream visions?},
}
@article{swan2013retrofit,
title={Adoption of sustainable retrofit in UK social housing},
author={Swan, William and Ruddock, Les and Smith, Luke and Fitton, Richard},
volume={31},
ISSN={0263-080X},
url={https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/SS-12-2012-0039/full/html},
urldate={2024-02-14},
DOI={10.1108/ss-12-2012-0039},
number={3},
journal={Structural Survey},
publisher={Emerald},
year={2013},
month={07},
pages={181--193},
}
@article{swan2014measurement,
title={A UK practitioner view of domestic energy performance measurement},
volume={168},
ISSN={1751-7680},
url={https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/full/10.1680/ensu.14.00056},
urldate={2024-02-17},
DOI={10.1680/ensu.14.00056},
howpublished={\url{https://salford-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1495705/ICE%20Paper.pdf}},
number={3},
journal={Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability},
publisher={Thomas Telford Ltd.},
author={Swan, Will and Fitton, Richard and Brown, Phil},
year={2015},
month={06},
pages={140--147},
}
@www{syndication1,
title={RDF Site Summary 1.0 Modules: Syndication},
author={Gabe Beged-Dov and Dan Brickley and Rael Dornfest and Ian Davis and Leigh Dodds and Jonathan Eisenzopf and David Galbraith and R.V. Guha and Ken MacLeod and Eric Miller and Aaron Swartz and Eric van der Vlist},
url={https://web.resource.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/},
urldate={2024-09-29},
year={2000},
month={12},
day={20},
edition={1.4.1},
abstract={Provides syndication hints to aggregators and others picking up this RDF Site Summary (RSS) feed regarding how often it is updated. For example, if you updated your file twice an hour, updatePeriod would be ``hourly'' and updateFrequency would be ``2''. The syndication module borrows from Ian Davis's Open Content Syndication (OCS) directory format. It supercedes the RSS 0.91 skipDay and skipHour elements. updatePeriod - Describes the period over which the channel format is updated. Acceptable values are: hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly. If omitted, daily is assumed. updateFrequency - Used to describe the frequency of updates in relation to the update period. A positive integer indicates how many times in that period the channel is updated. For example, an updatePeriod of daily, and an updateFrequency of 2 indicates the channel format is updated twice daily. If omitted a value of 1 is assumed. updateBase - Defines a base date to be used in concert with updatePeriod and updateFrequency to calculate the publishing schedule. The date format takes the form: yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm},
annote={Namespace: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/},
}
@article{tack2024shorten,
title={How to shorten scientific manuscripts},
author={Tack, Ayco J. M. and Ehrl{\'e}n, Johan and Roslin, Tomas},
volume={14},
ISSN={2045-7758},
url={https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11182700/},
urldate={2024-07-05},
DOI={10.1002/ece3.11543},
number={6},
journal={Ecology and Evolution},
publisher={Wiley},
year={2024},
month={06},
day={17},
abstract={Many journals have strict word limits, and authors therefore spend considerable time shortening manuscripts. Here, we provide pointers for efficiently doing so while retaining key content. We include general guidance, tips for condensing the different parts of a scientific paper, and advice on what to avoid when shortening manuscripts.},
}
@article{tartarini2020comfort,
title={{CBE} Thermal Comfort Tool: Online tool for thermal comfort calculations and visualizations},
author={Federico Tartarini and Stefano Schiavon and Toby Cheung and Tyler Hoyt},
journal={SoftwareX},
volume={12},
pages={100563},
year={2020},
issn={2352-7110},
doi={10.1016/j.softx.2020.100563},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352711020302454},
urldate={2024-02-19},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
keywords={Thermal comfort, Predicted Mean Vote, Adaptive comfort models, Local thermal discomfort},
abstract={The Center for the Built Environment (CBE) Thermal Comfort Tool is a free online tool for thermal comfort calculations and visualizations that complies with the ASHRAE~55-2017, ISO~7730:2005 and EN~16798-1:2019 Standards. It incorporates the major thermal comfort models, including the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), Standard Effective Temperature (SET), adaptive models, local discomfort models, SolarCal, and dynamic predictive clothing insulation. Our tool also provides dynamic and interactive visualizations of thermal comfort zones. The CBE Thermal Comfort Tool has several practical applications and each year is used by more than 49,000 users worldwide, including engineers, architects, researchers, educators, facility managers and policymakers.},
annote={The code is available at https://github.com/CenterForTheBuiltEnvironment/comfort_tool under a GNU GPL 2 licence.},
}
@report{taylor2022renewable,
author={Taylor, Michael and Ralon, Pablo and Nowak, Thomas and Dittmar, Carsten},
city={Abu Dhabi, UAE},
isbn={978-92-9260-486-8},
institution={International Renewable Energy Agency},
title={Renewable solutions in end-uses: Heat pump costs and markets},
url={https://www.irena.org/Publications/2022/Nov/Renewable-solutions-in-end-uses-Heat-pump-costs-and-markets},
urldate={2022-11-30},
year={2022},
}
@article{taylor2023review,
title={Review of Energy Policy 2023},
author={Taylor, Peter and Bays, Jessica and Bradshaw, Michael and Webb, Jan and Britton, Jess and Bolton, Ronan and Chaudry, Modassar and Qadrdan, Meysam and Wu, Jianzhong and Anable, Jillian and Brand, Christian and Rattle, Imogen and Gailani, Ahmed and Bell, Keith and Poulter, Helen and Halliday, Clare and Shepherd, Anita and Watson, Steve and Lovett, Andrew and Hastings, Astley},
doi={10.5286/UKERC.EDC.000967},
url={https://ukerc.rl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/ucat_query.pl?GoButton=DisplayLanding&ucatID=933},
urldate={2023-12-14},
publisher={UKERC},
year={2023},
month={12},
annote={Quote: "On heat: there is pressing need to provide clarity on the most appropriate heating systems, and a greater focus on energy efficiency, with finance to help customers insulate their homes." Quote: "The UK Government has a target to reduce energy demand from buildings and industry by 15\% by 2030."},
}
@www{terry2021unused,
title={Turning down the radiators in unused rooms},
author={Nicola Terry},
year={2021},
month={09},
url={http://web.archive.org/web/20220811232617/https://energy-surprises.blogspot.com/2021/09/turning-down-radiators-in-unused-rooms.html},
urldate={2022-08-11},
abstract={To reduce our heating bills we are often advised to turn down radiators in rooms that we are not using. However, this can be a bad idea if you have a heat pump. The adjacent rooms leak heat into the colder room which means the working radiators have to work harder. This is generally OK with a boiler but not with a heat pump which gives better efficiency at low temperatures. With the radiators working harder they need to run hotter which often means you end up using more energy rather than less. I have done some modelling to see what this effect looks like. The savings on the overall heating demand is probably smaller than you might think - typically 3.5-5.5\%. On the other hand the impact on the radiator heat demand surprisingly high - 20\% or more.},
annote={Archive snapshot URL referenced as of 2022-08-11. Original URL checked as of 2023-04-26 https://energy-surprises.blogspot.com/2021/09/turning-down-radiators-in-unused-rooms.html},
}
@article{terry2023heat,
title={How do heat demand and energy consumption change when households transition from gas boilers to heat pumps in the {UK}},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
pages={113183},
year={2023},
issn={0378-7788},
doi={10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113183},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778823004139},
urldate={2023-05-22},
author={Nicola Terry and Ray Galvin},
keywords={Heat pumps, Heating patterns, Domestic heating, National energy demand},
abstract={Heating with air source heat pumps is an important step in the transition to Net Zero Carbon for many households. When predicting the resulting energy consumption it is frequently assumed that heating demand is unchanged from before the switch from gas heating. However, heating patterns usually change, with a net increase in heating demand to achieve the same level of thermal comfort. This paper discusses the change in pattern and uses modelling to determine the resulting increase in energy demand. It shows that the increase can be predicted with information about dwelling heat loss and thermal mass as well as weather and the pre and post switch heating pattern. The increase can be 20\% or more for homes with high heat loss. It proposes that the metric for heating demand increase would be a useful measure of heat pump readiness, and that the parameters required to assess this should be provided on energy performance certificates.},
annote={[**CS1] Mentions Heat Geek and Better Built NW. Modelling using EnergyPlus and CODE; looks at setback temperatures. Useful table of radiator oversize factors by supply/flow temperature. Quote: "Radiators are often too small to start with. ... in 11\% of homes the existing radiators were inadequate to warm the dwelling to 20{\degree}C on a peak winter day, even when supplied at 85{\degree}C. For a normal winter day, all but 5\% could be heated when supplied at 80{\degree}C but when supplied at 55{\degree}C nearly half would be insufficiently warm [even] for constant heating..." Quote: "... analysis demonstrates that the extra heat demand for homes that are poorly insulated is significant and suggests extra heat demand would be a useful metric to determine if a dwelling is 'heat pump ready'." Quote: "The worst cases of high heating demand increase are for the twice a day heating schedule and the coldest location, which is Aberdeen." Quote: "... since heat pumps are normally sized for constant heating, the warm-up time would be very long in very cold conditions. An intelligent heating controller with an optimum start function could make these adjustments automatically for the householder but this is not included in a typical installation ..." Quote: "The Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS) best practice guide discusses three patterns: intermittent, continuous or combined i.e. intermittent with a setback temperature setting for when heating is normally not needed. For intermittent heating, the maximum power output needs to include a margin for heating up. How much of a margin is not specified. The MCS Heat Pump Design manual requires no extra power for intermittent heating provided the heat pump is sized for the 99.6\% design temperature (such that the external temperature will be lower for less than 0.4\% of the year). A margin for intermittent heating is required if it is sized for the 99\% design temperature The difference between the 99\% case and the 99.6\% case varies but is usually 1--2~{\degree}C. For London, the 99.6\% temperature is -3.0~{\degree}C while the 99\% temperature is -1.7~{\degree}C."},
}
@article{thakur2024wood,
title={Three-dimensional printing of wood},
author={Thakur, Md Shajedul Hoque and Shi, Chen and Kearney, Logan T. and Saadi, M. A. S. R. and Meyer, Matthew D. and Naskar, Amit K. and Ajayan, Pulickel M. and Rahman, Muhammad M.},
volume={10},
ISSN={2375-2548},
url={https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk3250},
urldate={2024-03-16},
DOI={10.1126/sciadv.adk3250},
number={11},
journal={Science Advances},
publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)},
year={2024},
month={03},
}
@report{thomas2023policies,
title={Integrate to zero: Policies for on-site, on-road, on-grid distributed energy resource integration},
author={Samuel Thomas and Zsuzsanna Pat{\'o}},
year={2023},
month={05},
url={https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/integrate-to-zero-policies-onsite-onroad-ongrid-distributed-energy-resource-integration/},
urldate={2023-05-15},
howpublished={\url{https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/rap-st-zp-policies-distributed-energy-resources-2023-may.pdf}},
institution={Regulatory Assistance Project},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International},
annote={Quote: "California has required rooftop PV on all new buildings since 2020. The 2022 building code made the coupling of PV with battery storage mandatory for new commercial, public use and multifamily buildings. The PV must be sized to provide at least 60\% of the building's expected load, and the storage must be sufficient to reduce export to the grid to 10\% of total on-site solar generation. New residential homes must be storage-ready."},
}
@report{timmins2018savings,
title={Assessing the energy savings from Thermostatic Radiator Valves in a whole house test facility},
author={Colin Timmins},
institution={{BEAMA}},
year={2018},
annote={Quote: "A series of tests were carried out to establish the energy saving benefits of Thermostatic Radiator Valves (TRVs). The tests were carried out independently by the University of Salford and commissioned by BEAMA Heating Controls, the UK association for manufacturers of controls used in heating and hot water systems and for wider control of the internal environment of residential buildings. The tests were also carried out in close co-operation with BRE, who manage the energy performance calculation methodology, SAP, on behalf of the UK Government. The tests were set up to measure the overheating that would occur in a residential building over the course of a heating season if TRVs were not present. The resulting energy savings from heating were compared. ... it is concluded that the average energy saving potential for TRVs in homes is 18\% of the heating costs."},
}
@book{toleikyte2023deployment,
title={The heat pump wave: opportunities and challenges},
author={Toleikyte, Agne and Roca Reina, Juan Carlos and Volt, Jonathan and Carlsson, Johan and Lyons, Lorcan and Gasparella, Andrea and Koolen, Derck and De Felice, Matteo and Tarvydas, Dalius and Czako, Veronika and Koukoufikis, Giorgos and Kuokkanen, Anna and Letout, Simon},
url={https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/94cf1914-10b1-11ee-b12e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en},
urldate={2023-11-20},
DOI={10.2760/27877},
city={Luxembourg},
ISSN={1831-9424},
ISBN={978-92-68-04870-2},
publisher={Publications Office of the European Union},
institution={European Commission Joint Research Centre},
year={2023},
language={en},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
abstract={Decarbonisation of heating is a key priority of the EU's climate agenda, given that the building sector is responsible for 36\% of total greenhouse gas emissions. Heat pumps play a central role in enabling the transition towards a climate-neutral society, and are also seen as a crucial tool in achieving independence from foreign oil and gas sources. The EU has set out a plan to quickly ramp up the manufacturing and installation of heat pumps. This study examines the potential impacts arising from this scale-up of heat pump installations. The European Building Energy Model (EBEM), an in-house bottom-up building model, has been developed to analyse current and future energy trends based on disaggregated building stock. The model accurately estimates and compares specific energy consumption and CO2 emissions, taking into account parameters such as heating type, insulation level and climatic region. The analysis shows that replacing 30 million fossil fuel individual boilers in residential dwellings with heat pumps would reduce the EU's gas and oil consumption by 36\% in these dwellings. In the large majority of cases, switching from a fossil fuelled boiler to a heat pump will result in lower bills for heating. While the additional heat pumps will deliver more stress to the power grids, the impact is relatively modest and can be reduced, or even alleviated, by activating demand-side flexibility measures. The study also concludes that a rapid scale-up of heat pumps will require more and higher skilled workers across the whole value chain. The EU's heat pump supply is chain is vulnerable in a few areas, including a large dependence on imported compressors and semiconductors. Furthermore, there is a clear risk of financially vulnerable groups being excluded from this transition without targeted financial support. Finally, the EU is currently a leader in the production of several heat pump segments, but competition from American and Asian companies, particularly China, is rapidly increasing. Nevertheless, the EU is well placed to benefit economically from increased focus on heat pumps.},
annote={Quote: "There are approximately 68 million gas and 18 million oil boilers in residential buildings in the EU."},
}
% number={JRC134045},
@dataset{UKDS,
title={UK Data Service},
institution={UK Data Service},
url={https://ukdataservice.ac.uk/},
urldate={2023-01-19},
abstract={Trusted access and training to use the UK's largest collection of economic, population and social research data for teaching, learning and public benefit.},
}
@report{UKHoC2025retrofitting,
title={Retrofitting homes for net zero},
author={{UK HoC Energy Security and Net Zero Committee}},
institution={UK House of Commons},
number={HC 453},
url={https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5901/cmselect/cmesnz/453/report.html},
urldate={2025-11-10},
howpublished={\url{https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/48054/documents/251274/default/}},
year={2025},
month={05},
day={09},
abstract={Four in five homes that will be occupied in 2050 have already been built and most will need retrofitting with low carbon heating systems and energy efficiency improvements for the UK to achieve net zero emissions. The Climate Change Committee projects that all home heating will come from low carbon sources by 2050, with most coming from electric heating systems such as heat pumps or low carbon heat networks. Today, however, fewer than 3\% of homes are connected to a heat network and fewer than 1\% have a heat pump installed. The UK housing stock is also among the least energy efficient in Europe, which has trapped many households in fuel poverty. Most witnesses told us that government schemes to support home retrofit have lacked the long-term funding commitments needed to provide consumers, installers and the supply chain with confidence. We also heard that consumers lack access to impartial advice and are poorly informed by Energy Performance Certificates. We call on the Government to provide far longer-term certainty for its retrofit support schemes, launch a national warm homes advice service and introduce a carbon metric to certify the energy performance of homes. Electricity is around four times more expensive than gas in the UK, which deters many consumers from switching to low carbon heating systems. Rebalancing policy costs and reducing the cost of electricity relative to gas is the key recommendation that we make in this Report. We urge the Government to introduce measures that encourage the installation of new low carbon heating systems and that make the installation of new fossil fuel heating systems less attractive in homes. We also call on the Government to take a prompt decision on hydrogen heating to provide much needed certainty. We conclude that measures must be focused on supporting and encouraging those least likely to be able to afford a transition, low income households. Barriers to making the required changes to facilitate home retrofit include a lack of skilled workers and a deficit of consumer confidence caused by an unnecessarily complicated landscape for consumer protections and workforce accreditation. We recommend that the Government increases incentives for workers to upskill on low carbon retrofit, including via the Growth and Skills Levy mechanisms, and introduces a national workforce accreditation scheme as a prerequisite for carrying out any retrofit work to ensure that consumers know who they can trust.},
annote={Quote: "Hydrogen boilers remain at a prototype stage. Once fully developed, the Eco Experts estimate that hydrogen boilers could cost a similar amount upfront to a natural gas boiler, between {\pound}570 and {\pound}2,700. While an air source heat pump can cost between {\pound}7,000 and {\pound}10,000 for a two- or three- bedroom house, the BUS offers grants of up to {\pound}7,500 against these costs, making them roughly cost comparable, and they are expected to become cheaper as their efficiency improves."},
}
@report{UKNIC2023assessment,
title={The Second National Infrastructure Assessment},
author={{UK National Infrastructure Commission}},
institution={UK National Infrastructure Commission},
url={https://nic.org.uk/studies-reports/national-infrastructure-assessment/second-nia/},
urldate={2023-10-18},
howpublished={\url{https://nic.org.uk/app/uploads/Final-NIA-2-Full-Document.pdf}},
year={2023},
month={10},
day={18},
annote={Quote: "Not only will households switch to electric vehicles, but they will need to swap their gas boilers for cleaner, more efficient heat pumps." Quote: "The core recommendations the Commission is making to government include: - adding low carbon, flexible technologies to the electricity system to ensure supply remains reliable, and creating a new strategic energy reserve to boost Great Britain's economic security - taking a clear decision that electrification is the only viable option for decarbonising buildings at scale, getting the UK back on track to meet its climate targets and lowering energy bills by fully covering the costs of installing a heat pump for lower income households and offering {\pound}7,000 support to all others - investing in public transport upgrades in England's largest regional cities to unlock economic growth, improving underperforming parts of the national road network and developing a new comprehensive and long term rail plan which will bring productivity benefits to city regions across the North and the Midlands - ensuring gigabit capable broadband is available nationwide by 2030 and supporting the market to roll out new 5G services ..." Quote: "Government should establish a reserve of energy that can be released into the market to generate electricity in order to mitigate the effect of price shocks in the future." Quote: "Government should take the necessary actions to develop a reserve that can be used to generate 25TWh of electricity in 2040, and then maintain it at this level." Quote: "Gas boilers, which currently heat around 88 per cent of English buildings, need to be phased out and replaced by heat pumps. Around eight million additional buildings will need to switch to low carbon heating by 2035, and all buildings by 2050. Heat pumps and heat networks are the solution. They are highly efficient, available now and being deployed rapidly in other countries. The Commission's analysis demonstrates that there is no public policy case for hydrogen to be used to heat individual buildings. It should be ruled out as an option to enable an exclusive focus on switching to electrified heat." Quote: "The Commission recommends that government spending in the energy system is focused on heat decarbonisation." Quote: "Energy efficiency improvements are likely to be needed in a small proportion of buildings to make running a heat pump more effective."},
}
@dataset{uswitchboiler,
title={UK boiler statistics},
author={Ben Gallizzi},
publisher={Uswitch},
url={https://www.uswitch.com/boilers/boiler-statistics/},
urldate={2024-12-19},
abstract={This page includes relevant boiler statistics for 2023, such as the UK boiler market, the average cost of a new boiler, as well as boiler efficiency ratings, the most common boiler problems, and the future of central heating.},
annote={2024-12-29 updated as of 2024-01-04 Quote: "Quick overview of UK boiler statistics 2023: The UK boiler insurance market is worth over GBP500 million. 23 million UK homes have a gas boiler. UK domestic boiler sales increased by over 40\% between 2020--21. 80\% of UK households have combi boilers. 78\% of UK residents use gas central heating in their homes. Over 95\% of UK households have a central heating system. The cost of a new boiler in the UK can vary between GBP600 and GBP10,000. The boiler replacement cost in the UK is likely to be between GBP1,500 and GBP5,000. A typical gas boiler replacement (boiler and fitting) in the UK costs around GBP4,000." Some of these figures may be from the Heating and Hotwater Industry Council (HHIC).},
}
@article{valin2013high,
title={High-quality, low-delay music coding in the opus codec},
author={Valin, Jean-Marc and Maxwell, Gregory and Terriberry, Timothy B and Vos, Koen},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.04845},
urldate={2024-05-16},
DOI={10.48550/arXiv.1602.04845},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1602.04845},
year={2013},
abstract={The IETF recently standardized the Opus codec as RFC6716. Opus targets a wide range of real-time Internet applications by combining a linear prediction coder with a transform coder. We describe the transform coder, with particular attention to the psychoacoustic knowledge built into the format. The result out-performs existing audio codecs that do not operate under real-time constraints.},
}
@misc{vanderbauwhede2024augmented,
title={Estimating the Increase in Emissions caused by AI-augmented Search},
author={Vanderbauwhede, Wim},
doi={10.48550/ARXIV.2407.16894},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.16894},
urldate={2025-01-07},
keywords={Computers and Society (cs.CY), Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences, I.2.0},
publisher={arXiv},
year={2024},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International},
}
@preprint{vanderbauwhede2025geographic,
title={Modelling Scenarios for Carbon-aware Geographic Load Shifting of Compute Workloads},
author={Vanderbauwhede, Wim},
doi={10.48550/ARXIV.2509.07043},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.07043},
urldate={2025-12-08},
howpublished={\url{https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.07043}},
keywords={Other Computer Science (cs.OH), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences},
publisher={arXiv},
year={2025},
abstract={We present an analytical model to evaluate the reductions in emissions resulting from geographic load shifting. This model is optimistic as it ignores issues of grid capacity, demand and curtailment. In other words, real-world reductions will be smaller than the estimates. However, even with these assumptions, the presented scenarios show that the realistic reductions from carbon-aware geographic load shifting are small, of the order of 5%. This is not enough to compensate the growth in emissions from global data centre expansion.},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International},
}
@article{vanderlans2013acclimation,
title={Cold acclimation recruits human brown fat and increases nonshivering thermogenesis},
author={van der Lans, Anouk A.J.J. and Hoeks, Joris and Brans, Boudewijn and Vijgen, Guy H.E.J. and Visser, Mari{\"e}lle G.W. and Vosselman, Maarten J. and Hansen, Jan and J{\"o}rgensen, Johanna A. and Wu, Jun and Mottaghy, Felix M. and Schrauwen, Patrick and van Marken Lichtenbelt, Wouter D.},
url={https://www.jci.org/articles/view/68993},
urldate={2026-01-13},
DOI={10.1172/jci68993},
journal={Journal of Clinical Investigation},
volume={123},
ISSN={0021-9738},
number={8},
publisher={American Society for Clinical Investigation},
year={2013},
month={07},
day={15},
pages={3395--3403},
abstract={In recent years, it has been shown that humans have active brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots, raising the question of whether activation and recruitment of BAT can be a target to counterbalance the current obesity pandemic. Here, we show that a 10-day cold acclimation protocol in humans increases BAT activity in parallel with an increase in nonshivering thermogenesis (NST). No sex differences in BAT presence and activity were found either before or after cold acclimation. Respiration measurements in permeabilized fibers and isolated mitochondria revealed no significant contribution of skeletal muscle mitochondrial uncoupling to the increased NST. Based on cell-specific markers and on uncoupling protein-1 (characteristic of both BAT and beige/brite cells), this study did not show "browning" of abdominal subcutaneous white adipose tissue upon cold acclimation. The observed physiological acclimation is in line with the subjective changes in temperature sensation; upon cold acclimation, the subjects judged the environment warmer, felt more comfortable in the cold, and reported less shivering. The combined results suggest that a variable indoor environment with frequent cold exposures might be an acceptable and economic manner to increase energy expenditure and may contribute to counteracting the current obesity epidemic.},
annote={[**CS1] Quote: "Cold acclimation increased NST [nonshivering thermogenesis] significantly..."},
}
@article{vaneck2024activism,
title={Challenging the neutrality myth in climate science and activism},
author={van Eck, Christel W. and Messling, Lydia and Hayhoe, Katharine},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s44168-024-00171-9},
urldate={2024-10-28},
DOI={10.1038/s44168-024-00171-9},
volume={3},
ISSN={2731-9814},
number={1},
journal={npj Climate Action},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
year={2024},
month={10},
day={05},
abstract={We argue that B{\"u}ntgen's (2024) claim that climate science must be separated from activism is fundamentally flawed. Activism does not inherently lead to biased science and striving for value-free science is both unattainable and undesirable. Instead, we advocate for redefining the boundaries of acceptable influence of values in scientific communication and offer practical strategies to move beyond the misleading myth of neutrality.},
}
@inproceedings{varghese2014greening,
title={Greening web servers: A case for ultra low-power web servers},
url={https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7039157},
urldate={2024-05-26},
DOI={10.1109/igcc.2014.7039157},
booktitle={International Green Computing Conference},
publisher={IEEE},
author={Varghese, Benoy and Carlsson, Niklas and Jourjon, Guillaume and Mahanti, Anirban and Shenoy, Prashant},
year={2014},
month={11},
abstract={This paper studies the feasibility and benefits of greening Web servers by using ultra-low-power micro-computing boards to serve Web content. Our study focuses on the tradeoff between power and performance in such systems. Our premise is that low-power computing platforms can provide adequate performance for low-volume Websites run by small businesses or groups, while delivering a significantly higher request per Watt. We use the popular Raspberry Pi platform as an example low-power computing platform and experimentally evaluate our hypothesis for static and dynamic Web content served using this platform. Our result show that this platform can provide comparable response times to more capable server-class machines for rates up to 200 requests per second (rps); however, the scalability of the system is reduced to 20 rps for serving more compute-intensive dynamic content. Next, we study the feasibility of using clusters of low-power systems to serve requests for larger Websites. We find that, by utilising low-power multi-server clusters, we can achieve 17x to 23x more requests per Watt than typical tower server systems. Using simulations driven by parameters obtained from our real-world experiments, we also study dynamic multi-server policies that consider the tradeoff between power savings and overhead cost of turning servers on and off.},
annote={Quote: "The Raspberry Pi that we use for our experiments is Model 0002, Type B, Rev. 1 with 256 MB RAM. We have a similar implementation on a more recently released Model 000e. Type B , Rev. 2 with 512MB RAM. Unless otherwise mentioned, the results are from the experiments run on Model 0002. The operating system used is 'wheezy raspbian', which is a barebones version of Debian customised for Raspberry Pi." Quote: "The baseline power consumption of Raspberry Pi was 1.8W without any peripherals. Under high load, the power consump- tion variation was minimal as it increased to a maximum of 2.2W."},
}
@phdthesis{vering2023design,
author={Vering, Christian},
school={RWTH Aachen University},
year={2023},
month={04},
title={Optimal Design of Heat Pump Systems for Existing Buildings (PhD Thesis in German)},
doi={10.18154/RWTH-2023-04070},
url={https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370595922_Optimal_Design_of_Heat_Pump_Systems_for_Existing_Buildings_Thesis_in_German_Optimale_Auslegung_von_Warmepumpensystemen_fur_Bestandsgebaude},
urldate={2023-05-09},
}
@article{viale2023orbiting,
title={A reference architecture for orbiting solar reflectors to enhance terrestrial solar power plant output},
author={Viale, Andrea and {\c{C}}elik, Onur and Oderinwale, Temitayo and Sulbhewar, Litesh and McInnes, Colin R.},
volume={72},
ISSN={0273-1177},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273117723003939#f0005},
DOI={10.1016/j.asr.2023.05.037},
number={4},
journal={Advances in Space Research},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2023},
month={08},
pages={1304--1348},
annote={An end-to-end design of an orbiting solar reflector mission is presented. Five 250-m side length hexagon reflectors selected for 1-km equivalent disk. 13 large solar power farms serviced daily to deliver a total of 284 MWh energy. CMGs of 6.5-m radius needed to track/reorient reflectors during/between passes. Target price $70/MWh achieved for 5\% discount rate and $232/kg launch cost.},
}
@article{victoria2024agrivoltaics,
title={Vertical Agrivoltaics in a Temperate Climate: Exploring Technical, Agricultural, Meteorological, and Social Dimensions (PREPRINT)},
url={https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385850836_Vertical_Agrivoltaics_in_a_Temperate_Climate_Exploring_Technical_Agricultural_Meteorological_and_Social_Dimensions},
urldate={2025-01-26},
DOI={10.21203/rs.3.rs-5358908/v1},
publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
author={Victoria, Marta and Pullens, Johannes and Torma, Gabriele and Lindhardt, Magnus and Niazi, Kamran and Jahangirlou, Maryam and Khoury, Yannick El and Aschemann-Witzel, Jessica and Ottosen, Carl-Otto and J{\o}rgensen, Uffe},
year={2024},
month={11},
day={15},
abstract={The combined use of land for agriculture and photovoltaic electricity production (agrivoltaics) could be astrategy to capture benefits for both crops and solar panels. Here, we investigated an 89-kW pilot systemcomprising vertically mounted and tilted bifacial solar panels in Denmark (latitude 56.5{\degree}. Variables including microclimate and electricity production were measured for one year, together with the yield of wheat and grass clover mixture grown between the rows of solar panels. The vertical solar panels acted as wind shelters and resulted in similar crop yields to the control (open field), and higher compared to south-oriented 25{\degree}-tilted solar panels. The daily profile for electricity generation of the vertical solar panels matches electricity demand better. In addition, the social acceptance study highlights that vertical agrivoltaic systems were perceived more positively than conventional solar panels. Our resultsoffer a strategy for the sustainable integration of solar electricity generation and agriculture in temperate climates.},
annote={Preprint.},
}
@article{vitali2025approximate,
title={Adaptive Green Cloud Applications: Balancing Emissions, Revenue, and User Experience through Approximate Computing},
author={Vitali, Monica and Wiesner, Philipp and Kreutz, Kevin and Gandola, Roberto},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X25004376},
DOI={10.1016/j.future.2025.108143},
journal={Future Generation Computer Systems},
ISSN={0167-739X},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2025},
month={09},
day={25},
pages={108143},
keywords={green cloud applications, microservice design and deployment, context-aware adaptive IS, approximate computing, service-oriented engineering},
annote={AxC = ApproXimate Computing},
abstract={Organisations will soon be required to take an active role in the green transition by minimising the environmental impact of their operations, including emissions from their information systems. National and international regulations are expected to drive this shift by enforcing carbon budgets that organisations must comply with. As a result, applications must not only be aware of their carbon footprint but also operate within these budgetary constraints. Traditional methods, such as time and location shifting, have been used to mitigate emissions, but their impact is limited and not applicable to all types of applications. Recent research suggests that reducing an application's environmental footprint can be achieved through approximation techniques, where workflows dynamically adjust at runtime by scaling back certain functionalities or features. However, this approach introduces trade-offs: limiting functionalities can reduce revenue, especially when tied to third-party agreements, and may also degrade the user experience. Thus, striking a balance between carbon reduction, business objectives, and user satisfaction is crucial. We present a carbon-aware application management approach that leverages approximate computing techniques to balance sustainability, user experience, and revenue. Our method dynamically optimises the configuration and scaling of individual software components within a predefined carbon budget. Through simulation-based evaluation across diverse regions, carbon budgets, and application setups, we demonstrate that the approach effectively adapts to fluctuating workloads and regional variations in carbon intensity.},
}
@article{vocale2014influence,
title={Influence of outdoor air conditions on the air source heat pumps performance},
author={Vocale, Pamela and Morini, Gian Luca and Spiga, Marco},
journal={Energy Procedia},
volume={45},
pages={653--662},
year={2014},
publisher={Elsevier},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187661021400071X},
urldate={2023-05-26},
doi={10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.070},
howpublished={\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187661021400071X/pdf}},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported},
abstract={The purpose of the present work is the investigation of the effect of the outdoor air temperature and relative humidity on the performance of an air heat pump, when the reverse-cycle defrosting is considered. The frost formation process has been analyzed by developing a simplified model which relates the number of defrost cycles to the outdoor air conditions. Moreover the energy consumption due to the defrosting has been taken into account in the evaluation of the heat pump performance. The results, carried out for many Italian sites, point out that the outdoor air conditions play an important role in determining the amount of defrost cycles; however the frost formation is mainly affected by the relative humidity. The analysis highlights also that the defrosting contribution on the heat pump performance is not negligible when the heat pump that operates in wet weather, although cold; in these conditions the hourly COP may be reduced by up to 20\%. However, this effect becomes less relevant, but not negligible, when the seasonal heat pump performance is evaluated; the maximum decrease of SCOP, observed for the all analyzed cases, is less than 13\%.},
annote={In Italian cities, ASHP COP penalties of up 0.4 when including the impact of defrost cycles. Quote: "The numerical analysis points out that both temperature and relative humidity of the outdoor air affects the frost formation process; however the relative humidity plays a leading role in determining the amount of frost that can be accumulated. ... The numerical results highlight that the monthly average of the COP can be reduced by up to 17\% when the heat pump operates in sites in which the values of air relative humidity are very high (RH>80\%) and the outdoor air temperature is within the range 0-6{\degree}C during the winter for many hours."},
}
@www{voltaBattery,
title={Annual Battery Report},
institution={Volta Foundation},
url={https://www.volta.foundation/annual-battery-report},
urldate={2023-01-29},
}
@article{vu2023willful,
title={Ignorance by choice: A meta-analytic review of the underlying motives of willful ignorance and its consequences},
author={Vu, Linh and Soraperra, Ivan and Leib, Margarita and van der Weele, Jo{\"e}l and Shalvi, Shaul},
volume={149},
ISSN={0033-2909},
url={https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2024-16890-004.html},
DOI={10.1037/bul0000398},
number={9-10},
journal={Psychological Bulletin},
publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)},
year={2023},
month={09},
pages={611--635},
annote={Quote: "... 40\% of participants avoid easily obtainable information about the consequences of their actions on others, leading to a 15.6-percentage point decrease in altruistic behavior ..." Quote: "Similarly, citizens are often reluctant to engage with information about climate change's impact, so they will not feel obligated to change their lifestyle."},
}
@www{W3C2008XML,
title={Extensible Markup Language {(XML)} 1.0 (Fifth Edition)},
author={{W3C}},
editor={Tim Bray and Jean Paoli and C. M. Sperberg-McQueen and Eve Maler and Fran{\c{c}}ois Yergeau},
institution={{W3C}},
url={http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xml-20081126/},
urldate={2024-09-22},
year={2008},
month={11},
day={26},
abstract={The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a subset of SGML that is completely described in this document. Its goal is to enable generic SGML to be served, received, and processed on the Web in the way that is now possible with HTML. XML has been designed for ease of implementation and for interoperability with both SGML and HTML.},
annote={See canonical https://www.w3.org/TR/xml/ for current version.},
crossref={W3CXML},
}
@www{W3CXML,
title={Extensible Markup Language {(XML)}},
author={{W3C}},
institution={{W3C}},
url={https://www.w3.org/TR/xml/},
urldate={2024-09-22},
abstract={The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a subset of SGML that is completely described in this document. Its goal is to enable generic SGML to be served, received, and processed on the Web in the way that is now possible with HTML. XML has been designed for ease of implementation and for interoperability with both SGML and HTML.},
annote={Generic canonical/current XML specification URL.},
}
@article{wade2016explain,
title={How installers select and explain domestic heating controls},
volume={45},
ISSN={1466-4321},
url={https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09613218.2016.1159484},
urldate={2024-02-19},
DOI={10.1080/09613218.2016.1159484},
number={4},
journal={Building Research &amp; Information},
publisher={Informa UK Limited},
author={Wade, Faye and Shipworth, Michelle and Hitchings, Russell},
year={2016},
month={04},
pages={371--383},
}
@article{walker2025repair,
title={I volunteer in a repair cafe: we can help you learn to fix your broken Christmas gift},
author={Walker, Stuart},
url={https://theconversation.com/i-volunteer-in-a-repair-cafe-we-can-help-you-learn-to-fix-your-broken-christmas-gift-271459},
urldate={2026-01-04},
DOI={10.64628/ab.n65rpw5qj},
publisher={The Conversation},
editor={Jolley, Rachael},
year={2025},
month={12},
day={30},
annote={Quote: "The Repair Cafe International Foundation currently identifies 3,823 cafes globally, including 446 in the UK and 550 in Germany, and a total of 2,500 across the EU." Quote: "Vacuum cleaners are one of the most common items brought in, and consistently in the top three items reported by 80 of the UK's 446 repair cafes. Repairing a machine can delay the emission of the 70kg CO2 related to the materials and manufacture of a new one." Repair Caf{\'e} Kingston typically sees about 25 items in its monthly run with a repair:partial:not of about 1:1:1 as of the start of 2026..},
}
@article{warwick2023hydrogen,
title={Atmospheric composition and climate impacts of a future hydrogen economy},
author={Nicola J. Warwick and Alex T. Archibald and Paul T. Griffiths and James Keeble and Fiona M. O'Connor and John A. Pyle and Keith P. Shine},
doi={10.5194/acp-23-13451-2023},
url={https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-23-13451-2023},
urldate={2023-11-05},
year=2023,
month={01},
publisher={Copernicus {GmbH}},
volume={23},
number={20},
pages={13451--13467},
journal={Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
annote={Quote: "...hydrogen leakage offsets approximately 0.4\% and 4\% respectively of total equivalent CO2 emission reductions..."},
}
@article{watson2019peak,
title={Decarbonising domestic heating: What is the peak GB demand?},
author={Watson, S.D. and Lomas, K.J. and Buswell, R.A.},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518307249},
urldate={2023-11-24},
DOI={10.1016/j.enpol.2018.11.001},
journal={Energy Policy},
volume={126},
ISSN={0301-4215},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2019},
month={03},
pages={533--544},
abstract={Around 80\% of domestic heat demand in Great Britain (GB) is supplied by natural gas, but continuing to heat dwellings in this way is unlikely to be compatible with national emission reduction targets. Electrical heating using heat pumps is expected to play a significant role in future space heating and hot water provision. The assessment of future heating technologies requires knowledge of the current demand for heat at short time intervals in order to evaluate peak demands and possible storage requirements. Existing half-hourly national heat demand estimates are built on data from small samples of dwellings. This paper provides estimates of GB domestic heat demand under mild, normal and cold weather conditions based on data from over 6000 dwellings collected between May 2009 and July 2010 that participated in the GB smart meter trial. The calculated peak domestic heat demand of 170~GW is around 40\% lower than previously calculated suggesting that the difficulties surrounding the electrification of heat are far less profound than previously assumed. These results can be used in the development of future energy pathways and scenarios.},
annote={[**CS1] Quote: "GB half-hourly domestic heat demand was estimated from monitored data. Peak heat demand is 170~GW, around 40\% lower than previously thought. Maximum ramp rate is 60~GW/h, around 50\% lower than previously thought. Electrification of domestic heating therefore less problematic than assumed." Time of peak space/total heat demand ~6pm and peak ramp rate ~7am (Table 3) "... based on data from over 6000 dwellings collected between May 2009 and July 2010 ..."},
}
@article{watson2021halfhourly,
title={How will heat pumps alter national half-hourly heat demands? Empirical modelling based on GB field trials},
volume={238},
ISSN={0378-7788},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037877882100061X},
urldate={2024-02-21},
DOI={10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110777},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
author={Watson, S.D. and Lomas, K.J. and Buswell, R.A.},
year={2021},
month=may,
pages={110777},
}
@article{wetter2014modelica,
title={Modelica {Buildings} library},
author={Michael Wetter and Wangda Zuo and Thierry S. Nouidui and Xiufeng Pang},
journal={Journal of Building Performance Simulation},
volume={7},
number={4},
pages={253--270},
doi={10.1080/19401493.2013.765506},
url={https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19401493.2013.765506},
urldate={2025-07-03},
year={2014},
month={03},
day={13},
annote={GitHub: https://github.com/lbl-srg/modelica-buildings},
}
@article{whelan2022mead,
author={Whelan, Mark},
title={Mead from Riga: The Trade and Consumption of a Hanse Cultural Good in the Late Medieval Baltic},
journal={German History},
volume={40},
number={4},
pages={470-486},
year={2022},
month={01},
abstract="{This article represents the first study of the trade and consumption of mead, the alcoholic beverage brewed by fermenting honey with water, in the late medieval Baltic. Focusing on the Teutonic Order and the Hanse settlements in the region, the article argues that the consumption of mead was culturally embedded in German-speaking communities, heightening the status of the beverage, turning it into a vital resource in the exercise of power and influencing the government and administrations of cities and lordships. From a broader perspective, a close study of the drink underlines the cultural and economic significance attached to bee produce in the later medieval period, with ecology and cultural practice combining to make honey and its pre-eminent product, mead, a distinctive international export that enjoyed high esteem and significant demand across Hanse trading networks.}",
issn={0266-3554},
doi={10.1093/gerhis/ghab086},
url={https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghab086},
howpublished={\url{https://academic.oup.com/gh/article-pdf/40/4/470/47535263/ghab086.pdf}},
}




@www{whitsett2013persistence,
title={Persistence of Energy Efficiency Behaviors over Time - Evidence from a Community-Based Program},
year={2013},
month={11},
institution={EMI Consulting},
author={Donna D. Whitsett and Hannah Carmalt Justus and Ellen B. Steiner and Kevin Duffy},
url={http://beccconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Whitsett_BECC2013_Nov20.pdf},
urldate={2022-12-15},
annote={Quote: "How do we know if behavior change 'sticks'?" and "...understanding the persistence of energy-saving actions is critical to incorporating behavior change programs into utility energy efficiency program portfolios. Unfortunately, there are few studies that have examined persistence of energy-saving actions over time."},
}
@article{wickham2014tidy,
abstract={A huge amount of effort is spent cleaning data to get it ready for analysis, but there has been little research on how to make data cleaning as easy and effective as possible. This paper tackles a small, but important, component of data cleaning: data tidying. Tidy datasets are easy to manipulate, model and visualize, and have a specific structure: each variable is a column, each observation is a row, and each type of observational unit is a table. This framework makes it easy to tidy messy datasets because only a small set of tools are needed to deal with a wide range of un-tidy datasets. This structure also makes it easier to develop tidy tools for data analysis, tools that both input and output tidy datasets. The advantages of a consistent data structure and matching tools are demonstrated with a case study free from mundane data manipulation chores.},
author={Hadley Wickham},
doi={10.18637/jss.v059.i10},
issn={15487660},
issue={10},
journal={Journal of Statistical Software},
title={Tidy data},
volume={59},
year={2014},
month={09},
url={https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v059i10},
urldate={2023-01-05},
}
@misc{wiesner2025MCI,
title={Moving Beyond Marginal Carbon Intensity: A Poor Metric for Both Carbon Accounting and Grid Flexibility},
author={Wiesner, Philipp and Kao, Odej},
doi={10.48550/ARXIV.2507.11377},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.11377},
urldate={2025-07-30},
keywords={Systems and Control (eess.SY), FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering},
publisher={{arXiv}},
year={2025},
month={07},
day={15},
copyright={Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
abstract={Marginal Carbon Intensity (MCI) has been promoted as an effective metric for carbon-aware computing. Although it is already considered as impractical for carbon accounting purposes, many still view it as valuable when optimizing for grid flexibility by incentivizing electricity usage during curtailment periods. In this statement paper, we argue that MCI is neither reliable nor actionable for either purpose. We outline its fundamental limitations, including non-observability, reliance on opaque predictive models, and the lack of verifiability. Moreover, MCI fails to reflect curtailment caused by high-carbon sources and offers no insight into the quantity of available excess power. We advocate moving beyond MCI and instead call for research on more actionable metrics, such as direct reporting of excess power, explicit modeling of energy storage and grid stability, and integration with emerging granular renewable energy certificate markets.},
annote={PREPRINT},
}
@article{willits-smith2023beef,
title={Demographic and Socioeconomic Correlates of Disproportionate Beef Consumption among {US} Adults in an Age of Global Warming},
doi={10.3390/nu15173795},
url={https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/17/3795},
urldate={2023-09-01},
year={2023},
month={08},
publisher={{MDPI} {AG}},
volume={15},
number={17},
pages={3795},
author={Amelia Willits-Smith and Harmonii Odinga and Keelia O'Malley and Donald Rose},
journal={Nutrients},
annote={Quote: "Disproportionate beef diets were consumed by 12\% of individuals, but accounted for half of all beef consumed. Males were more likely than females (p < 0.001) to consume these diets."},
}
@report{wilson2025opportunities,
title={Three Biggest Opportunities for Heat Pumps: whitepaper},
author={Thomas Wilson},
url={https://www.juniperresearch.com/resources/free-research/three-biggest-opportunities-for-heat-pumps/},
urldate={2025-02-25},
year={2025},
month={02},
annote={From landing page Quote: "examines the state of the heat pump market; considering different types of heat pumps available, grants, schemes, regulations currently in place and those set to be introduced in the near future, and technological advancements such as advanced refrigerants and compatibility with other renewable energy technologies, such as solar panels. Additionally, it includes a forecast summary of the proportion of homes that will have heat pumps installed globally in 2029." Quote: "The UK is already behind in terms of heat pump adoption compared to the rest of the globe, thanks in no small part to an inferior workforce of trained professionals,..." Quote: "The total number of households that have a heat pump system installed globally is anticipated to grow by 35\% from 2025 to 2029, reaching a total of 238.1 million homes in 2029. This compares with 177 million in 2025, which represents only 7\% of homes. Growth is being driven primarily by regulatory interventions, such as the CHMM in the UK which instructs boiler manufacturers to have a minimum percentage of their revenue come from heat pump sales. Despite this, massive challenges remain for heat pump adoption. The high cost of installation, a clear lack of trained heat pump experts, and a lack of suitability for apartments will restrict acceptance beyond early adopters. ... Due to the difficulties in retrofitting heat pumps in space-constrained apartments, fitting monobloc systems should be a key priority to generate growth."},
}
@book{witten1999managing,
title={Managing Gigabytes: Compressing and Indexing Documents and Images, Second Edition},
author={Witten, I.H. and Moffat, A. and Bell, T.C. and Fox, E.},
isbn={9781558605701},
lccn={99026345},
series={Multimedia Information and Systems Series},
url={https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2F74jyPl48EC},
urldate={2022-12-01},
year={1999},
publisher={Elsevier Science},
}
@www{wollard2023standards,
title={How to improve boiler standards and efficiency --- a consultation response by Nesta and The Heating Hub},
author={Max Woollard and Joanne Alsop and Katy King},
url={https://medium.com/all-you-can-heat/how-to-improve-boiler-standards-and-efficiency-a-consultation-response-by-nesta-and-the-heating-4722895b7384},
urldate={2023-07-08},
year={2023},
month={06},
annote={Quote: "Around 15\% of the UK's total greenhouse gas emissions is from domestic dwellings, with the vast majority derived from gas boilers. Whilst renewable technologies will become the dominant way we heat our homes, 10 million new boilers are still expected to be fitted up to 2035." Quote: "Our headline recommendations are as follows: The minimum standard for boiler controls should be Class V (load compensation); all boiler models need to work with all types of controls; boilers need to be the right size for the property (ie, not oversized); low temperature heating training should be part of the regular re-accreditation process for boiler engineers; to make the above happen, we suggest exploring the creation of a new governing body or centre of excellence for boiler and heat pump efficiency."},
}
@report{wollard2024insulation,
title={Insulation impact: how much do UK houses really need?},
author={Max Wollard and Andrew Sissons},
institution={{Nesta}},
year={2024},
month={01},
url={https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/insulation-impact-how-much-do-uk-houses-really-need/},
urldate={2024-01-24},
howpublished={\url{https://www.nesta.org.uk/documents/2886/Insulation_impact__how_much_do_UK_houses_really_need___1.pdf}},
ISBN={978-1-916699-13-7},
abstract={It is often claimed that the UK's housing stock needs to be much better insulated before heat pumps can be installed. This is largely untrue. Insulating homes is generally a good thing --- it saves energy, makes homes healthier and more comfortable, can ease pressure on the electricity grid --- but it is not essential for switching homes to heat pumps. If the aim is to reduce carbon emissions as quickly as possible with a limited budget, then adopting heat pumps typically provides greater carbon savings per pound spent than insulation measures.},
annote={[**UF]},
}
@www{wollard2025flexibility,
title={The future of heat: How to drive decarbonisation with innovative tariffs and automated flexibility},
author={Max Woollard and Oliver Berry and Andrew Sissons and Chris Watling and Morely Coulson and Andy Regan},
url={https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/the-future-of-heat/},
urldate={2025-10-29},
howpublished={\url{https://www.nesta.org.uk/documents/3322/The_future_of_heat_-_how_to_drive_decarbonisation.pdf}},
ISBN={978-1-916699-41-0},
year={2025},
month={10},
day={24},
abstract={Two of the largest barriers to heat pump adoption are considered to be the upfront cost of installation and their running costs. Promising routes to reducing running costs are the rebalancing of levies to reduce the spark gap, increasing heat pump coefficient of performance (COPs), and the use of innovative tariff types. An additional route to reducing running costs could be using heat pumps flexibly, whereby their use corresponds to the price of electricity, avoiding times when electricity is most expensive. This trial explored the incorporation of automated flexibility into a novel tariff type, a type-of-use tariff offered by OVO called Heat Pump Plus. Users of Heat Pump Plus receive a flat rate tariff of 15p/kWh --- but only on the electricity consumed by their heat pump. We shifted electrical demand away from peak periods by increasing setpoint temperatures by +1{\degree}C during a preheating period, then decreasing setpoint temperatures by -1{\degree}C during the peak period. The benefits of successfully developed automated flexibility are significant to both consumers and suppliers. Suppliers could shift the electricity that they sell to times when generation is cheaper and greener. In return, consumers are able to reduce their electrical bills by using a cheaper tariff.},
annote={[**CS1] [**UF] [**UA] Some key results Quote: "We successfully managed to remotely automate our participants' heat pumps, keeping internal temperatures within an acceptable range by preheating homes in advance of peak times. We found that, on average, 30\% of each home's space heating electrical demand was shifted away from the peak period between 4 pm and 7 pm. Participants reported high levels of satisfaction with their internal temperatures in the weekly surveys, with 88\% of responses being satisfied, 7\% being neutral, and only 5\% dissatisfied." Note that Quote: "Our results were inconclusive about whether our intervention affected daily COP or total daily electrical consumption." Conclusion Quote: "... heat pump owners could make use of automated type-of-use tariffs such as Heat Pump Plus and potentially save up to {\pound}440 per year compared to a standard variable rate. ..."},
}
@article{wolpert2024computation,
title={Is stochastic thermodynamics the key to understanding the energy costs of computation?},
author={Wolpert, David H. and Korbel, Jan and Lynn, Christopher W. and Tasnim, Farita and Grochow, Joshua A. and Karde{\c{s}}, G{\"u}lce and Aimone, James B. and Balasubramanian, Vijay and De Giuli, Eric and Doty, David and Freitas, Nahuel and Marsili, Matteo and Ouldridge, Thomas E. and Richa, Andr{\'e}a W. and Riechers, Paul and Rold{\'a}n, {\'E}dgar and Rubenstein, Brenda and Toroczkai, Zoltan and Paradiso, Joseph},
volume={121},
ISSN={1091-6490},
url={https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2321112121},
urldate={2024-11-05},
DOI={10.1073/pnas.2321112121},
number={45},
journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
publisher={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
year={2024},
month={10},
day={29},
annote={Quote: "...typical artificial computers can only reach within multiple orders of magnitude of Landauer's bound."},
}
@article{woods2019HVAC,
title={Regression-based approach to modeling emerging HVAC technologies in EnergyPlus: A case study using a Vuilleumier-cycle heat pump},
author={Woods, Jason and Bonnema, Eric}, year={2019},
ISSN={0378-7788},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378778818331177},
urldate={2025-01-20},
DOI={10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.01.008},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
volume={186},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
month={03},
day={01},
pages={195--207},
annote={[**CS1] Quote: "The purpose of this paper is (1) to describe a regression approach for simulating emerging technologies in EnergyPlus without changing the EnergyPlus source code ..." Quote: "The Vuilleumier system model was built in the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) framework, v10.231. This software is a convenient platform for modeling HVAC systems, with its built-in Newton-Raphson iterative solver, and fluid properties for water, air, and refrigerants." Quote: "We modeled the Vuilleumier-cycle system in EnergyPlus using the EMS user-defined coil object, which provides a template for creating custom heat exchange coils. The routine was written in the EnergyPlus runtime language (ERL), which EnergyPlus interprets and executes during the simulation. The ERL language was formulated using the operations manual for common commercial building automation systems, including the use of sensors that read internal EnergyPlus values from the current timestep, and actuators that set EnergyPlus values during that timestep." Quote: "We confirmed that the user-defined coil object in EnergyPlus can be used with regression equations or lookup tables to model non-traditional HVAC cycles, including a technology with mixed fuel use (gas and electricity). This approach is flexible and can be used when a new HVAC technology's performance can be estimated through laboratory data or a fundamental model. The approach is an alternative to co-simulation, or adding the detailed equations in the EnergyPlus source code, which is time consuming and requires an expert EnergyPlus user."},
}
@article{xiong2016health,
title={Potential indicators for the effect of temperature steps on human health and thermal comfort},
author={Xiong, Jing and Lian, Zhiwei and Zhou, Xin and You, Jianxiong and Lin, Yanbing},
url={https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EneBu.113...87X/},
urldate={2025-12-27},
DOI={10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.12.031},
journal={Energy and Buildings},
volume={113},
ISSN={0378-7788},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2016},
month={02},
pages={87--98},
abstract={This study explored human physiological and biochemical responses to temperature steps. Experiments with three step--change conditions (S5: 32{\degree}C--37{\degree}C--32{\degree}C, S11: 26{\degree}C--37{\degree}C--26{\degree}C, and S15: 22{\degree}C--37{\degree}C--22{\degree}C) were conducted with 24 volunteered participants. Various biomarkers and physiological parameters, reflecting functions of immune system (serum level of IL--6 and HSP70), thermal metabolism system (oral temperature and skin temperature), respiratory system (RR and SPO2) and cardiovascular system (HR and HRV measures), were recorded. The statistical analysis shows that IL--6, oral temperature, skin temperature, HR and HRV are sensitive to temperature step changes. Moreover, both temperature step intensity and direction have significant impacts on human physiological parameters. Human responses of skin temperature and HRV (RMSSD and LF/HF) are significantly more sensitive to temperature down steps, indicating that the risk of down--step may be more serious than that of its up--step counterpart. In addition, significant relations were observed between subjective perceptions and physiological parameters with the method of canonical correlation analysis.},
annote={[**CS1]},
}
@article{xu2023field,
title={Field tests to examine energy saving effects of occupants' thermostatic radiator valves {(TRVs)} regulating behavior in district heating systems},
author={Xu, Baoping and Chen, Zhuo and Wang, Xi and Jiang, Peihong},
journal={Science and Technology for the Built Environment},
volume={29},
number={1},
pages={96--105},
year={2023},
publisher={Taylor \& Francis},
url={https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23744731.2022.2138689},
doi={10.1080/23744731.2022.2138689},
urldate={2023-05-16},
abstract={Residential thermostat control is considered to be an effective way to allow individual regulation, and to encourage energy saving behavior. However, energy savings resulting from occupants' regulating behavior still needs to be quantified. We investigated several district heating systems that had thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs) installed, in Beijing and Tianjin, and evaluated the energy saving ratio, and the influence of heat transfer from adjacent apartments for four typical regulation scenarios. To separate out the effects of the occupants' regulation, a reference analysis method is proposed for comparison. Results indicate that when an individual occupant adjusted the TRVs according to a daily schedule for intermittent heating, the energy saving ratio was only about 6\%. When the TRVs of an apartment are kept closed for a long unoccupied period (more than 4 days), the daily energy saving ratio was about 20\%, and the total quantity of heat transferred from adjacent apartments was about 80\% of the heat consumption of the reference apartment. In addition, when the TRVs were kept at a set-value (such as 3), energy saving ratios of about 12\% were obtained. The results of this study provide further data for developing better management policies for heating terminal customization.},
annote={Quote: "In view of the above, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate how consumer behavior (regulation of TRVs) affects energy consumption, for an individual, for their adjacent neighbors, and for the entire heating system." Quote: "However, in an apartment with the TRV kept closed, the apartment still continues to consume heat, even though the heat dissipation from the radiators is approximately zero. This is because there is heat transfer between adjacent apartments, and the thermal inertia of the building envelop also acts as an 'indirect heat source', both of which can be traced back to the district heating network." Quote: "... the heat consumption of each adjacent apartment will increase by about 10--20\%" in this case. Quote: "... a promising approach for TRV control is to employ a systematic and intelligent algorithm to maintain a desired room temperature range and add flexibility to the local thermal network." Quote: "From Figure 9 we can see that, when the apartment stopped heating for two days, the largest temperature drop in its north-facing room was about 2.5{\degree}C, and the average room temperature drop was about 1.5{\degree}C, compared with that in the reference apartment. Since the TRVs of the adjacent apartments were kept closed, the room temperature of apartment 2-502 was slightly lower than that of the reference apartment 2-202, with the biggest temperature difference being 1.5{\degree}C and the average temperature difference being 0.7{\degree}C."},
}
@article{xu2023integrated,
title={An integrated simulation of intermittent heating of multi-zone buildings by heat-pump heating systems with different terminal types},
author={Baoping Xu and Peihong Jiang and Zhuo Chen and Qiangang Li and Xi Wang and Yuying Yan},
doi={10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121427},
url={https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.applthermaleng.2023.121427},
urldate={2023-10-31},
year={2023},
month={11},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
volume={235},
pages={121427},
journal={Applied Thermal Engineering},
annote={Quote: "For multi-zone buildings adopting heat pumps with specific terminals, a comprehensive analysis of energy savings resulting from intermittent heating still needs to be done." Quote: "These results contradict the generally accepted notion that intermittent heating will obviously uses less energy. Instead, the results of the calculation show that, compared with the power consumption of the heat pump under continuous heating, the power consumption of the heat pump under intermittent heating may be lower, similar or even higher, depending on the terminal type. Specifically, under intermittent heating, fan-coil heating systems can significantly achieve energy savings [], while radiant floor heating systems consume more energy. The heat pump power consumption in radiator heating systems for intermittent heating and continuous heating is very similar. Therefore, from an energy saving perspective, an intermittent heating strategy is more suitable for heating systems with convective terminals." Quote: "... heat pump power consumption is similar under intermittent heating versus continuous heating for buildings with light envelopes, while a heat pump operated continuously is more energy efficient for buildings with heavy envelopes. These results indicate that intermittent operation is more suitable for buildings with less thermal inertia."},
}
@article{yuan2023recoveries,
title={Waste heat recoveries in data centers: A review},
author={Yuan, Xiaolei and Liang, Yumin and Hu, Xinyi and Xu, Yizhe and Chen, Yongbao and Kosonen, Risto},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032123006342},
urldate={2024-08-11},
DOI={10.1016/j.rser.2023.113777},
journal={Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
volume={188},
ISSN={1364-0321},
year={2023},
month={12},
pages={113777},
}
@article{zandberg2022bird,
author={Lies Zandberg and Veronica Morfi and Julia George and David F. Clayton and Dan Stowell and Robert F. Lachlan},
title={Bird song comparison using deep learning trained from avian perceptual judgments},
year={2022},
month={12},
doi={10.1101/2022.12.23.521425},
publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory},
abstract={Our understanding of bird song, a model system for animal communication and the neurobiology of learning, depends critically on making reliable, validated comparisons between the complex multidimensional syllables that are used in songs. However, most assessments of song similarity are based on human inspection of spectrograms, or computational methods developed from human intuitions. Using a novel automated operant conditioning system, we collected a large corpus of zebra finches' (Taeniopygia guttata) decisions about song syllable similarity. We use this dataset to compare and externally validate similarity algorithms in widely-used publicly available software (Raven, Sound Analysis Pro, Luscinia). Although these methods all perform better than chance, they do not closely emulate the avian assessments. We then introduce a novel deep learning method that can produce perceptual similarity judgements trained on such avian decisions. We find that this new method outperforms the established methods in accuracy and more closely approaches the avian assessments. Inconsistent (hence ambiguous) decisions are a common occurrence in animal behavioural data; we show that a modification of the deep learning training that accommodates these leads to the strongest performance. We argue this approach is the best way to validate methods to compare song similarity, that our dataset can be used to validate novel methods, and that the general approach can easily be extended to other species.},
url={https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2022/12/23/2022.12.23.521425},
urldate={2023-04-21},
howpublished={\url{https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2022/12/23/2022.12.23.521425.full.pdf}},
journal={bioRxiv},
}
% elocation-id = {2022.12.23.521425},
@www{zanetti2024encourage,
title={Overcoming barriers for newly trained heat pump installers},
author={Oliver Zanetti},
institution={Nesta},
url={https://www.nesta.org.uk/project-updates/overcoming-barriers-for-newly-trained-heat-pump-installers/},
urldate={2024-02-12},
year={2024},
month={01},
day={10},
abstract={Over 2023, we tested an offer to newly trained heat pump installers of either bursaries or monthly payments that aimed to encourage them to make the move into the home retrofit sector.},
annote={Quote: "This project tested whether relatively small financial payments would help encourage motivated gas installers to move into the heat pump sector. We found, ultimately, that it did not." Quote: "Training and financial incentives aren't enough to get heating engineers working in retrofit ... Small, gas-focused businesses have challenges finding heat pump customers ... Not all trainees wanted to get into retrofit in the first place ..." Quote: "... many heating installers still subscribe to certain myths such as the view that heat pumps are not suitable for older homes ..."},
}
@inproceedings{zarei2025biogas,
series={{ESCAPE} 35},
title={Real-time dynamic optimisation for sustainable biogas production through anaerobic co-digestion with hybrid models},
author={Zarei, Mohammadamin and Dolat, Meshkat and Murali, Rohit and Zhu, Mengjia and Pennington, Oliver and Zhang, Dongda and Short, Michael},
ISSN={2818-4734},
url={https://psecommunity.org/LAPSE:2025.0541},
urldate={2025-07-10},
howpublished={\url{https://psecommunity.org/wp-content/plugins/wpor/includes/file/2506/LAPSE-2025.0541-1v1.pdf}},
DOI={10.69997/sct.130144},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering ({ESCAPE} 35)},
volume={4},
publisher={PSE Press},
year={2025},
month={06},
day={27},
pages={2423--2428},
}
%collection={{ESCAPE} 35},
@article{zhang2025temperature,
title={Effects of environmental temperature mimicking circadian rhythms on thermal comfort and sleep quality},
author={Zhang, Nan and Zhu, Yingxin and Cao, Bin},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360132325006766},
urldate={2025-12-27},
DOI={10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113196},
journal={Building and Environment},
volume={281},
ISSN={0360-1323},
publisher={Elsevier {BV}},
year={2025},
month={08},
day={01},
pages={113196},
abstract={Sleep is closely linked to human health, and the thermal environment plays a significant role in influencing sleep quality. This study investigates the effects of circadian rhythm-mimicking dynamic thermal environments on sleep quality and thermal comfort. Considering seasonal differences, two control conditions were established: a winter condition with a baseline temperature of 21 {\degree} and a summer condition with a baseline temperature of 26 {\degree}. Specifically, the winter experimental condition was designed with a temperature profile of 21--18--21 {\degree}, while the summer condition followed a 28--26--28 {\degree} profile. Ten participants were recruited for the sleep experiments, during which portable EEG devices were utilized to monitor sleep quality. Additionally, continuous skin temperature measurements were recorded at multiple body sites throughout the night to assess thermal regulation. Subjective thermal sensations and sleep quality were assessed using questionnaires administered before and after each experimental night. The experimental results revealed that, compared to a conventional winter environment, the dynamic thermal environment significantly improved sleep quality by increasing the proportion of deep sleep duration. No significant differences in sleep quality were observed under the summer conditions. Through discussion and analysis of thermoregulatory parameters significantly associated with sleep latency, this study attempts to elucidate the mechanism by which environmental control can shorten sleep latency. The findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between dynamic thermal environments, thermal comfort, and sleep quality, offering potential strategies for optimizing sleep environments.},
annote={[**CS1] Quote: "... the dynamic thermal environment significantly improved sleep quality..." Quote: "Existing research has demonstrated that the sleep-wake circadian rhythm and the body temperature rhythm are mutually reinforcing and intrinsically interconnected." Quote: "Based on this physiological mechanism, a dynamic thermal environment that mimics the natural circadian drop in ambient temperature may support the body's thermoregulatory processes during sleep, thereby enhancing sleep outcomes."},
}
@article{zheng2024tenbps,
title={The unbearable slowness of being: Why do we live at 10 bits/s?},
author={Zheng, Jieyu and Meister, Markus},
ISSN={0896-6273},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627324008080},
urldate={2024-12-18},
DOI={10.1016/j.neuron.2024.11.008},
journal={Neuron},
publisher={Elsevier BV},
year={2024},
month={12},
day={17},
abstract={This article is about the neural conundrum behind the slowness of human behavior. The information throughput of a human being is about $10$ bits/s. In comparison, our sensory systems gather data at $\sim 10^9$ bits/s. The stark contrast between these numbers remains unexplained and touches on fundamental aspects of brain function: what neural substrate sets this speed limit on the pace of our existence? Why does the brain need billions of neurons to process $10$ bits/s? Why can we only think about one thing at a time? The brain seems to operate in two distinct modes: the "outer" brain handles fast high-dimensional sensory and motor signals, whereas the "inner" brain processes the reduced few bits needed to control behavior. Plausible explanations exist for the large neuron numbers in the outer brain, but not for the inner brain, and we propose new research directions to remedy this.},
annote={Also see https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.10234 preprint.},
}
@article{zhou2023porosity,
title={A scalable high-porosity wood for sound absorption and thermal insulation},
author={Zhao, Xinpeng and Liu, Yu and Zhao, Liuxian and Yazdkhasti, Amirhossein and Mao, Yimin and Siciliano, Amanda Pia and Dai, Jiaqi and Jing, Shuangshuang and Xie, Hua and Li, Zhihan and He, Shuaiming and Clifford, Bryson Callie and Li, Jianguo and Chen, Grace S. and Wang, Emily Q. and Desjarlais, Andre and Saloni, Daniel and Yu, Miao and Ko{\'s}ny, Jan and Zhu, J. Y. and Gong, Amy and Hu, Liangbing},
journal={Nature Sustainability},
year={2023},
month={01},
url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-022-01035-y},
urldate={2023-01-11},
doi={10.1038/s41893-022-01035-y},
issn={2398-9629},
abstract={The search for more-sustainable materials has motivated research on lightweight, porous structures for thermal insulation and noise reduction, such as for construction and cold-chain transportation. Wood, known as one of the most renewable materials on Earth, has been widely and long used in construction for its high strength/weight ratio, wide abundance, low cost and relative sustainability. However, natural wood is much less effective at reducing noise or preventing heat loss than conventional petroleum- and mineral-based porous structures (for example, expanded polystyrene foam and mineral wool). Here we report the extraordinary noise-reduction and thermal-insulation capabilities of a scalable, high-porosity wood structure, 'insulwood', fabricated by removing lignin and hemicelluloses from natural wood using a rapid ($\sim$1~h) high-temperature process followed by low-cost ambient drying. Insulwood demonstrates a high porosity of $\sim$0.93, a high noise-reduction coefficient of 0.37 at a frequency range of 250--3,000~Hz (for 10-mm-thick wood), a low radial thermal conductivity of 0.038~W~m-1~K-1 and a high compressive strength of $\sim$1.5~MPa at 60\% strain. Furthermore, this new wood-based material can be rapidly processed into a vacuum insulation panel ($\sim$0.01~W~m-1~K-1) for thermal insulation applications with limited space (for example, refrigerators, cold-chain transportation and older buildings). The material is unique in its combination of renewable source materials, high porosity, high sound absorption, low thermal conductivity and high mechanical robustness, as well as in its efficient, cost-effective and scalable manufacturing. These attributes make insulwood promising as a sustainable construction material for improved noise and thermal regulation.},
}
@article{zhou2024horizontal,
title={Artificial neural networks for predicting the performance of heat pumps with horizontal ground heat exchangers},
author={Yu Zhouan dGuillermo Narsilio and Nikolas Makasis and Kenichi Soga and Peng Chen and Lu Aye},
url={https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1423695/abstract},
urldate={2024-05-26},
year={2024},
month={06},
day={12},
DOI={10.3389/fenrg.2024.1423695},
journal={Frontiers in Energy Research},
}
@article{ziemer2018psychoacoustical,
title={Psychoacoustical Interactive Sonification for Short Range Navigation},
author={Ziemer, Tim and Schultheis, Holger and Black, David and Kikinis, Ron},
url={https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/dav/aaua/2018/00000104/00000006/art00018},
urldate={2025-04-21},
DOI={10.3813/aaa.919273},
journal={Acta Acustica united with Acustica},
volume={104},
ISSN={1610-1928},
number={6},
publisher={Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH},
year={2018},
month={11},
pages={1075--1093},
abstract={This paper introduces an auditory display for short-range guidance tasks. It contains a psychoacoustically motivated sonification to map two orthogonal space dimensions to sound parameters that affect largely independent individual aspects of sound sensation. The sound parameters are frequency of chroma change and beating, and a controllable degree of inharmonicity, roughness, and noisiness. Additional sound elements are presented in additional auditory streams. This auditory display guides the user towards a target location by giving continuous monaural feedback. An experiment with 18 participants reveals that the auditory display is readily interpretable. The two dimensions can be distinguished, enabling users to reach the target axis-by-axis, and integrated to reach the target along the shortest path.},
}
%
%url={https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/dav/aaua/2018/00000104/00000006/art00018},
%urldate={2024-05-16},
@inproceedings{zong2024umwelt,
title={Umwelt: Accessible Structured Editing of Multi-Modal Data Representations},
author={Zong, Jonathan and Pedraza Pineros, Isabella and Chen, Mengzhu (Katie) and Hajas, Daniel and Satyanarayan, Arvind},
booktitle={Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
url={https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3641996},
urldate={2024-06-04},
howpublished={\url{https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613904.3641996}},
DOI={10.1145/3613904.3641996},
publisher={ACM},
year={2024},
month={05},
series={CHI '24},
annote={Quote: "Umwelt advances the idea that a representation should prioritize fit with its modality's affordances over fidelity to the visual representation."},
}
% collection={CHI '24},