Earth Notes: General Bibliography (lu2025DES)

• [lu2025DES] Lu, Bin and Shaw, Marnie and Sturmberg, Bjorn and Nadolny, Anna and Weber, Timothy et al. City-scale integration of distributed energy storage resources for an all-electric energy future (accessed 2025-07-22), Elsevier BV, 2025-07-01, Renewable Energy, ISSN 0960-1481, doi:10.1016/j.renene.2025.123920, article/pages 123920 (article) (BibTeX).
  abstract

  Distributed energy storage (DES) resources, such as electric vehicle batteries and hot water storage, can provide significant, currently underutilised, demand flexibility to support the uptake of variable renewable energy sources. However, large-scale assessments of DES resources on a city level are scarce. In this research, a set of methods are developed for high-resolution temporal and spatial assessment using Geographic Information System-based models. An all-electric energy future is modelled for the Australian Capital Territory as a case study, which features one of the world's most rapid transitions towards net-zero emissions. The modelling results show that electric vehicle batteries and hot water storage can provide storage capacities of 43 kWh and 2.6 kWh per capita, respectively. The daily flexibility they provide can reach 3.8 kWh/day and 1.5 kWh/day per capita, equivalent to one-third of the average electricity consumption of 16 kWh/day per capita. The distribution of DES resources is highly dependent on population density and urban growth. Storage capacity varies dynamically with daily travel patterns, rising by 2%–21% during the weekday in workplace-dense districts. Integrating electric vehicles and electric water heating systems may increase electricity consumption by 48% while raising peak load by 34%, indicating an improvement in the utilisation of electricity grid infrastructure from transport and heating electrification. Additionally, various charging and heating strategies could modify the peak load growth to 37%, 16%, and 20% with the daytime, overnight and flat profiles, respectively.
  note

  [[**UA] Quote: "However, hot water demand varies significantly amongst different regions, households, and individuals. Meireles et al. conducted a literature survey on the domestic hot water consumption patterns in Europe and North America, and found that the average hot water demand per household ranged from 122 L/day in the UK, to 172–236 L/day in Canada and 193–237 L/day in the USA. The IEA's Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems Programme reported some monitored datasets showing that the average hot water consumptions per household were in the range of 100–120 L/day in Europe, and 200–250 L/day in the USA. These significant differences in hot water demand are due to a range of factors, including social (e.g., household sizes), economic (e.g., water and energy rates), meteorological (e.g., ambient temperatures), and energy policy (e.g., water efficiency standards)."]