Earth Notes: General Bibliography (chen2025equity)

• [chen2025equity] Chen, Qikun and Liu, Lirong Revealing trade-offs between flexibility and equity in an integrated electricity-heating system (accessed 2025-12-05), Elsevier BV, 2025-12-01, Applied Energy, volume 400, ISSN 0306-2619, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126624, article/pages 126624 (article) (BibTeX).
  abstract

  The growing electrification of heating systems enables new opportunities for demand-side flexibility, particularly through residential heat pumps. By utilising building thermal inertia, heat pumps can reduce system costs and support renewable integration. However, such flexibility may be unequally distributed, leading to spatial disparities in indoor thermal comfort. This study developed a mixed-integer linear optimisation model for the short-term operation of an integrated electricity-heating system. A simplified 2050 Great Britain system was used to simulate different flexibility scenarios by varying the allowable indoor temperature deviation. Spatial inequality was assessed using standard deviation (STD), thermal adjustment burden (TAD), and the Gini coefficient. Results show that increasing flexibility reduces system costs and curtailment, but also causes uneven temperature deviations across regions. To address this, Gini-based equity constraints were introduced. These constraints effectively improve fairness but increase system costs—by 10.31 % under the strictest setting (Gini = 0), and only 5.22 % under a moderate constraint (Gini $\leq 0.3$). In addition, the operational patterns of other alternative flexibility sources—such as electrolysers and energy storage systems—were affected under equity constraints, exhibiting increased volatility to compensate for the reduced flexibility from heat pumps. The findings highlight the trade-off between efficiency and equity, offering a modelling framework to support fairer demand-side strategies in future energy systems.
  note

  [[**CS1] [**UA] Quote: "However, maximising flexibility alone may lead to thermal discomfort. For instance, 21 °C is generally considered an ideal indoor temperature during winter for most individuals, and deviations from this setpoint can result in discomfort, particularly among sensitive occupants. In addition, rapid indoor temperature fluctuations may pose health risks, including sneezing, coughing, sore throat, and fatigue." Quote: "patial disparities in thermal comfort were assessed using three complementary indicators: the standard deviation (STD) of indoor temperature across time, the thermal adjustment burden (TAD) capturing the cumulative deviation from the comfort setpoint, and the Gini coefficient to evaluate the equity of temperature deviation distribution across regions."]