Earth Notes: General Bibliography (krug2014networking)

• [krug2014networking] Krug, Louise and Shackleton, Mark and Saffre, Fabrice Understanding the environmental costs of fixed line networking (accessed 2024-04-28), in Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Future energy systems, e-Energy '14, ACM, 2014-06, doi:10.1145/2602044.2602057, also at (inproceedings) (BibTeX).
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  [Quote: "We present an energy per bit metric that is time averaged over actual traffic load rather than maximum capacity." Estimated micro-Joules per bit of Facebook, Google and Akami are [20,50], ~20, [0.9,1.7]. Quote: "... the energy and carbon cost of networking is not trivial - BT alone uses around 0.7% of the UKs electricity." Quote: "There is a lack of adaptation within most network equipment to enable it to respond to variable traffic levels, i.e. the power drawn does not typically go down as traffic decreases. Based on a comparison of peak bandwidth and actual utilization levels, we estimate that if the energy consumption of the network were able to fully track the utilization, then we would save 55% of network energy." Quote: "... further research is needed to understand how to make a network adapt its energy use to the actual traffic demand as this would have a significant impact on operational energy use in a practical deployment."]