Earth Notes: General Bibliography (brudermueller2025efficiency)

• [brudermueller2025efficiency] Brudermueller, Tobias and Potthoff, Ugne and Fleisch, Elgar and Wortmann, Felix and Staake, Thorsten Estimation of energy efficiency of heat pumps in residential buildings using real operation data (accessed 2025-06-23), Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-03-22, Nature Communications, volume 16, report/number 1, ISSN 2041-1723, doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58014-y, copyright Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, PDF (article) (BibTeX).
  abstract

  As heat pumps become more prevalent in residential buildings, effective performance monitoring is essential. Design flaws, incorrect settings, and faults can escalate energy consumption and costs, leading to discrepancies in user expectations and hindering the widespread adoption of this technology crucial for the heating transition. However, field studies using large data sets to offer insights into real-world performance and methods for identifying low-performing systems in practical, scalable applications are lacking. In the lar- gest field study to date, we analyze sensor data from 1023 heat pumps across Central Europe monitored over two years. Based on existing approaches for controlled laboratory conditions, we derive methods to evaluate and classify real-world performance using operational data. Applying these methods, we find that 17% of air-source and 2% of ground-source heat pumps do not meet existing efficiency standards. Additionally, around 10% of systems are over-sized, while approximately 1% are undersized. This underscores the need for standardized post-installation performance evaluation procedures and digital tools to provide actionable feedback for users and installers to enhance operational efficiency and guide future installations.
  note

  [[**CS1] [**UA] Quote: "... several studies model the COP as a quadratic or linear function. They either use the outdoor-to-supply temperature difference as a single independent variable or consider outdoor and supply temperatures separately as two independent variables. Note that we use outdoor temperature ... The COP model that performs best on our data set is a simple linear function ..." with Tout and Tsupply in separate terms. Quote: "For this reason, we investigate the effects of lowering the heating curve by shifting it parallel by 1°C ... On average, the SCOP increases by 0.11, and the household energy consumption decreases by 2.61%." Quote: "Instead of opting for excessively high settings to preempt heating comfort issues, installations should incorporate a testing phase. During this phase, settings should be gradually increased from the lowest point until comfort is achieved, balancing it with energy efficiency. Digital monitoring tools that offer feedback on configuration outcomes and demonstrate potential operating cost savings can greatly empower users through education."]